What’s More

1.

Mangroves have specific root systems that allow them to survive in oxygen depleted or
anaerobic conditions. Their dense roots help bind and build soil. The intricate root systems of
mangroves filter contaminants from water, so it enhances the water quality that flows from the various
body of water. In that way, mangroves support marine life and fragile ecosystem that relies on them for
survival.

2.

Since the root hairs are lengthy, they can penetrate between soil particles and keep
hazardous bacterial species from entering the plant through the xylem channels. By increasing the
surface area of these hairs, plants can absorb nutrients more efficiently and form interactions with
microorganisms. This shows that root hairs play an important role in enhancing seedling roots' soil
retaining capacity. Thus, root hairs act as a mechanical tool to hold soil, enhancing soil anchoring and
seedling survival in the occurrence of soil disruption.

3.

Microvilli are nonmotile finger-like protrusions from epithelial cells' apical surface that act to
increase cell surface area and absorption efficiency. Thousands of tightly packed microvilli protrude into
the gut lumen, providing a brush border that gathers nutrients and protects the body from intestinal
pathogens.

4.

Guard cells are two bean-shaped cells the surrounded stoma. They play a crucial role in
gaseous exchange in and out of plant leaves as epidermal cells by regulating the opening and shutting
of holes known as stomas. They are also the pathways through which water is discharged from the
leaves into the surroundings. Guard cells, as a result, play an important part in photosynthesis by
restricting the admission of elements required for the process. Aside from regulating gaseous exchange
(as well as water release from leaves), they have been proven to contain chloroplasts, making them a
photosynthesis site.