Grammar: quick reference

Present simple Spelling: -ing

affirmative most verbs  + -ing consonant + -e  -e + -ing
I / you / we / they talk jump jumping arrive arriving
he / she / it talks pay paying serve serving
negative -ie  -ie + -ying
I / you / we / they do not (= don’t) + base form die dying
he / she / it does not (= doesn’t) + base form lie lying
questions -l -ll + -ing


Do I / you / we / they + base form travel travelling

Does he / she / it / + base form doubling the final consonant
If the verb has one syllable, and ends in a vowel and a
consonant, double the final consonant and add -ing.
Spelling: third person singular get getting plan planning
affirmative + -s If the verb has two or more syllables, and ends in a stressed
vowel and a consonant, double the consonant and add -ing.
most verbs  + -s vowel + -y  + -s forget forgetting begin beginning
eat eats enjoy enjoys
live lives pay pays
consonant + -y  -y + -ies Past simple
fly flies study studies
affirmative
-o, -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x  + -es
I / he / she / it /
do does push pushes + past simple form
you / we / they
kiss kisses catch catches
negative
I / he / she / it /
did not (= didn’t) + base form
Time expressions you / we / they
tonight questions
this morning / afternoon / evening I / he / she / it /
Did + base form
this Friday / week / weekend / month / year you / we / they
tomorrow morning / afternoon / evening / night
next Monday / week / weekend / month / year
Spelling: regular past simple /
Present continuous past participle forms
most verbs  + -ed -e  + -d
affirmative
talk talked arrive arrived
I am (= ’m)
want wanted serve served
he / she / it is (= ’s) + -ing
consonant + -y  -y + -ied -l  -ll + -ed
you / we / they are (= ’re)
apply applied travel travelled
negative
study studied
I am not (= ’m not)
doubling the final consonant
he / she / it is not (= isn’t)
+ -ing If the verb has one syllable, and ends in a vowel and a
you / we / they are not (= aren’t ) consonant, we double the final consonant and add -ed.
questions plan planned spot spotted
Am I If the verb has two or more syllables, and ends in a stressed
Is he / she / it vowel and a consonant, we double the final consonant and
+ -ing add -ed.
Are you / we / they
admit admitted deter deterred

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 Grammar: quick reference
Past continuous Past perfect simple
affirmative
affirmative
I / he / she / it was
+ -ing I / he / she / it / + past
you / we / they were had (= ’d)
you / we / they participle
negative
negative
I / he / she / it was not (= wasn’t)
+ -ing I / he / she / it / + past
you / we / they were not (= weren’t) had not (= hadn’t)
you / we / they participle
questions questions
Was I / he / she / it I / he / she / it / + past
+ -ing Had
Were you / we / they you / we / they participle

used to will
affirmative
affirmative
I / he / she / it /
I / he / she / it / you / we / they used to + infinitive will (= ’ll) + base form
you / we / they
negative
negative
I / he / she / it / you
didn’t use to + infinitive I / he / she / it /
/ we / they will not (= won’t) + base form
you / we / they
questions
questions
I / he / she / it /
Did use to + infinitive I / he / she / it /
you / we / they Will + base form
you / we / they

Present perfect simple going to

affirmative affirmative
I / you / we / they have (= ’ve) + past I am (= ’m)
he / she / it has (= ’s) participle he / she / it is (= ’s) going to + base form
negative you / we / they are (= ’re)
I / you / we / they have not (= haven’t) + past negative
he / she / it has not (= hasn’t) participle I ’m not
questions he / she / it isn’t going to + base form
Have I / you / we / they + past you / we / they aren’t
Has he / she / it participle questions
Am I
Is he / she / it going to + base form
Present perfect continuous Are you / we / they
affirmative
I / you / we / they have (= ’ve)
he / she / it has (= ’s)
been + -ing
Future continuous
negative affirmative
I / you / we / they have not (= haven’t) I / he / she / it / you / we / they will be + -ing
been + -ing
he / she / it has not (= hasn’t) negative
questions I / he / she / it / you / we / they won’t be + -ing
Have I / you / we / they questions
been + -ing
Has he / she / it Will I / he / she / it / you / we / they be + -ing

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 Grammar: quick reference

Future perfect Conditionals

affirmative
I / he / she / it / will + past
First conditional
have
you / we / they (= ’ll) participle <if / unless + present simple,> <will + infinitive>
negative OR
I / he / she / it / will not (= + past <will + infinitive> <if / unless + present simple>
have
you / we / they won’t) participle
questions Second conditional
I / he / she / it / + past
Will have <if + past simple,> <would + infinitive>
you / we / they participle
OR
<would + infinitive> <if + past simple>

Reported speech Third conditional

Tense changes <if + past perfect,> <would have + past participle>
OR
direct speech reported speech <would have + past participle> <if + past perfect>
present simple past simple
you like you liked
present continuous past continuous Gerund and infinitive
you’re eating = are eating you were eating
past simple past perfect simple
Verb + gerund
you saw you’d seen (= had seen) verbs that take the gerund
present perfect simple past perfect simple admit avoid can’t stand can’t imagine
you’ve taken = have taken you’d taken (= had taken) can’t face consider don’t mind enjoy finish give up
imagine mention miss practise regret report
will would
resist risk suggest
you’ll go = will go you’d go (= would go)

Verb + infinitive
Reporting verbs verbs that take the infinitive (with to)
afford agree arrange ask attempt beg choose
verb + object + infinitive with to dare decide expect hope intend learn manage
ask advise invite order remind tell pretend promise refuse seem want
verb (+ that) + object + verb in reporting tense
admit declare explain insist promise recommend Verb + gerund OR infinitive
reply say suggest
verbs that take the gerund OR the infinitive (with to)
verb + infinitive with to
begin forget hate like love prefer remember
agree offer promise refuse start stop try
verb + for + gerund
apologize

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