Chapter 12: Gravity: Answers To Even-Numbered Conceptual Questions

Chapter 11: Rotational Dynamics and Static Equilibrium James S.
Walker, Physics, 5th Edition
98. Picture the Problem: A child runs tangentially to a merry-go-round and Chapter 12: Gravity
hops on. As in Quick Example 11-22, the child has a mass of 34.0 kg, the
merry-go-round has a moment of inertia of 512 kg·m2 and a radius of
2.31 m, but the child s initial speed is different than 2.80 m/s.
Answers to Even-Numbered Conceptual Questions
7
2. A person passing you on the street exerts a gravitational force on you, but it is so weak (about 10 N or less) that it is
imperceptible.
Strategy: Use Equation 11-15 together with Equation 11-11 to conserve 4. No. The amount of area swept out per time varies from planet to planet; what is constant is the amount of area swept
angular momentum before and after the child jumps on the merry-go- out by a given planet per time.
round. Solve the resulting expression for the initial speed v of the child. 6. Once the period of Charon is determined, the mass of the body it orbits (Pluto) can be calculated using Equation 12-7.
8. On the Moon, where there is no atmosphere, a rock can orbit at any altitude where it clears the mountains as long as it
has sufficient speed. Thus, if you could give the rock enough speed, it would orbit the Moon and come up to you from
behind.
Solution: Set Li Lf and 0 r mv If f I mr2
10. No. In the weightless environment of the International Space Station (ISS) there would be no convection, which is
solve for the initial speed v: 2
I m r2 512 34.0 2.31 kg m2 0.425 rad/s needed to bring fresh oxygen to the flame. Without convection a flame usually goes out very quickly. In carefully
v 3.75 m/s controlled experiments on the ISS, however, small flames have been maintained for considerable times. These
rm 2.31 m 34.0 kg drop-shaped flames here on Earth.
Insight: As we would expect, the child needs to run faster in order to get the merry-go-round spinning faster. The 34% 12. The net force acting
increase in linear speed of the child results in a 34% increase in the angular speed of the merry-go-round because the orbit must always curve toward the Sun. The path shown in the upper part of Figure 12 3
initial and final angular momentum of the system depends linearly upon the speed of the child. sometimes curves toward the Sun, sometimes away from the Sun. The correct path, shown in the lower part of Figure
12 32, curves sharply toward the Sun when both the Sun and the Earth pull inward on the Moon, and curves only
slightly toward the Sun when the Moon is pulled in opposite directions by the Sun and the Earth.
99. Picture the Problem: A child runs at an angle to the merry-go-round and
hops on. As in Quick Example 11-22, the child has a mass of 34.0 kg, the
merry-go-round has a moment of inertia of 512 kg·m2 and a radius of
2.31 m, and the child s initial speed is 2.80 m/s. Solutions to Problems and Conceptual Exercises
Strategy: Use Equation 11-15 together with Equation 11-11 to conserve 1. Picture the Problem: Three systems contain different masses that are separated by different distances.
angular momentum before and after the child jumps on the merry-go- Strategy: Use the law of universal gravitation (Equation 12-1) to determine the ranking of the force magnitudes.
round. The moment arm of the child s angular momentum is r r sin . m1 m2 m2
Solve the resulting expression for the approach angle of the child. Solution: 1. Apply Equation 12-1: FA G G
rA2 r2
m 2m m2
2. Repeat for system B: FB G G
2
Solution: 1. Set Li Lf and solve for sin : 0 r m v sin If f I m r2 2r 2r 2
I m r2 2m 3m 3m2
sin 3. Repeat for system C: FC G G
2
r mv 2r 2r 2
512 34.0 2.31

2
kg m 2 0.272 rad/s 4m 5m 20m2
4. Repeat for system D: FD G G
1 2
2. Solve for , keeping in mind that the calcu- 180 sin 3r 9r 2
lator will return an angle equal to 180 : 2.31 m 34.0 kg 2.80 m/s
5. By comparing the forces we arrive at the ranking B < A < C < D.
180 59.1 121 Insight: Changing the magnitude of the separation distance has the greatest effect upon the gravitational force.
Insight: If the child approaches at an angle that is greater than 90°, his initial angular momentum is smaller and the
merry-go-round ends up spinning at a slower rate. If = 180°, the initial angular momentum would be zero and the
merry-go-round would not rotate at all; in this case the child approaches the merry-go-round along the radial direction.
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11 43 12 1
Chapter 12: Gravity James S. Walker, Physics, 5th Edition Chapter 12: Gravity James S. Walker, Physics, 5th Edition
2. Picture the Problem: Two bowling balls attract each other gravitationally. 6. Picture the Problem: A spaceship is attracted gravitationally to both the Earth and the Moon.
Strategy: Use the law of universal gravitation (Equation 12-1) to find the force between the bowling balls, then solve Strategy: Use the law of universal gravitation (Equation 12-1) to relate the attractive forces from the Earth and the
the same equation for distance to answer part (b). Moon. Set the force due to the Earth equal to twice the force due to the Moon when the spaceship is at a distance r from
the center of the Earth. Let R 3.84 108 m, the distance between the centers of the Earth and Moon. Then solve the
m1 m2 6.3 kg 7.1 kg
Solution: 1. (a) Apply Equation 12-1: F G 6.67 10 11
N m 2 /kg 2 4.1 10 9
N expression for the distance r.
r2 0.85 m
2
ms mE ms mM
Solution: 1. (a) Set FE 2 FM G 2G
6.67 10 11 N m2 /kg2 6.3 kg 7.1 kg using Equation 12-1 and solve for r2 R r
2
Gm1 m2
2. (b) Solve Equation 12-1 for r: r 9
1.2 m 2
r by isolating R r , taking the 2 2
F 2.0 10 N mE R r 2 mM r
square root of both sides, factoring
Insight: Increasing the distance between the balls from 0.75 m to 1.2 m decreased the force from 5.2 nN to 2.0 nN. out r, and then rearranging: R r 2 mM m E r
R 3.84 108 m
r
3. Picture the Problem: The Earth and a communications satellite attract each other gravitationally. 1 2mM mE 1 2 7.35 10 22 kg 5.97 1024 kg
Strategy: Use Equation 5-5 to find the weight of the satellite on the Earth s surface, and then Equation 12-1 to find the 8
gravitational force on the satellite while it is in orbit. 3.32 10 m
Solution: 1. (a) Apply Equation 5-5: Ws mg 520 kg 9.81 m/s 2

5100 N 5.1 kN 2. (b) The answer to part (a) is independent of the mass of the spaceship because the spaceship s mass is included in the
force between it and both the Moon and the Earth, thus its value cancels out of the expression.
m ME 11
520 kg 5.97 1024 kg Insight: The distance in part (a) is the same for any mass, and corresponds to about 52 Earth radii or about 86% of the
2. (b) Apply Equation 12-1 directly: F G 6.67 10 N m2 /kg2 0.17 kN distance R between the Earth and the Moon. The two forces are equal at 3.46×10 8 m or about 90% of R.
r2 35 106 m
2
Insight: The distance between the satellite and the center of the Earth has increased by a factor of 5.5 so that the 7. Picture the Problem: The three masses of Earth, Moon, and Sun attract each other gravitationally.
gravitational force on the satellite has decreased by a factor of 5.5 2 = 30.
Strategy: Add the gravitational force on each mass due to the other two masses using Equation 12-1. Let the direction
toward the Sun be the positive direction.
4. Picture the Problem: You and an asteroid attract each other gravitationally.
MEMS MEMM MS MM
Strategy: Estimate that your mass 70 kg. Apply Equation 12-1 to find the gravitational force between you and Ceres. Solution: 1. (a) Add FE G 2
G 2
GM E 2 2
the forces: rE-S rE-M rE-S rE-M
m1m2 11
8.7 1020 kg 70 kg 2.00 1030 kg 7.35 1022 kg
Solution: Apply Equation 12-1: F G 6.67 10 N m2 /kg 2 0.021 N 6.67 10 11
N m 2 /kg 2 5.97 1024 kg
r2 6
14 10 m
2
1.50 10 m 11 2
3.84 108 m
2
Insight: If you stood on the surface of Ceres (radius 500 km), the force would be 16 N (3.6 lb). FE 3.56 1022 N toward the Sun
M SM M MEMM MS ME
5. Picture the Problem: An apple and an orange attract each other gravitationally. 2. (b) Add the forces: FM G 2
G 2
GM M 2 2
rS-M rE-M rS-M rE-M
Strategy: Use the law of universal gravitation (Equation 12-1) to find the force between the two fruits.
11 2.00 1030 kg 5.97 1024 kg
0.13 kg 0.22 kg 6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2 7.35 1022 kg
m1 m2 2 2
Solution: 1. (a) Apply Equation 12-1: F G 6.67 10 11
N m 2 /kg 2 3.4 10 12
N 1.50 1011 3.84 108 m 3.84 108 m
r2 0.75 m
2
FM 2.40 1020 N toward the Sun

2. (b) The force the apple exerts on the orange is equal and opposite to the force the orange exerts on the apple, hence
its magnitude must be 3.4 10 12 N . M SM M M SM E MM ME
3. (c) Add the forces: FS G 2
G 2
GM S 2 2
rS-M rS-E rS-M rS-E
Insight: Halving the distance between the two fruits would quadruple the force between them, but it would still be tiny.
11 7.35 10 22 kg 5.97 1024 kg
FS 6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2 2.00 1030 kg 2 2
11 8
1.50 10 3.84 10 m 1.50 1011 m
FS 3.58 10 22 N toward the Earth-Moon system
Insight: Notice that if you compare the two terms that contribute to FM , you will see that the Sun exerts a force on the
Moon (4.38×1020 N) that is 2.2 times larger than the force the Earth exerts on the Moon (1.98×1020 N).
12 2 12 3
8. Picture the Problem: Both the Earth and the Sun exert attractive 10. Picture the Problem: Three masses are arranged at the vertices of an equilateral triangle as
gravitational forces on the Moon. The three objects are arranged as shown. shown in the figure at right. m
Strategy: Use the law of universal gravitation (Equation 12-1) to find the Strategy: Each mass will be gravitationally attracted to the other two masses. The vector sum
components of the force acting on the Moon. The Earth exerts a downward of the forces will be along a line toward the midpoint of the other two masses, due to r
F
force on the Moon and the Sun exerts a force toward the left. The net force symmetry. An examination of the geometry reveals that this force equals 2F cos30 , where F 60°
is therefore at an angle below the line that connects the Moon to the Sun. is the gravitational force between any two masses. Use this relation together with Equation m m
22 30
12-1 to find the force exerted on one of the masses.
Solution: 1. Use equation MM MS 11
7.35 10 kg 2.00 10 kg 2
FS G 6.67 10 N m2 /kg 2 4.36 1020 N m2 N m2 7.25 kg
12-1 to find FS : 2
rM-S 1.50 1011 m
2
Solution: 1. (a) Find 2F cos30 , where F 2 G cos 30 2 6.67 10 11
cos 30
r2 kg 2 0.610 m
2
F Gm2 r 2 from Equation 12-1:
22 24
MM ME 11
7.35 10 kg 5.97 10 kg 1.63 10 N 8
2. Now find FE : FE G 2
6.67 10 N m2 /kg2 2
1.98 1020 N
rM-E 3.84 1011 m 2. (b) If the side lengths are doubled, the gravitational forces will be reduced by a factor of four.
