Name and Surname: Emre Uğur

Student Number: 2371201

Lecture: CE372-Hydromechanics

Date of Testing: 11.11.2021

Name of the Experiment: HEAD LOSSES IN PIPES – PARALLEL PIPES

1. Introduction

Friction losses throughout the pipe, and minor losses caused by pipe diameter expansion and contraction,
are analyzed in this experiment using several types of pipes. The energy loss in parallel pipes and the
discharge in each branching pipe are also analyzed.

2 Calculations

1) Calculate the frictional loss, hf, in Pipe A and compare it with the measured value. (Type I)

An appropriate method of calculating the frictional losses, hf, in closed conduits is using the Darcy-
Weisbach equation, which is,

Frictional losses equation (1)

where, hf is the frictional loss along the conduit in meters, V is the average velocity in m/s and f is the
Darcy’s friction factor, g is the gravitational acceleration in m/s2 , L and D are the length and the diameter
of the conduit respectively and both are in meters.

Q A =0.358/1000 m3/s

D A =0,02 m

e A=0.0015 mm

L= 4,59 m

V A =Q/( π D 2/4) = 1,14 m/s

ℜA = (VD/v)= (1,14*0,02)/10^(-6)= 22790.1 where v= 1*10^(-6) m2/s

f= 0,02518 from Swamee Jain equation

 Swamee Jain equation (2)

hf= 0.382 m from the equation (1)

Compared Value hf= hu/s- hd/s= 96.1- 58.0= 38.1 cm = 0.381 m which is close to calculation result.
Minor difference may be caused by calculation error.

2) Calculate the discharge, QB, in Pipe B and compare it with the measured value. (Type II)

DB = 0.028 m

e B = 0.0450 mm

L= 4,59 m

hf= hu/s- hd/s= 63.0 – 54.2 = 8,8 cm = 0.088 m

V (m/s) from
f0 (from modified Swamee Jain equation) Re( VD/v) f (from Swamee Jain equation (2))
eq (1)
0.02210808 0.690220714 19326.18 0.029518801
0.029518801 0.597329752 16725.23 0.03029
0.03029 0.58965329 16510.92 0.03036
0.03036 0.589 16492 0.03037

So, V= 0.589 m/s then.

Q B = 3.63*10^(-4) m3/s = 0.363 lt/s

Measured value = 0.0365 lt/s which is very close to calculated results. Minor difference may be caused by
calculation error.
3) Calculate the diameter, DB using actual discharge of Pipe B and compare it with the actual value.
(Type III)

Q B =0.365 /1000 m3/s

e B =0.0450 mm

L= 4,59 m

hf= hu/s- hd/s= 63.0 – 54.2 = 8,8 cm = 0.088 m

ℜB= (VD/v)= (0.593*0,028)/10^(-6)= 16597.6. 1 where v= 1*10^(-6) m2/s

f (from Swamee Jain

f D(m) V(m/s) Re
equation )
0.020 (assumed) 0.0275 0.6145 16899.4 0.03029
0.03029 0.0279 0.5944 16585.7 0.3034
0.03034 0.028 0.594 16631.7 0.03032

So, D B = 0.028 m which is equal to actual value.

4) Calculate Km values for expansion and contraction in Pipe D. (Minor Loss)

Q D= 0.000345 m3/s

D1= 0.024

D 2= 0.05

D3= 0.05

D 4 = 0.024

V=Q/A

V1 AND V4= 0.8068 m/s

V2 AND V3= 0.1859 m/s

h1= 0.731 m

h2=0.745 m

h3=0.736 m

h4=0.693 m

hm(expansion)= (h1+ V 12/2g)-( h2+ V 22/2g)= 0.01741

Km(expansion)= hm(expansion)*2g/Vi2 =0.5249

hm(contraction)= (h3+ V 32/2g)-( h4+ V 4 2/2g)= 0.01156

Km(contraction)= hm(contraction)*2g/Vi2 =0.3486

5) Calculate the discharges in both of the Pipes E and F, QE, QF using QT. (Parallel Pipes)
6) Using the discharges calculated in part 5, calculate the head loss between the upstream and
downstream for the parallel pipes and compare it with the measured values.

3. Discussion of the Results