2 2
Insight: Doubling the masses while keeping the side lengths the same will quadruple the gravitational force, because
3. Add the components: F Fx 2 Fy 2 4.36 1020 N 1.98 1020 N 4.79 1020 N the gravitational force depends upon the product of the masses of each object.
1
Fy 1 1.98 1020 N
4. Find the direction : tan tan 11. Picture the Problem: A 2.0-kg mass is gravitationally attracted to three
Fx 4.36 1020 N
other masses as shown in the diagram at right.
24.4 toward the Earth off the line from the Moon to the Sun
Strategy: Add the gravitational forces using the component method of
Insight: Notice that the Sun exerts a force on the Moon (4.36×1020 N) that is 2.2 times larger than the force the Earth
exerts on the Moon (1.98×1020 N).
geometry of the problem to determine the magnitudes of the forces. Let
m1 1.0 kg, m2 2.0 kg, m3 3.0 kg, and m4 4.0 kg.
9. Picture the Problem: Both the Earth and the Moon exert attractive gravitational
forces on the Sun. m1m2 m2 m4
Solution: 1. Find the x com- Fx G G cos
Strategy: Use the law of universal gravitation (Equation 12-1) to find the ponent of the force on m2 . The r122 r242
components of the force acting on the Sun. The Earth exerts a force downward and cosine of is the adjacent side m1m2 mm r m1 m4 r12
to the right force on the Sun and the Moon exerts a force toward the right. The net G 2 G 2 2 4 12 Gm2
of the triangle (r12) divided by r12 r24 r24 r122 r243
force is therefore at an angle below the line that connects the Moon to the Sun. the hypotenuse (r24):
Because the distance between the Moon and Earth (3.84×10 8 m) is small compared 1.0 kg 4.0 kg 0.20 m
with the distance between the Sun and Earth (1.50×10 11 m), we ll approximate the 6.67 10 11
N m 2 /kg 2 2.0 kg 2 3/ 2
distance to be 1.50×1011 m for both the Moon and the Earth. 0.20 m 0.20 m
2
0.10 m
2
22 30 8
Solution: 1. Use equation M M MS 11
7.35 10 kg 2.00 10 kg Fx 1.3 10 N
12-1 to find FM : FM G 2
6.67 10 N m2 /kg2 2
4.36 1020 N
rM-S 1.50 1011 m mm m2 m4
2. Find the y component Fy G 22 3 G sin
30 24 of the force on m2 . The sine of r23 r242
MS M E 2.00 10 kg 5.97 10 kg
2. Now find FE : FE G 6.67 10 11
N m2 /kg2 3.54 1022 N is the opposite side of the mm mm r m3 m4 r14
2
rS-E 2 G 22 3 G 2 2 4 14 Gm2
1.50 1011 m triangle (r14) divided by the r23 r24 r24 r232 r243
hypotenuse (r24):
1 rE-M 1 3.84 108 m 3.0 kg 4.0 kg 0.10 m
3. Use trigonometry sin sin 0.147 toward the Earth off the line from the 6.67 10 11
N m2 /kg 2 2.0 kg
to find : rS-M 1.50 1011 m 0.10 m
2 2 2 3/ 2
0.20 m 0.10 m
Sun to the Moon 8
Fy 4.5 10 N
4. Find FE,x : FE,x FE cos 3.54 1022 N cos 0.147 3.54 1022 N
2 2
3. Use the components of F to F Fx 2 Fy 2 1.3 10 8
N 4.5 10 8
N 4.7 10 8
N
5. Find FE,y : FE,y FE sin 3.54 1022 N sin 0.147 9.08 1019 N find its magnitude and direction. 8
1 Fx 1 1.3 10 N
tan tan 16 to the left of downward
6. Add the components:
2 Fy 4.5 10 8 N
F FM FE,x FE,2y
2 2 4. (b) If the sides of the rectangle are all doubled, all forces are reduced by a factor of 22 4. The directions of the
4.36 1020 3.54 1022 N 9.08 1019 N 3.58 1022 N
forces are unchanged.
Insight: Notice that the Sun exerts a force on the Earth that is 81 times larger than the force the Sun exerts on the Moon, Insight: Doubling all the masses will quadruple the gravitational force, because the gravitational force depends upon
because the Earth is 81 times more massive than the Moon and the distances to the Sun are approximately the same. the product of the masses of each object. Therefore, the force would stay exactly the same if we doubled all the masses
and doubled the length of the sides of the rectangle.
12 4 12 5
12. Picture the Problem: Three objects lie along a line as depicted in the diagram 15. Picture the Problem: Two bowling balls are in contact with each other so that their centers are separated by one
at right. The net force on object 2 is zero. 1 2 3 diameter.
Strategy: Let m1 be an arbitrary unit of mass, then let m2 1
m1 and x Strategy: A sphere acts like a point mass at the sphere s center, so apply Newton s law of universal gravitation
7
0 x D (Equation 12-1) to determine the force between the two bowling balls when their centers are 2×11 cm = 22 cm apart.
m3 1
4 m1 . Use the law of universal gravitation (Equation 12-1) with
2
r12 x and r23 D x to determine the position x that results in zero net m2 6.4 kg
Solution: Apply Equation 12-1 directly: F G 6.67 10 11
N m 2 /kg 2 5.6 10 8
N 56 nN
force on object 2. r2 0.22 m
2
m1m2 m2 m3
Solution: 1. Let F12 F23 0 and G G Insight: If the bowling balls had the same mass (these are approximately 14-lb balls) but half the radius, the attractive
substitute for r12 , r23 and m3 : r122 r232 force would be four times larger, or about 224 nN.
m1 m3 1
4 m1
x2 D x
2
D x
2
16. Picture the Problem: The acceleration of gravity due to the Earth, at a distance equal to the Moon s orbit radius, is
diminished because of the increased distance to the center of the earth.
2. Rearrange the expression to obtain a quadratic formula: m1 D 2
2 Dx x 2 1
4
m1 x 2
Strategy: Use Equation 12-4 to find the acceleration of gravity, except replace the radius of the Earth with the distance
4 x 2 8 Dx 4 D 2 x2 to the center of the Earth.
3x 2 8Dx 4D 2 0
Solution: Replace RE ME 11 5.97 1024 kg
8D 8D
2
4 3 4D2 g G 6.67 10 N m2 /kg 2 0.00270 m/s2
b b 2 4ac with r in Equation 12-4: r2 2
3. Apply the quadratic formula to find x: x 3.84 108 m
2a 2 3
8D 16 D 2 8D 4 D 8D 4 D Insight: Another way to solve this question is to realize the Moon orbits the Earth at a distance of about 60RE , so the
, 2 D, 2
3
D
6 6 6 acceleration of gravity due to the Earth at that location is 1
602
g 1
3600
9.81 m/s2 0.00273 m/s2 , almost correct!
4. Because x 2D is not between masses 1 and 3, we reject that solution and say that x 2
3
D is the solution.
Insight: Object 3 has less mass than object 1, hence in order for it to attract object 2 with as much force as does object 17. Picture the Problem: The acceleration of gravity at an exo
1, object 2 must be closer to object 3 than it is to object 1.
Strategy: Use a ratio based on Equation 12-4 to find the acceleration of gravity on the surface of Kepler-62e.
GM Kepler-62e
13. Picture the Problem: The acceleration of gravity at a planet s surface is determined by its mass and radius.
Solution: 1. Create a ratio of the 2 2
g Kepler-62e RKepler-62e M Kepler-62e REarth
Strategy: Apply a formula similar to Equation 12-4 to find the acceleration of gravity on the surfaces of Mercury and accelerations of gravity on Kepler-62e
Venus. Use the data included in Appendix C to find the masses and radii of the planets. and Earth: g Earth GM Earth M Earth RKepler-62e
2
REarth
Solution: 1. (a) Calculate the 11
0.0553 5.97 1024 kg 2
gM 6.67 10 N m2 /kg2 3.70 m/s2 3.57 M Earth REarth 3.57
surface gravity for Mercury: 2.440 106 m
2
1.38
M Earth 1.61REarth 1.612
24
2. (b) Calculate the surface 11
0.816 5.97 10 kg
gV 6.67 10 N m2 /kg2 2
8.87 m/s2 2. Substitute for g 9.81 m/s 2 : gKepler-62e 1.38gEarth 1.38 9.81 m/s2 13.5 m/s2
gravity for Venus: 6.052 106 m
Insight: In principle, humans who colonize this planet could become accustomed to the 38% stronger gravity and
Insight: Although the mass of Mercury is smaller than Mars , its smaller radius and higher density results in a nearly survive quite well.
identical acceleration of gravity at the surface. The acceleration of gravity on Venus is similar to that on the Earth.
14. Picture the Problem: The acceleration of gravity at an altitude h above the Earth s surface is reduced due to the
increased distance from the center of the Earth.
Strategy: Set the acceleration of gravity at an altitude h equal to one-fourth the acceleration at h = 0 using
Equation 12-4, and solve for h.
GM E 1 GM E
Solution: Set gh 1
g and solve for h: 2
4
RE h 4 RE2
2
RE h 4 RE2
h 4 1 RE 2 1 6.37 10 6 m 6.37 10 6 m
Insight: Achieving an altitude of one Earth radius (over 15 times higher than the 412-km altitude of the International
Space Station) has doubled the distance from the center of the Earth and cut the gravitational force by a factor of four.
12 6 12 7
18. Picture the Problem: An object experiences a gravitational attraction to the Earth that depends upon its distance from 20. Picture the Problem: Both the Earth and the Moon exert a gravitational force on a spacecraft, but in opposite
the center of the Earth. directions.
Strategy: Use (Equation 12-1) to find the distance from Earth s center that would Strategy: Use the law of universal gravitation (Equation 12-1) to relate the attractive forces from the Earth and the
produce the given force (weight) for a 5.0-kg mass. Then use Newton s second law to find the acceleration. Moon. Set the force due to the Earth equal to the force due to the Moon when the spaceship is at a distance r from the
center of the Earth. Let R 3.84 108 m, the distance between the centers of the Earth and Moon. Then solve the
GM E m
Solution: 1. (a) Solve Equation 12-1 for r: r expression for the distance r. Finally, use geometry and the radii of the Earth and Moon to find the distance of the
F spacecraft from each surface.
11
6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2 5.97 1024 kg 5.0 kg ms mE ms mM
Solution: 1. (a) Set FE FM using G G
3.6 N r2 R r
2
r 2.35 107 m 2.4 107 m Equation 12-1 and solve for r by

2 2 2
isolating R r , taking the square mE R r mM r
F 3.6 N root of both sides, factoring out r, and R r mM mE r
2. (b) Solve Newton s second law for a: a 0.72 m/s2
m 5.0 kg then rearranging:
R 3.84 108 m
r
3. (c) Because the gravitational force is inversely proportional to r 2 , doubling r reduces F by a factor of 4. 1 mM mE 1 7.35 1022 kg 5.97 1024 kg
4. (d) Doubling r also reduces the acceleration by a factor of 4 because the force has decreased by that factor and the 3.46 10 m 8
mass has not changed.

7
Insight: The distance 2.35×10 m is about 3.7RE . If the mass were on Earth s surface, it would weigh 49 N (11 lb). 2. (b) Find the distance of the spacecraft rto Moon center R r 3.84 108 m 3.46 108 m 3.8 107 m
from the center of the Moon and subtract 7 6 7
the 1740-km radius of the Moon: rto Moon surface 3.8 10 m 1.74 10 m 3.6 10 m
19. Picture the Problem: Both the Earth and the Moon exert a force on other masses in their vicinity according to
3. Subtract the 6370-km radius of rto Earth surface 8
3.46 10 m 6.37 10 m 6
3.40 108 m
Newton s law of universal gravitation.
the Earth from the result of step 1:
Strategy: Use a ratio of gravitational forces to find the mass of the Moon in terms of the mass of the Earth. Notice that
Insight: The distance about 90% of the 3.76×108-m distance between the surfaces of the Earth
if you solve the acceleration of gravity (Equation 12-4) for M you find M g R 2 G .
2
Solution: Determine the ratio M M M E MM gM RM2 G gM RM2 1
6
gE 1
4
RE 1 1
MM ME
by solving Equation 12-4 for M: ME gE RE2 G gE RE2 gE RE2 96 96 21. Picture the Problem: A volcano on Io spews material at high speed straight upward. The mass slows down, rising to a
height of 5.00 km before coming to rest momentarily under the influence of Io s gravitation.
Insight: Using a ratio can be a powerful tool for solving a question like this one, where few hard data are given, only
Strategy: Use conservation of energy to relate the initial kinetic energy of the ejected material to its potential energy at
relationships between various quantities. The exact ratio is 7.35 1022 kg 5.97 1024 kg 1 81.2. the maximum altitude. This relation will allow the calculation of the surface gravity of Io. Then use Equation 12-4 and
the given radius of Io to find the mass of Io.
2
Solution: 1. (a) Use 12 mvi m g hf to find g , and use g GM R2 to find M .
2. (b) Set Ei Ef and solve for g: 1

2
m vi2 m g hf
2
vi2 134 m/s
g 1.80 m/s 2
2hf 2 5.00 103 m
2
g R2 1.80 m/s2 1.82 106 m
3. Solve Equation 12-4 for M: M 11
8.94 1022 kg
G 6.67 10 N m2 /kg 2
Insight: The use of conservation of energy to find g is equivalent to solving Equation 4-6, v2 v02 2 g y , for g. This
approach assumes that g is constant over the 5.00 km that the ejected material rises. This is a pretty good assumption,
because you will get the same answer to 3 significant figures if you apply the more exact method of section 12-5. The
mass of Io according to NASA s Solar System Exploration web site is 8.9316×10 22 kg.
12 8 12 9
22. Picture the Problem: A spherical asteroid exerts a gravitational force on nearby objects. 25. Picture the Problem: The Apollo command module orbited the Moon at an altitude of 110 km above the surface.
Strategy: Use Equation 12-4 to find the acceleration of gravity at the surface of the asteroid using the given Strategy: Use Equation 12-7 to determine the period of orbit using the mass and radius of the Moon from the inside
information. Then set the gravitational force equal to the centripetal force required to keep an object in orbit just above back cover of the text.
the surface of the asteroid. Let the centripetal force be written F macp m 2 R according to Equation 10-13. Then
use Equation 10-5, T 2 , to determine the rotational period of the loose rocks at the surface that would produce 2
Solution: Apply Equation 12-7: T r 3/ 2
orbital motion. GM M
3.35 1015 kg 2 3/ 2
Solution: 1. (a) Apply Eq. 12-4 to the asteroid: gA 6.67 10 11
N m2 /kg2 6.2 10 4
m/s2 1.74 106 110 103 m
11
1.9 104 m
2
6.67 10 N m2 /kg 2 7.35 1022 kg
T 7140 s 1.98 h
mA m 2 4 2
2. (b) Set Fgravity Fcentripetal , G m acp m R m R Insight: This period turns out to be a bit longer than the 1.44-h orbit period of a satellite that is 110 km above the
R2 T2
substitute 2 T (Equation Earth s surface.
3
10-5), and solve for T: 4 2 R3 4 2
1.9 10 4 m
T
GmA 6.67 10 11 2
N m /kg 2
3.35 1015 kg 26. Picture the Problem: A geosynchronous satellite orbits the Earth with a period of 24.0 h and an altitude of 35,800 km.
3.5 104 s 9.7 h Strategy: Set the gravitational force between the satellite and the Earth equal to the centripetal force required to keep
the satellite moving in a circular path, and solve for the speed. Use Equation 6-15, f cp mv2 r , for the centripetal
Insight: This rotational period corresponds to a surface speed of 3.4 m/s at the equator. In other words, if the asteroid
force. Use the mass and radius of the Earth given in the inside back cover of the text.
were not rotating at all, a person at the equator could launch themselves into orbit by running at 3.4 m/s (7.7 mi/h)!
MEm v2
Solution: Set Fgravity Fcentripetal and solve for v: G 2
m
23. Picture the Problem: A satellite orbits the Earth in a circular orbit of radius r. At some point its rocket engine is fired RE h RE h
in such a way that its speed increases rapidly by a small amount.
11
G ME 6.67 10 N m2 /kg 2 5.97 1024 kg
Strategy: Consider the principles explained in Figure 12-21 when answering the conceptual question. v
RE h 6.37 106 3.58 107 m
Solution: 1. (a) Firing the rocket engine will increase the kinetic energy of the satellite while keeping its gravitational
potential energy constant. As shown in Figure 12-21, this additional kinetic energy will be converted into gravitational 3070 m/s 3.07 km/s
potential energy at a farther distance from the Earth, a point that will then be the apogee of the new orbit. We conclude
Insight: The speed of an object in low Earth orbit is about 7.91 km/s. But geosynchronous orbit , because
that the apogee distance will increase (it will be larger than r).
the altitude of 3.58×107 m is about 5.62 Earth radii above the surface, or a total orbit radius of 6.62 RE .
2. (b) As shown in Figure 12-21 the elliptical orbit produced by firing the rocket engine has a perigee distance equal to
the original circular orbit radius r. We conclude that the perigee distance will stay the same.
27. Picture the Problem: An extrasolar planet orbits the star Iota Horologii according to Kepler s third law.
Insight: The rocket motor produces a torque on the satellite with respect to the center of the Earth, increasing its
angular momentum. Strategy: Use a ratio to find the orbit radius of the extrasolar planet by comparing its orbit with the Earth s orbit around
the Sun.
32
24. Picture the Problem: The average distance from the Earth to the Moon is increasing at the rate of 3.8 cm per year. r T GM s 2 T
Solution: Make a ratio using Kepler s third
Strategy: . law (Equation 12-7) and solve for r: rE TE GM s 2 TE
23 23
Solution: 1. (a) T constant r 3 2 . Increasing the orbit radius r will therefore increase the T 320 d
r rE 1.50 1011 m 1.4 1011 m
orbit period T. We conclude that the length of the month will increase. TE 365 d
2. (b) The best explanation is I. The greater the radius of an orbit, the greater the period, which implies a longer month. Insight: If we knew the period of the planet were exactly 320 days, we could keep an extra significant figure and report
Statements II and III are each false. 1.37×1011 m as the orbit radius. Notice that if we use Astronomical Units (1 AU = 1.50×10 11 m) to describe the orbit
Insight: The angular momentum of the Earth Moon system is not conserved due to tidal friction, which converts some radius and years to describe the orbit period, Kepler s third law can be written T 2 r 3 (see Problem 83).
of the mechanical energy of the system into thermal energy through the motion of ocean waters on Earth and the
deformation of the rocks of both the Earth and the Moon.
12 10 12 11
28. Picture the Problem: The moon Phobos travels in a circular orbit around Mars. 30. Picture the Problem: A GPS satellite travels around the Earth in a circular orbit.
Strategy: Use Equation 12-7 and the mass and radius of Mars given in Appendix C to determine the orbit period. Strategy: Use Equation 12-7 to find the orbit period of the GPS satellite, then set the speed of the satellite equal to the
circumference of its orbit divided by its orbit period.
2
Solution: Apply Equation 12-7 directly: T r 3/ 2 2
GM M Solution: 1. (a) Solve Eq. 12-7: T r 3/ 2
GM E
2 3/ 2
9378 103 m 2 3/ 2
6.67 10 11
N m 2 /kg 2 0.108 5.97 1024 kg 2.0 107 6.37 106 m
11
6.67 10 N m2 /kg 2 5.97 1024 kg
T 27,500 s 7.64 h
T 43000 s 12 h
Insight: Mars rotates on its axis about every 24.62 hours, so the moon Phobos crosses the Martian sky about 3 times a
day! 2. (b) The speed is the circum- 2 r 2 2.637 107 m
ference divided by the period: v 3900 m/s 3.9 km/s
T 4.3 104 s
29. Picture the Problem: The tiny moon Dactyl travels around 243 Ida in an approximately circular orbit. Meanwhile, a
Insight: The orbits of these GPS satellites are designed so that at least 3 satellites are overhead every spot on Earth at
small moon also orbits the asteroid 624 Hektor.
any one time. GPS devices communicate with the satellites in order to triangulate their positions.
Strategy: Create a ratio based on Kepler s third law (Equation 12-7) to compare the masses of the two asteroids, based
M of the object that is orbited, the
31. Picture the Problem: Two satellites, labeled 1 and 2, travel in circular orbits about the Earth.
4 2 r3
resulting expression is M . Strategy: Set the gravitational force between the satellite and the Earth equal to the centripetal force required to keep
G T2
the satellite moving in a circular path, and solve for the speed. Use Equation 6-15, f cp mv2 r , for the centripetal
Solution: 1. (a) The orbit radiu 623.5 km 108 km 5.77 force. Use the mass and radius of the Earth given in the inside back cover of the text.
2.965 d 1.54 d 1.93 Solution: 1. (a) Kepler s third law (Equation 12-6) indicates that the orbit period grows faster than the orbit radius. The
3 2
period. Because the mass of the orbited object is proportional to r 3 T 2 , and because 5.77 1.93 51.6, we orbit speed is proportional to the orbit radius divided by the period, and so the orbit speed is proportional to
conclude that the mass of Hektor is greater than that of Ida, or the mass of 243 Ida is less than the mass of 624 Hektor. v r T r r 3 2 1 r . That means the orbit speed decreases as the radius increases, so satellite 2 will have the
3 greater orbital speed.
4 2 rDactyl
2
G TDactyl rDactyl
3 2 3 2 MEm v2
M Ida Tmoon 108 km 2.965 d 1 2. (b) Set Fgravity Fcentripetal and G m
2. (b) Create a ratio of the masses: 2 3 RE h
2
RE h
M Hektor 4 r moon rmoon TDactyl 623.5 km 1.54 d 51.9 solve for the orbit speed v:
2
G T moon G ME G ME 6.67 10 11
N m2 /kg 2 5.97 1024 kg
v
1 1 RE h RE RE 2 6.37 106 m
3. Calculate the mass of Ida: M Ida M Hektor 7.9 1018 kg 1.5 1017 kg
51.9 51.9 5590 m/s 5.59 km/s
Insight: The asteroid 243 Ida, with dimensions of 60×25×19 km, is a little bit bigger than Manhattan. The moon Dactyl 11
is only about 1.4 km in diameter. The mass of 243 Ida is reported in the literature to be 4.2×10 16 kg. The reason for the G ME G ME 6.67 10 N m2 /kg2 5.97 1024 kg
3. (c) Repeat step 2 for the new h: v
discrepancy with the above result (15×1016 kg) is moon from the RE h RE 2 RE 3 6.37 106 m
compared to 624 Hektor, and 624 Hektor is actually a contact binary (two asteroids joined by gravitational attraction). 4560 m/s 4.56 km/s
Insight: The satellite with the larger orbit radius in part (c) had the smaller orbit speed, as predicted.
12 12 12 13
32. Picture the Problem: Two satellites, A and B, travel in circular orbits around the Earth. 34. Picture the Problem: A satellite travels in a circular orbit .
Strategy: The satellite mass does not affect the period of its orbit, as discussed in Section 12-3, as long as the satellite Strategy: Use Equation 12-7 to find the period of the satellites. Use the mass and radius of the Earth given in the inside
mass is much less than the mass of the planet it is orbiting. Use Equation 12-7 to find the periods of the satellites. Use back cover of the book. When the altitude h 2 RE , the orbit radius r RE h 3RE . Then examine the effect that
the mass and radius of the Earth given in the inside back cover of the book. When the altitude h RE , the orbit radius doubling the mass of Earth would have upon the orbit period according to Equation 12-7, and answer the conceptual
r RE h 2RE . question. Finally, calculate the orbital period the satellite would have if the mass of Earth were to double.
Solution: 1. (a) The mass of a satellite does not affect its orbit period, as long as the mass is much less than that of the 2 3/ 2
Solution: 1. (a) Apply Eq. 12-7: T 3RE
planet or object it is orbiting. Therefore, the period of satellite B will be the same as the period of satellite A because GM E
they each orbit Earth at the same distance.
2 2 3/ 2
2. (b) Apply Eq. 12-7: TA 2RE
3/ 2 3 6.37 106 m
11
GM E 6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2 5.97 1024 kg
T 26,300 s 7.31 h
2 3/ 2
2 6.37 106 m
6.67 10 11
N m /kg2 2
5.97 10 24
kg 2. (b) f the
Earth suddenly became more massive while the satellite remains in circular orbit at the same altitude, the orbital period
TA 14,300 s 3.98 h will decrease.
2
3. Because the mass of the satellite cancels out, we conclude TB TA 3.98 h . r3 2
3. (c) Use a ratio to find the new period Tnew GM new M old ME 1
Insight: The fact that the orbit period of an object is independent of its mass, as discussed in part (c), is ultimately due if the mass of Earth were to double: Told 2 M new 2M E 2
to the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass. This equivalence lays the foundation for Einstein s general theory r3 2
GM old
of relativity (see Section 29-8).
Told 7.31 h
4. Substitute the numerical value from part (a): Tnew 5.17 h
33. Picture the Problem: Deimos and Phobos travel in circular orbits about Mars. 2 2
Strategy: Solve Kepler s third law (Equation 12-7) for the orbit radius of Deimos. Using the data given in Insight: A more massive Earth would exert a larger gravitational force on the satellite. In order to maintain the same
Appendix C, M M 0.108 5.97 1024 kg 6.45 1023 kg. orbit radius with a larger centripetal force, the orbit speed must increase and the orbit period must decrease.
Solution: 1. (a) Because T r 3/ 2 and Deimos has the greater period, Deimos is farther from Mars than is Phobos.
35. Picture the Problem: The two companion stars Centauri A and Centauri B orbit
2/ 3 one another in circular paths.
T GM Mars
2. (b) Solve Equation 12-7 for rDeimos : rDeimos Strategy: Set the centripetal force required to keep the star traveling in a circular
2 A cm B
2/ 3
path equal to the gravitational force of attraction between the two stars. Set the
1.10 10 s 5
6.67 10 11 2
N m /kg 2 23
6.45 10 kg orbit speed equal to the circumference of the path divided by the orbit period. F
Then solve the resulting expression for the mass of the stars. Let mA mB m, r
2
and let the stars be separated by distance d 2r, where r is the radius of the
orbital path.
rDeimos 2.36 107 m
mA mB m2 v2 m v2
Insight: The orbit radius of Deimos, 23,600 km, is larger than the 9378-km orbit of Phobos (as given in Problem 28), as Solution: Set Fgravity Fcentripetal , Fgravity G G Fcentripetal m G
predicted in part (a). d2 d2 r d2 r
let v d T , and solve for m. 2 2
d 2v 2 d2 d 2d d 2 2d 3
Notice also that the orbit radius m
Gr G 1
d T G T GT 2
for each star is r 12 d : 2
2 3
2 3.45 1012 m
m 2
1.91 1030 kg
11 2 2
6.67 10 N m /kg 2.52 109 s
Insight: These two stars have a very similar mass to that of our Sun (2.00×10 30 kg). Their orbit radii are about 23 times
larger than the Earth s and their orbit periods are about 80 years.
12 14 12 15
36. Picture the Problem: The Sputnik I satellite orbited the Earth along an elliptical path. 38. Picture the Problem: A spacecraft travels from the Earth to the Moon.
Strategy: Use Equation 12-8 and the distance data given in the problem to find the gravitational potential energy at Strategy: Consider the values of the gravitational potential energy of a spacecraft at the surface of the Earth and at the
perigee and at apogee and take the difference. The potential energy will be largest in magnitude (the most negative) at surface of the Moon when answering the conceptual question.
the closest distance (perigee) so that the satellite loses potential energy (and gains kinetic energy) as it goes from apogee
Solution: 1. (a) The gravitational potential energy of a spacecraft is at a lower value (more negative) on the surface of
to perigee.
the Earth than it is on the surface of the Moon. In order to travel from the Earth to the Moon, the energy difference must
Solution: Use Equation U U perigee U apogee be supplied by the rocket engine, but the spacecraft gains kinetic energy on its way from the Moon to the Earth. We
12-8 to find U : conclude that the amount of energy required to get a spacecraft from the Earth to the Moon is greater than the energy
MEm M Em 1 1
G G GM E m required to get the same spacecraft from the Moon to the Earth.
rp ra rp ra
2. (b) The best explanation is I. The escape speed of the Moon is less than that of the Earth; therefore, less energy is
1 1 required to leave the Moon. Statements II and III are each false.
GM E m
ra rp
Insight: Notice that
11 1 1
6.67 10 N m2 /kg 2 5.97 1024 kg 83.5 kg
7330 103 m 6610 103 m was required to get to the Moon, but only a small rocket on the lunar lander was required to lift off the lunar surface.
U 4.94 108 J
39. Picture the Problem: The four masses are positioned at the corners of a
Insight: The satellite loses 494 MJ of gravitational potential energy and gains 494 MJ of kinetic energy. This occurs as rectangle, as indicated in Figure 12-24.
the spacecraft changes its speed from about 7750 m/s at apogee to about 8450 m/s at perigee.
Strategy: As in Example 12-5, the total gravitational potential energy is
determined by summing the potential energy of each pair of masses. In this
37. Picture the Problem: A Progress . Equation 12-9 to
Strategy: Use Equation 12-8 and the distance data given in the problem to find the change in gravitational potential sum the contributions of these six terms to the total gravitational potential
energy Space Station. energy. Let x = 0.20 m represent the length of the rectangle, y = 0.10 m the
2 2
Solution: 1. Use Equation 12-8 to find U: U U ISS U surface height of the rectangle, and d 0.20 m 0.10 m 0.22 m be the
M m M m 1 1 diagonal of the rectangle.
G E G E GM E m
rISS rsurface rISS rsurface m1m2 m1m3 m1m4 m2 m3 m2 m4 m3 m4
Solution: 1. (a) Add the six terms U total G
1 1 1 1 that contribute to U total : x d y y d x
U GM E m GM E m
rsurface rISS RE RE h 1.0 kg 2.0 kg 1.0 kg 3.0 kg
2. Find the numerical values: GM E m 6.67 10 11
N m kg 2 2
5.97 10 24
kg 9380 kg 0.20 m 0.22 m
18 2 1.0 kg 4.0 kg 2.0 kg 3.0 kg
3.735 10 N m 6.67 10 11 2
N m /kg 2
0.10 m 0.10 m
RE 6.37 106 m
6 3 6 2.0 kg 4.0 kg 3.0 kg 4.0 kg
RE h 6.37 10 m 422 10 m 6.79 10 m
0.22 m 0.20 m
1 1
3. Calculate the change in potential energy: U GM E m U total 1.5 10 8
J
RE RE h
18 2 1 1 2. (b) The answer to part (a) would quadruple if all the masses were doubled because each term involves the product of
3.735 10 N m two masses.
6.37 10 6 m 6.79 106 m
U 3.63 1010 J 36.3 GJ 3. (c) The answer to part (a) would double if each side of the rectangle were halved in length because each term is
inversely proportional to the distance between masses.
Insight: The Progress spacecraft also needs to gain sufficient kinetic energy to achieve a circular orbit. It can be shown Insight:
(by setting the centripetal force equal to the gravitational force) that the required kinetic energy for circular orbit is between them.
K 12 mv2 12 GM E m RE r 275 GJ. In practice the required energy is smaller than this value because a
rotation on its axis.
12 16 12 17
40. Picture the Problem: An object is located at the surface of the Earth and later at an altitude of 325 km. 43. Picture the Problem: A rocket is given enough kinetic energy to completely escape the Moon or the Earth.
Strategy: Use Equation 12-8 to find the gravitational potential energy of the object as a function of its distance Strategy: The rocket completely escapes the Earth when it is infinitely far away, which is when its gravitational
r RE h from the center of the Earth. Then take the difference between the values at h = 0 and h = 325 km and potential energy is zero. Set the kinetic energy equal to the magnitude of the initial (negative) gravitational potential
compare it with the approximate change in potential, U mgh. energy in order to find the energy needed to escape. Use the radius and mass data for the Earth and Moon given in the
Solution: 1. (a) Calculate 5.97 1024 kg 9.50 kg inside back cover of the book.
M m U0 6.67 10 11 N m2 /kg 2 5.94 108 J
U G E at h = 0: 6.37 106 m M Mm
RE h Solution: 1. (a) Calculate K Ui G
K U Ui Ui for the Moon: RM
5.97 1024 kg 9.50 kg 11
7.35 10 22 kg 32,000 kg
2. (b) Calculate U at h = 325 km: Uh 6.67 10 11
N m2 /kg 2 5.65 108 J 6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2 9.0 1010 J
6.37 10 6
325 10 m 3
1.74 106 m
3. (c) Take the difference U: U U h U0 5.65 108 J 5.94 108 J 2.9 107 J MEm
2. (b) Calculate K Ui for the Earth: K Ui G
RE
4. Compare with mgh: U mgh 9.50 kg 9.81 m/s 2
325 10 m 3 7
3.03 10 J
11
5.97 10 24 kg 32, 000 kg
Insight: The two calculations of U (without any rounding) differ by about 5%. The mgh calculation is an 6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2 2.0 1012 J
6.37 10 6 m
approximation because it assumes the value of g is constant over the 325 km, when in fact it gets smaller as the distance
from the Earth s center increases. Insight: It takes 22 times more energy to escape the Earth because of its larger mass. The 3.66× larger radius of the
Earth actually makes it a bit easier to escape, but the 81.2× larger mass of the Earth makes it harder overall to escape the
41. Picture the Problem: The centers of the three bowling balls are positioned at the vertices of Earth than to escape the Moon.
an equilateral triangle whose side length equals the diameter of a ball.
44. Picture the Problem: The Earth suddenly shrinks to half its current diameter but its mass remains constant.
Strategy: As in Example 12-5, the total gravitational potential energy is determined by
Strategy: Consider the expression for escape speed when answering the conceptual question.
-9 to sum the contributions of these three terms to the total
gravitational potential energy. Each contribution will be the same because the masses and Solution: 1. (a) The escape speed is determined by ve 2GM E RE . From this expression we can see that reducing
separation distances are the same for each pair. the radius while keeping the mass of the Earth the same will increase the escape speed.
m1 m2 m1m3 m2 m3 m2 2. (b) The best explanation is III. The force of gravity would be much stronger on the surface of the compressed Earth,
Solution: Add the three terms U total G 3G leading to a greater escape speed. Statements I and II are each false (they are inconsistent with the expression for ve).
that contribute to U total : r r r r
2
Insight: Another approach is to note that in this case the rocket starts closer to the center of the Earth, and therefore
11 7.26 kg experiences a greater attractive force. It follows that a greater speed is required to overcome the increased force.
3 6.67 10 N m2 /kg2
2 0.108 m
U total 4.88 10 8 J 48.8 nJ 45. Picture the Problem: A rocket is launched vertically to a height h
Insight: The potential energy of any two balls is one-third the total. Therefore, it takes work equivalent to two-thirds Strategy: Consider the expressions for the mechanical energy of an orbiting rocket when answering the question.
the total U to pull the first ball away from the other two, then one-third the total U to separate the last two balls.
Solution:
surface to an altitude h. If it is to attain orbit, the rocket needs an additional amount of kinetic energy in order to have
42. Picture the Problem: Two basketballs are initially touching and are then separated from each other. sufficient horizontal speed. We conclude that the energy required to launch a rocket vertically to a height h is less than
Strategy: When the basketballs are touching, their centers are one diameter or 0.24 m apart. Find the difference in the energy required to put the same rocket into orbit at the height h.
gravitational potential energy between when they are touching and when they are separated by using Equation 12-9. Insight: It can be shown that a rocket in circular orbit has half as much kinetic energy as the magnitude of its
gravitational potential energy. That is, for circular orbits U GMm r and K GMm 2r .
Solution: 1. (a) Determine m2 m2 2 1 1
U U 2 U1 G G Gm
an expression for U : r2 r1 r1 r2
2 1 1
2. Calculate U for r2 1.0 m: U 6.67 10 11
N m2 /kg 2 0.59 kg 7.4 10 11
J
0.24 m 1.0 m
2 1 1
3. (b) Calculate U for r2 10.0 m: U 6.67 10 11 N m2 /kg2 0.59 kg 9.4 10 11 J
0.24 m 10.0 m
Insight: The work required to separate these basketballs is tiny, only 94 pJ to separate them by 10.0 m. This is equi-
valent to raising the center of mass of one of the basketballs by 16 pm, less than the 100-pm diameter of a typical atom!
12 18 12 19
46. Picture the Problem: A satellite loses gravitational potential energy and gains kinetic energy as it moves from apogee 49. Picture the Problem: A projectile rises from one Moon radius at launch to 425 km above the surface at the highest
(largest distance) to perigee (smallest distance to the center of the Earth). point of its travel.
Strategy: Find the change in kinetic energy as the satellite moves from perigee to apogee, and set it equal to minus the Strategy: Use conservation of energy to determine the initial kinetic energy required to change the distance of the
change in the gravitational potential energy. Then use the change in gravitational potential energy, together with the projectile from RM to RM h from the center of the Moon. Then use Equation 7-6 to find the initial speed of the
perigee distance, to find the apogee distance. projectile.
Solution: 1. Set Ea Ep and solve for U a : Ka U a Kp Up Solution: 1. Set Ei Ef Ki U i Kf Uf
Ua Kp Ka U p and solve for Ki 12 mvi2 : mM M mM M 1 1
2
1
2
mv
i G 0 G 1
2
mvi2 GmM M
GMm GMm RM RM h RM RM h
1
2
mvp2 1
2
mva2
ra rp
1 1
va2 vp2 2. Now multiply by 2 m vi 2GM M
1 1 RM RM h
2. Divide both sides by GMm and solve for 1 ra :
ra rp 2GM and solve for vi :
11 1 1
3640 m/s
2
4460 m/s
2 2 6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2 7.35 10 22 kg
1 1.74 106 m 1.74 106 425 103 m
2.00 107 m 2 6.67 10 11
N m 2 /kg 2 5.97 1024 kg
vi 1052 m/s 1.05 km/s
8 1
4.17 10 m
Insight: If instead you assume the acceleration of gravity is constant over the 425 km of the projectile s flight (see
Problem 40), you obtain a minimum launch speed of 1174 m/s. The actual minimum launch speed is less because the
3. Now invert to find ra : ra 1 4.17 10 8 m 1
2.40 107 m 2.40 104 km acceleration of gravity decreases with increasing h.
Insight: This problem is very similar to Quick Example 12-14. As expected, the apogee distance is greater than the
perigee distance. If the satellite had a mass of 1000 kg, the kinetic energy difference would be K p K a 3.32 GJ.
47. Picture the Problem: A large impact on Mars gives a meteorite enough kinetic energy to escape the planet.
Strategy: Use an analog to Equation 12-13 to find the escape speed from the surface of Mars. Use the mass and radius
information for Mars given in Appendix C.
11
2GM M 2 6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2 0.108 5.97 1024 kg
Solution: Apply Equation 12-13 for Mars: ve
RM 3.394 106 m
5030 m/s 5.03 km/s
Insight: The smaller radius of Mars makes it a bit more difficult to escape that planet when compared with the Earth,
but its smaller mass more than compensates, and its 5.03-km/s escape speed is much smaller than the 11.2 km/s for the
Earth.
48. Picture the Problem: A projectile rises vertically from at launch to an altitude of one Earth radius (a
distance of two Earth radii from its center) at the highest point of its travel.
Strategy: Use conservation of energy to determine the initial kinetic energy required to change the distance of the
projectile from RE to 2RE from the center of Earth. Then use Equation 7-6 to find the initial speed of the projectile.
Solution: 1. Set Ei Ef and solve for Ki U i Kf Uf
Ki 12 mvi2 , then multiply both sides by mM E mM E
2
2 m to obtain an expression for vi2 : 1
2 mv
i G 0 G
RE 2 RE
GmM E 1 GM E
1
2 m vi2 1 vi2
RE 2 RE
11
GM E 6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2 5.97 1024 kg
2. Now take the square root of both sides vi
and substitute the numerical values: RE 6.37 106 m
7910 m/s 7.91 km/s
Insight: It is not practical to achieve a launch speed this large (Mach 23!). Instead, spacecraft are accelerated gradually
and over a large distance by the impulse from a rocket motor.
12 20 12 21
50. Picture the Problem: A satellite is given sufficient energy to attain a geosynchronous orbit. 51. Picture the Problem: comet gains gravitational potential energy and loses kinetic energy as it moves from
perihelion (smallest distance) to aphelion (largest distance to the center of the Sun).
Strategy: Use
24.0 h (you might wish to refer to Quick Example 12-9). Then use the law of universal gravitation and the concept of Strategy: Find the change in gravitational potential energy as the comet moves from perihelion to aphelion, and set it
centripetal force to determine the orbit speed and kinetic energy of a geosynchronous satellite. Finally, use Equation equal to minus the change in the kinetic energy. Then use the change in kinetic energy, together with the speed at
12-9 to find the change in gravitational potential energy required to lift the satellite to the proper altitude, and then perihelion, to find the speed at aphelion.
Equation 7-6 to find the change in kinetic energy required to boost it to its orbit speed. The sum of the two energies is
Solution: 1. (a) As the comet moves from perihelion to aphelion, it gains gravitational potential energy and loses
the total amount of energy required to achieve the geosynchronous orbit.
kinetic energy. Therefore, we expect its speed at aphelion to be less than its 54.6-km/s speed at perihelion.
Solution: 1. (a) T
23
86, 400 s
23
13
third law for the orbit radius, r GM E
13
6.67 10 11
N m2 kg2 5.97 1024 kg 2. (b) Set Eaphelion Eperihelion Ka U a Kp U p
given that the orbit period is 2 2 and solve for Kaphelion . Ka Kp Up Ua
24.0 h = 86,400 s: 4.22 10 m 7 Here M is the mass of the
Sun and m is the mass of GM m GMm
2. Use Eq. 12-8 to find U U orbit U surface
1
m va2 1
m vp2
the comet: 2 2
rp ra
U between the surface M m M m 1 1
and the orbit distance G E G E GM E m
rorbit rsurface rorbit rsurface 1 1
found in step 1: 3. Multiply both sides va2 vp2 2GM
1 1 ra rp
U GM E m by 2 m and solve for va :
rsurface rorbit 2
11 54.6 103 m/s
6.67 10 N m 2 kg 2 5.97 1024 kg 3130 kg
va 1 1
1 1 2 6.67 10 11
N m 2 /kg 2 2.00 1030 kg
6.37 106 m 4.22 107 m 6.152 1012 m 8.823 1010 m
U 1.66 1011 J 783 m/s
mv 2
GM E m Insight: This problem is very similar to Quick Example 12-14. As expected the aphelion speed is less than the
3. (b) Find the orbit
Fcp perihelion speed. If the comet has a mass of 2.6×1014 kg, the kinetic energy difference would be Kp Ka 3.9 1023 J.
speed of the satellite by r r2
setting the centripetal 11
force equal to the GM E 6.67 10 N m 2 kg 2 5.97 1024 kg
v 3072 m/s 52. Picture the Problem: After being jettisoned, a lunar module loses gravitational potential energy and gains kinetic
gravitational force: r 4.22 107 m
energy as it crashes to the surface of the Moon.
4. Calculate the required K 1
2
mv 2
f
1
2
mv i
2
Strategy: Set the mechanical energy at the jettison point equal to the mechanical energy at the crash point. The lunar
change in kinetic energy: 2 2 module will be traveling faster than 1630 m/s because it will gain kinetic energy as it loses gravitational potential
1
2
3130 kg 3072 m/s 463 m/s
energy.
K 1.44 1010 J Solution: 1. Set Ei Ef and Ki U i Kf Uf
Insight: The total amount of energy the rocket must supply to the satellite is the sum of the changes of potential and simplify the expression: MMm M Mm
1
2
mvi2 G 1
2
mvf2 G
kinetic energies: E U K 166 GJ 14.4 GJ 180 GJ. RM h RM
2GM M 2GM M
vi2 vf2
RM h RM
1 1
2. Now solve for vf : vf vi2 2GM M
RM RM h
2GM M h
vi2
RM RM h
11
2 2 6.67 10 N m2 /kg 2 7.35 1022 kg 110 103 m
1630 m/s
1.74 106 m 1.74 106 0.11 106 m
vf 1730 m/s 1.73 km/s
Insight: After falling 110 km toward the Moon, the lunar module is only traveling 6.1% faster than at jettison. If it fell
from that height from rest, it would be traveling 579 m/s when it impacted the lunar surface.
12 22 12 23
53. Picture the Problem: A projectile is launched vertically at 11.2 km/s from the surface of the Earth, and it slows down 55. Picture the Problem: A projectile is launched at 1010 m/s from the surface of the Moon, and it slows down as it
as it converts its initial kinetic energy into gravitational potential energy. converts its initial kinetic energy into gravitational potential energy.
Strategy: Set the mechanical energy at the launch equal to the mechanical energy when the speed is equal to the one- Strategy: Set the mechanical energy at the launch equal to the mechanical energy when the speed is equal to the one-
third the escape speed. Then determine the gravitational potential energy and therefore the distance such a projectile half the launch speed. Then determine the gravitational potential energy and therefore the distance such a projectile
would be from the center of the Earth. would be from the center of the Moon. Finally, subtract the radius of the moon t
Solution: 1. Set Ei Ef and simplify the Ki U i Kf Uf Solution: 1. Set Ei Ef and Ki U i Kf Uf
expression by multiplying both sides by 2 m : M Em M Em simplify the expression by MMm MMm
1
2
m vi2 G 1
2
m vf2 G multiplying both sides by 2 m :
1
2
mvi2 G 1
2
mvf2 G
RE rf RM rf
2GM E 2GM E 2GM M 2GM M
vf2 vi2 vf2 vi2
rf RE rf RM
2 2
2GM M 2GM M
2. Substitute vi ve 2GM E RE and 2GM E 2GM E 1
2GM E 2GM E 2. Substitute vf 12 vi , divide both 1
4
vi2 vi2
3 sides by 2GM M , and solve for rf : rf RM
vf 13 ve 13 2GM E RE , divide both sides by rf RE RE RE
3 2
2GM E , and solve for rf : 1 1 4 vi
1 1 1 1
rf RM 2GM M
rf RE 9 RE RE
2
1 1 1 3
4 1010 m/s
rf 9 RE h rf RE 9 RE RE
rf 9 RE 1.74 106 m 2 6.67 10 11
N m 2 /kg 2 7.35 1022 kg
h 8RE 8 6.37 106 m 5.10 107 m 1 1
rf 2.01 106 m
rf 2.01 106 m
Note: In the first printing of the textbook, the answer on p. A-20
is incorrectly listed as 5.73×10 7 3. Subtract RM from rf to find h: h rf RM 2.01 106 1.74 106 m 2.7 105 m 270 km
above the center of the Earth, not the surface.
Insight: It may be surprising that the projectile travels a distance of 3 Earth radii before it has slowed down from the Insight: The speed is cut in half after traveling a distance equivalent to 16% of the Moon s radius (that is, rf 1.16RM ).
Notice that this distance depends upon the initial speed, so that a large initial speed corresponds to a large rf .
escape speed (11.2 km/s) to one-half that value (5.6 km/s), and 8RE before its speed decreases to 13 ve .
56. Picture the Problem: The radius of the Sun shrinks, but its mass remains the same, until the escape speed from its
54. Picture the Problem: A distant planet is ten times more massive and has one-tenth the radius of Earth. A projectile at surface equals the speed of light.
its surface is given sufficient kinetic energy to escape the planet.
Strategy: Set the escape speed (Equation 12-13) equal to the speed of light, and solve for the radius R.
Strategy: Use a ratio to compare the escape speed on the new planet with the escape speed on Earth. Use Equation
12-13 to form the ratio. 2GM S
Solution: Set ve c and solve for R: vesc c
R
ve,new 2GM new Rnew M new RE 10 M E RE 11
Solution: Write a ratio of the escape speeds: 100 10 2GM S 2 6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2 2.00 1030 kg
ve,Earth 2GM E RE M E Rnew ME 1
10 RE R
c2 8
3.00 10 m/s
2
ve,new 10 ve,Earth
2.96 km
Insight: Although the speed only needs to be increased by a factor of 10, the initial kinetic energy of a projectile needs
Insight: This radius corresponds to a diameter of 3.7 miles, roughly the size of a small mountain on Earth s surface!
to be 100 times larger on this new planet in order for the projectile to escape that planet s gravity.
When a black hole forms, the theory indicates that there is nothing to prevent a further collapse under its own weight,
and the entire black hole shrinks into an infinitesimally small volume.
12 24 12 25
57. Picture the Problem: Two baseballs attract each other gravitationally, losing potential energy and gaining kinetic 59. Picture the Problem: You are 1 million miles away from a black hole whose mass is a million times that of the Sun.
energy as they approach each other.
Strategy: The gravitational force from the black hole pulls harder on the portion of your body that is closer to it than it
Strategy: Find the potential energy when the balls are released from rest and the potential energy when the balls are does on the portion of your body that is furthest from it. This produces a tidal force on your body that tends to stretch it
separated by 145 m. The difference in the potential energies is the gain of kinetic energy of both balls. Because the out along a radial line from the black hole. Estimate your mass to be 70 kg and your length to be 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in).
balls have the same mass, they each gain half the kinetic energy.
Solution: 1. (a) Apply the given equation F 2GmM L r 3
Solution: 1. (a) Set Ei Ef Ki U i Kf Uf to find the tidal force on your body: 70 kg 1.99 1036 kg 1.8 m
11
and solve for v: 2 6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2
m2 2 m2 1.6 109 m
3
0 G 2 1
2
mv G
ri rf
F 8.2 N 1.8 lb
1 1
m v2 Gm 2 1/3 1/3 1/3
rf ri 2GmM L 2GmM L 2GM L
2. (b) Solve the given expression for the r
distance r from the black hole if F 10mg : F 10 mg 10 g
1 1 11 1 1 1/3
v Gm 6.67 10 N m2 /kg 2 0.148 kg 2 6.67 10 11
N m 2 /kg 2 1.99 1036 kg 1.8 m
rf ri 145 m 395 m
2
10 9.81 m/s
7
v 2.07 10 m/s
r 1.7 108 m 105,000 mi
2. (b) If the mass of each ball is doubled, the speed found in part (a) would increase by a factor of 2 as can be seen by Insight: At a million miles (about 4 times the distance from the Earth to the Moon) the tidal force is just a few pounds,
the formula in step 1 that shows v m. but at 105,000 mi (about 44% the distance from the Earth to the Moon) the stretching force is 10 times your weight!
Insight: Doubling the initial separation distance to 790 m but keeping everything else the same results in a speed of
2.35×10 7 m/s, about 14% faster than the original problem. To increase the speed you are better off doubling the mass! 60. Picture the Problem: Tidal forces tend to separate an astronaut from the International Space Station.
If the baseballs are allowed to fall toward each other until they collide, their speed at the collision (when rf 0.074 m, Strategy: The gravitational force from the Earth pulls harder on a mass that is closer to its center than it does on a mass
the diameter of a standard baseball) will have increased to a sizzling 1.15×10 5 m/s. This would be a really boring event that is farther away. This produces a tidal force on the astronaut ISS pair that tends to separate the two. Use the given
to watch. expression to calculate its value, and compare its magnitude to the gravitational force that pulls them together. If the
magnitude of the tidal force exceeds the gravitational attraction, the astronaut ISS pair is inside the Roche limit.
58. Picture the Problem: A person jumps straight upward from the surface of an asteroid with the same initial speed that Solution: 1. (a) Apply the given F 2GmM a r 3
she has when she jumps from the surface of the Earth. On Earth she rises to a height h. equation to find the tidal force on
11
125 kg 5.97 1024 kg 10 m
Strategy: Because the height that people can jump (elevating their center of mass about half a meter) is tiny compared the astronaut ISS pair: 2 6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2 3
with the radius of the Earth, we can safely claim the acceleration of gravity is constant over the height of the jump and 6.79 106 m
determine the initial speed of the jump by using either the energy methods of Chapter 7 or the projectile methods of F 0.0032 N
Chapter 4. Then set this initial speed equal to the escape speed of an asteroid by using Equation 12-13, relate the mass
to the volume and density of the asteroid using Equation 15-1, and solve for the asteroid radius RA . 2. (b) GM ISS m 6.67 10 11
N m 2 kg 2 4.2 105 kg 125 kg
gravitation to calculate the attractive Fg
Solution: 1. Use Equation 4-6 v 2
v2
0 2g y r2 10 m
2
force between the astronaut and the ISS:

to find the jumping speed v0 : 2
0 v0 2g h v0 2g h 0.000035 N 3.5 10 5
N
3. (c) Because the tidal force is greater in magnitude than the gravitational force of attraction between the astronaut and
2GM A
2. Set the jumping speed equal 2g h the ISS, we conclude the ISS orbit is inside the Roche limit.
to the escape speed: RA
2G Insight: In a detailed calculation for tidal force on a rigid body, the density of the Moon shows the Roche limit for
2g h MA Earth is about 9.5×106 6
-m orbit distance of the
RA ISS. The Roche limit for two distinct objects is even farther away, as explored in Problem 62.
G
3. Now substitute M A VA 4
3
RA3 gh 4
3
RA3 4
3
G RA2
RA
(Equation 15-1 and the volume of a
sphere) and solve for RA : 3g h 3 9.81 m/s 2 h
RA
4 G 4 6.67 10 11
N m 2 /kg 2 3500 kg/m 3
1.00 10 7 m h
Insight: If a person can jump 0.50 m vertically on the Earth, they could escape from an asteroid of radius 2.2 km by
simply leaping vertically with the same speed!
12 26 12 27
61. Picture the Problem: A dumbbell is aligned radially with the center of the Earth and its center is a distance r from the 63. Picture the Problem: You weigh yourself on a scale inside an airplane flying due east above the equator. The airplane
center of the Earth. then turns around and heads due west with the same speed.
Strategy: The gravitational force of attraction is a little bit stronger on the end of the dumbbell that is closest to the Strategy: Consider the speed of the aircraft relative to the center of Earth when answering the conceptual question. The
Earth and a little weaker on the farthest end. This difference in force tends to stretch the dumbbell along its length. Use speed of the airplane is measured relative to the air, which rotates along with the surface of the Earth toward the east.
(Equation 12-1) to find the difference in force between the two ends of the
Solution:
dumbbell.
center of the Earth than if you fly to the west. As a result, the centripetal force required to maintain your circular motion
mM E mM E 1 1 is greater, and your apparent weight is less. We conclude that the reading on the scale will increase slightly when the
Solution: 1. Use Equation 12-1 to find F: F G 2
G 2
GmM E 2 2 airplane turns around and heads due west with the same speed .
r a r a r a r a
Insight: There would be no difference at all in the scale reading if the plane were flying due north and then turned
1 1 4a 4a 4GmM E a around and flew due south. In both such cases the airplane has the same speed relative to the center of the Earth. For a
2. Now if r a, : F Ftidal GmM E
r a
2
r a
2
r3 r3 r3 jet cruising at 260 m/s, the centrifugal force on a 75-kg passenger is 6.2 N when it is flying east (that is, the passenger
weighs 736 N 6.2 N = 730 N when he stands on a scale) and 0.5 N when it is flying west. Thus the passenger would
Insight: The tidal force decreases with 1 r 3 , faster than the magnitude of the gravitational force decreases ( 1 r 2 ). It is weigh about 5.7 N = 1.3 lb more when flying west than when flying east. This calculation assumes the airplane is
significant only when the masses are large (such as with the Moon and the Earth) or the separation distance is small. he equator.
62. Picture the Problem: Two spherical masses are touching each other and are aligned radially with the center of the 64. Picture the Problem: Three objects are arranged in the manner shown at right.
Earth. Their center of mass is a distance r from the center of the Earth.
Strategy: Use universal gravitation to find the force between the two masses, substituting the Strategy: Use the law of universal gravitation to determine the relative magnitudes
of the forces experienced by each object.
expression m 43 a 3 given in the problem that relates the mass of the spheres to their radii a and density . Then set
that force equal to the tidal force expression, F 4GmM E a r 3 found in Problem 61 and solve for r to find the Roche
limit. GM 2 M GM 3M 11 GM 2
Solution: 1. Find the force on object A: FA
2 L2 2L
2
4 L2
Solution: 1. (a) Use Equation 12-1 for the two masses m2 m2
4
3 a3 2
F G G G 4
G a4 2
separated by distance 2a and let m 43 a3 : (2a) 2 4 a2 4 a2 9
G 2M 3M GM 2M GM 2 16 GM 2
2. Find the force on object B: FB 4
2 L2 L2 L2 4 L2
2. (b) Set the force from step 1 m 4GmM E a
G G 3M 2M GM 3M 27 GM 2
equal to F and solve for r: 4a 2 r3 3. Find the force on object C: FC
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3 L2 2L
2
4 L2
16 a 3 M E 16 a 3 M E 12M E
r 3 4. By comparing the magnitudes of the forces we arrive at the ranking, A < B < C.
m 3 a
4
Insight: If the object C were instead to switch places with object B, it would experience a force of 6
2
GM 2 L2 , less than
1/3
3. (c) Find the Roche limit for Saturn using the 12M S 12 95.1 5.97 1024 kg
rS 8.67 107 m either object A 7
GM 2 L2 or object B 13
GM 2 L2 , so the new ranking would be C < A < B.
mass given in Appendix C: 2 2
3330 kg/m3
Insight: Inside of the Roche limit the tidal force that tends to pull masses apart is larger than the gravitational force that 65. Picture the Problem: Three objects are arranged in the manner shown at right.
tends to hold them together. That is why the small rocks in Saturn s rings don t coalesce into large moons. Using the
above method we can calculate the Roche limit for Earth is 1.9×107 m, or about 3.0RE . Strategy: Use the universal Law of Gravitation to determine the relative
magnitudes of the accelerations experienced by each object. Refer to the previous
problem for the force magnitudes.
FA 11 GM 2 L2 11 GM 33 GM
Solution: 1. Find the acceleration of object A: aA
mA 4 M 4 L2 12 L2
FB 4GM 2 L2 GM 24 GM
2. Find the acceleration of object B: aB 2
mB 2M L2 12 L2
FC 27 GM 2 L2 27 GM
3. Find the force on object C: aC
mC 4 3M 12 L2
4. By comparing the magnitudes of the accelerations we arrive at the ranking, B < C < A.
Insight: If the object C were instead to switch places with object B, it would experience an acceleration of GM L2 ,
2 2
less than either object A 144 GM L or object B 134 GM L , so the new ranking would be C < B < A. Notice that
object A experiences the smallest force but the largest acceleration.
12 28 12 29
66. Picture the Problem: The Skylab spacecraft fell back to Earth out of orbit due to the friction it experienced in the upper 69. Picture the Problem: The Sun, Moon, and Earth are arranged as indicated
in the diagram at right.
Strategy: Consider the mechanical energy of the orbiting satellite when answering the conceptual question. Strategy: Use Newton s law of universal gravitation (Equation 12-1)
together with the data given in the inside back cover of the book to find the
Solution: As the rad , its speed did increase because the gain in its kinetic energy due to forces exerted by the Earth and by the Sun on the Moon.
the loss of gravitational potential energy was much larger than the loss of its kinetic energy due to friction. Another
approach is to recall that T constant r 3/2
third law) and that v 2 r T (circular motion). It follows that MMME
Solution: 1. (a) Apply Equation 12-1: FE G
v constant r 1 2 , and therefore the speed increases with decreasing radius. rE-M 2
Insight: You might think that friction would slow Skylab just like other objects are slowed by friction but by 11
7.35 1022 kg 5.97 1024 kg
6.67 10 N m2 /kg 2
dropping Skylab to a lower orbit, and freeing up gravitational potential energy, friction was initially responsible for an 3.84 108 m
2
increase in speed.
FE 1.98 1020 N
67. Picture the Problem: Three masses are positioned as indicated in the M M MS
2. (b) Apply Equation 12-1 again: FS G
figure at right. rS-M 2
Strategy: As in Example 12-12, the total gravitational potential energy is
1 2 3 7.35 1022 kg 2.00 1030 kg
11
determined by summing the potential energy of each pair of masses. In this 6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2
x 1.50 1011 m
2
3.84 108 m
2
Equation 12-9 to sum the
contributions of these three terms to the total gravitational potential energy. 1.00 2.00 3.00 m
FS 4.36 1020 N
m1m2 m1m3 m2 m3 3. (c) As the force exerted by the Sun is more than twice the force exerted by the Earth on the Moon, it makes more
Solution: Add the six terms U total G
x2 x1 x3 x1 x3 x2 sense to think of the Moon as orbiting the Sun, with a small effect due to the Earth.
that contribute to U total :
Insight: It takes twice as much force to keep the Moon orbiting the Sun once per year as it does to keep the Moon
1.00 kg 2.00 kg 1.00 kg 3.00 kg
orbiting the Earth once a month.
11 1.00 m 2.00 m
6.67 10 N m2 /kg 2
2.00 kg 3.00 kg 70. Picture the Problem: Three masses attract each other gravitationally and are
1.00 m positioned as shown in the figure at right.
10
U total 6.34 10 J Strategy: Determine the magnitudes of the forces from the 1.00-kg ( F1 ) and y
3.00-kg ( F3 ) masses using Newton s law of universal gravitation. Use the
Insight: 0.634 nJ because the masses are relatively small and so are the attractive forces
between them. magnitudes and directions of the two forces to add them using the component
method of vector addition. Combine the components of the vector sum to find the
magnitude and direction of the net force on the 1.00-kg mass. Let upward and to 60°
68. Picture the Problem: An astronaut jumps straight upward, momentarily comes to rest, and falls back to the surface of the right be the positive directions.
an unnamed planet in a distant solar system.
m1 m2 11 1.00 kg 2.00 kg
Strategy: The height of the astronaut s jump is very small compared with the radius of the planet, so we assume that the Solution: 1. Find the magnitude of F1 : F1 G 6.67 10 N m2 /kg 2 1.33 10 12
N
acceleration of gravity is constant during the jump. Use conservation of mechanical energy (Equation 8-8) to find an r2 10.0 m
2
expression for the acceleration of gravity as a function of the initial speed and the maximum jump height, and set it 2.00 kg 3.00 kg
11
equal to GM R 2 according to Equation 12-4. Then solve for the mass of the planet. 2. Find the magnitude of F3 : F3 6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2 2
4.00 10 12
N
10.0 m
Solution: 1. Set Ei Ef and solve for g: Ki U i Kf Uf 12 12
3. The horizontal and vertical F2 x F3 x F1x 4.00 10 N 1.33 10 N cos 60
1
2
mvi2 0 0 mg h components add: 12
4.667 10 N (to the left)
g vi2 2h
12
2
F2 y F3 y F1 y 0 1.33 10 N sin 60
v i GM
2. Now let g GM R 2 and solve for M: 1.155 10 12
N (upward)
2h R2
2 2 2 2
R 2 vi2 3520 103 m 2.91 m/s 4. Combine the components F2 F2 x 2 F2 y 2 4.667 10 12
N 1.155 10 12
N 4.70 10 12
N
M 1.50 1024 kg to find the magnitude and
2Gh 2 6.67 10 11 2
N m /kg 2
0.525 m F2 y 1.155 10 12
N
the direction: tan 1
tan 1
12
13.9 above horizontal, to the left
F2 x 4.667 10 N
Insight: As the height h increases for the same initial speed vi , the mass of the planet decreases. A less massive planet
will not accelerate the astronaut as much and she will rise to a greater height. Insight: The net force points more toward the 3.00-kg mass because it exerts the larger force on the 2.00-kg mass. An
analysis of the force on the 1.00-kg mass reveals it is 2.90×10 12 N at 23.4° to the right of the dashed line that connects
the 1.00-kg and 3.00-kg masses.
12 30 12 31
71. Picture the Problem: Three 5.95-kg masses are initially at the vertices of an equilateral triangle 10.0 m on a side. They 73. Picture the Problem: A planet has the same mass as the Earth but half its radius.
are then released from rest and collide together at the center.
Strategy: The acceleration of gravity for any planet is given by Equation 12-4, g GM R2 . Use this relation to
Strategy: Find the gravitational potential energy U of the three masses upon release and at the instant they collide. determine the change in g when the radius is cut in half while the mass remains the same.
There are three identical contributions to U from each of the 3 pairs of masses. When they collide, the center-to-center
distance between pairs of spheres is 0.0714 m + 0.0714 m = 0.1428 m. The loss of potential energy equals the gain in gnew 2
GM Rnew 2
Rold
kinetic energy, which is shared equally among the three identical masses. Determine the speed of each mass from its Solution: 1. (a) Use a ratio to find gnew : 2 2
4 gnew 4 gold
gold GM Rold 1
Rold
kinetic energy when it collides with the other two. 2
2 2. The acceleration due to gravity on this planet is more than the acceleration due to gravity on the Earth.
Solution: 1. Find U i G m2 11
5.95 kg
Ui 3 3 6.67 10 N m2 /kg 2 7.08 10 10
J
using Equation 12-9: r 10.0 m 3. (b) As shown in step 1, g is quadrupled: g 4 9.81 m/s2 39.2 m/s2
2
5.95 kg Insight: The mass is the same for this new planet but every object on its surface is closer to the center of the planet, and
2. Find U f in a similar fashion: Uf 3 6.67 10 11
N m2 /kg2 4.96 10 8 J
0.1428 m the gravitational force is thus increased fourfold when compared with Earth.
3. Set Ei Ef to find K f : Ki U i Kf Uf
74. Picture the Problem: A satellite is in a circular orbit at a height h above the surface of the Earth.
10
Kf Ui Uf 0 7.08 10 J 4.96 10 8 J 4.89 10 8 J
Strategy: This satellite is a distance RE h from the center of the Earth. Set the gravitational force of attraction
8
between the satellite and the Earth (Equation 12-1) equal to the centripetal force required to keep it in circular orbit
2 Kf 2 Kf 2 4.89 10 J (Equation 6-16). Solve the resulting expression for the orbit speed v.
4. Set K f 3 1
2
mv 2 and solve for v: v2 v 7.40 10 5
m/s 74.0 m/s
3m 3m 3 5.95 kg
v2 M Em
Solution: Set Fcentripetal Fgravity , substituting m G 2
Insight: You d have to be patient to watch this experiment unfold; each mass travels about 5.7 m before colliding at the RE h RE h
for r RE h , and solve for v:
center, and at an average speed of 12 74.0 m/s , the trip would take almost 43 hours! The actual time would be even
GM E GM E
longer because the acceleration is not constant, and the average speed is lower than 1
74.0 m/s . v2 v
2 RE h RE h
Insight: The higher the altitude h, the slower the orbital speed. The Moon orbits the Earth with a speed of about
72. Picture the Problem: An asteroid was at rest infinitely far away from the Earth, and then picked up speed as it 1.0 km/s, much slower than the 7.9-km/s orbit speeds of near-Earth satellites.
approached, losing gravitational potential energy and gaining kinetic energy.
Strategy: Find the gravitational potential energy at an infinite distance (zero) and at the distance of closest approach
75. Picture the Problem: You are standing on the surface of a spherical asteroid of known mass and radius.
(using Equation 12-8). The loss of potential energy equals the gain in kinetic energy, from which the speed of the
asteroid at the distance of closest approach can be determined. The kinetic energy can be determined using Equation Strategy: The gravitational force of attraction between you and the asteroid is much weaker than that on Earth,
7-6 when the mass of the asteroid is estimated. Density m V is defined in Equation 15-1. producing a very low weight and a very slow orbit speed.
weight on the surface of the asteroid, and then set it equal to the centripetal force required to keep you in orbit around
Solution: 1. (a) Set Ei Ef and solve for v: Ki U i Kf U f the surface of the asteroid to find your orbit speed.
Kf Ki Ui Uf 0 0 Uf 11
GmA M E Solution: 1. (a) Calculate your GM m 6.67 10 N m2 kg2 8.7 1013 kg 125 kg
1
mA v 2 Fg 0.18 N
2
r weight on the asteroid surface: r2 2000 m
2
11
2GM E 2 6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2 5.97 10 24 kg r Fg
v v2
r 73,600 mi 1609 m/mi 2. (b) Set your weight equal to the Fg Fcp m v2
force required to keep you in orbit r m
2590 m/s 2.59 km/s and then solve for your speed: r Fg 2000 m 0.18 N
v 1.7 m/s
2. (b) Let m V 4
R 3
and find K f : Kf 1
mv 2 1
Vv 2 1 4
R3 v 2 m 125 kg
3 2 2 2 3
3 2
1
2
3330 kg/m3 4
3
1
2
730 m 2590 m/s 2.27 1018 J Insight: Your weight on the asteroid is equivalent to 0.65 oz, and the speed you need to achieve orbit is equivalent to
3.8 mi/h, slightly faster than the typical walking speed of 3.0 mi/h. The primary difficulty in performing the orbital feat
Insight: The kinetic energy of the asteroid at closest approach is equivalent to 542 one-megaton nuclear weapons! The would be getting a good horizontal push off the surface in such a low-gravity environment.
energy would be even larger if the asteroid actually struck the Earth because it would have lost even more gravitational
potential energy as it approached the Earth s center. The energy would have been larger still if the motions of the Earth
and the asteroid before the interaction were to be accounted for, because the Earth has a 30-km/s orbital velocity in its
journey around the Sun.
12 32 12 33
76. Picture the Problem: Two stars orbit their common center of mass as 78. Picture the Problem: The orbit period of a geosynchronous satellite matches the rotational period of Mars.
depicted in the figure at right.
Strategy: This problem is similar to Quick Example 12-9. Set the orbit period equal to the rotational period of the
planet and solve for distance r and then the altitude h. The rotational period of Mars is
Strategy: The stars exert forces on each other according to 24.6229 h 3600 s/h 8.86424 104 s. Use the mass and radius data given in Appendix C.
of universal gravitation. The forces they exert on each other must be equal
and opposite by Newton s third law. Set the forces equal to each other and Solution: 1. Square both sides of 4 2 r3
to the centripetal force required to keep them moving in circular paths. Equation 12-7 and solve for r: T2
GM
1/ 3
GMT 2
r
Solution: 1. Set the centripetal m1 a1 m2 a2 4 2
forces equal to each other: m1 v12 r1 m2 v22 r2 11 2 1/ 3
6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2 0.108 5.97 1024 kg 8.86424 104 s
2
m1 2 r1 T
2
m2 2 r2 T
2 4
2. Now let v 2 r T and
solve for m2 m1 . The two stars r1 r2 r 2.05 10 m7
orbit with the same period T but m1 r12 m2 r22

different orbit radii: 2. Solve r R h for h: h r R 2.05 107 m 0.3394 107 m 1.71 107 m
r1 r2
m2 r1 r1 1 Insight: This distance is less than half of the geosynchronous orbit radius of 4.22×107 m for the Earth because although
m1 r2 2r1 2 the rotation periods of the two planets are nearly equal, Mars has much less mass than does the Earth.
Insight: The more massive star m1 moves in a smaller orbit than the less massive star m2 . In a similar fashion, the Earth
79. Picture the Problem: The comet Wild 2 is a roughly spherical body of radius 2.7 km and a surface gravitational
orbits in a small circle around the center of mass of the Earth Moon system. acceleration of 1.0×10 4g.
Strategy: The given surface gravitational acceleration, together with Equation 12-4, can be used to deduce the mass of
77. Picture the Problem: Two stars orbit their common center of mass as comet Wild 2. Then use the mass and the given radius to calculate the escape speed for the comet.
depicted in the figure at right.
2
g RC2 0.00010 9.81 m/s 2 2700 m
Strategy: The stars exert forces on each other according to Solution: 1. Solve Equation 12-4 for M C : MC 11
1.1 1014 kg
G 6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2
of universal gravitation (Equation 12-1). The forces they exert on each
other must be equal and opposite by Newton s third law. Set the 11
gravitational force between the two stars equal to the centripetal force 2GM C 2 6.67 10 N m2 /kg 2 1.1 1014 kg
2. Calculate the escape speed for the comet: ve 2.3 m/s
required to keep star 1 moving in a circular path (Equation 6-16). Solve the RC 2700 m
resulting expression for the orbit period T, which is the same for each star.
Insight: A person could easily leap from the comet nucleus and leave it forever! Even more fun, he could launch
v12 Gm1m2 himself into orbit around the comet with a speed of 1.6 m/s! (Verify for yourself using the results of Problem 74.)
Solution: 1. Set Fcentripetal Fgravity : m1 2
r1 r1 r2
2
2. Divide both sides by m1 and 2 r1 T Gm2
2
substitute v 2 r T and r2 2r1 : r1 r1 2r1
4 2 r1 G 1
2
m1 72 2 r13
3. Let m2 1
m1 (from Problem 76) and solve for T: T
2
T2 3r1
2
Gm1
Insight: The period increases with increasing orbit distance r1 and decreases with increasing mass m1 .
12 34 12 35
80. Picture the Problem: A space probe orbits the Sun with a period of 2.00 years. 81. Picture the Problem: A satellite travels in a circular orbit around Earth with a radius 1100 miles greater than that of a
geosynchronous satellite.
Strategy: -7 to relate the orbit period to the orbit
radius; however, converting that equation to units of astronomical units (AU) for distance and years for time yields the Strategy: Use Kepler s third law in the form of Equation 12-7 to relate the orbit period to the orbit radius. The orbit
simple formula Tin2 years rin3 AU (refer to Problem 83). Use this formula to find the orbit distance of the space probe. radius of a geosynchronous satellite is r RE h 6.37 106 m 22, 200 mi 1609 m/mi 4.21 107 m (refer to
Then derive an expression for the orbital speed of a satellite of the Sun, and use it to compare the orbital speed of the Section 12-3 and Problems 26 and 50). Add 1100 miles (1.77×106
space probe with that of th (Equation 12-7) to find the period of this satellite in hours.
answer in km/s.
Solution: 1. (a) Because its altitude is higher than that of a geosynchronous satellite, it has a smaller orbit speed (see
Tin seconds 2 GM Sun Problem 74), and its period is greater than 24 hours. See also Kepler s third law (Equation 12-7), which says that the
Solution: 1. (a) Using units of 32
Tin years rin meters orbital period is proportional to the orbit radius raised to the power of 3/2.
years and AU simplifies 3.156 107 s/y 3.156 107 s/y
. 12-7): 2. (b) The satellite lags behind the Earth s eastward rotation and thus moves westward to a viewer on the surface.
2 32
rin AU 1.50 1011 m/AU
3.156 107 s/y GM Sun 3. Add 1100 miles to the orbit radius 1609 m
of a geosynchronous satellite: r 4.21 107 m 1100 mi 4.39 107 m
3/ 2 1 mi
2 1.50 1011 32
rin AU
2
3.156 107 s/y 6.67 10 11
N m 2 kg 2 1.99 1030 kg 3. (c) Apply Equation 12-7 directly: T r 3/ 2
32
GM E
2 3
Tin years 1.00 rin AU Tin years rin AU
2 3/ 2
2. Calculate the space 23 23 4.39 107 m
rin AU Tin years 2.00 y 1.59 AU 6.67 10 11
N m 2 /kg 2 5.97 1024 kg
orbit distance:
1h
3. (b) The orbital speed of the probe v2 MS m GM S GM S T 91, 600 s 25.4 h
m G v2 v 3600 s
can be found by setting Fcp Fgravity : r r2 r r
Insight: A careful analysis of the uncertainties shows that in order to have an orbit period that is within 1.0 minute of
4. The orbital speed of any satellite of the Sun is inversely proportional to its orbit distance. The orbit distance of the 24.00 hours, the altitude of the satellite must be within 12 miles of the 22,200-mi target altitude!
space probe is 1.59 AU, greater than the 1.00-AU orbit distance of the Earth. We conclude that the orbital speed of the
space probe is less than the orbital speed of the Earth.
82. Picture the Problem: The Moon is attracted gravitationally to both the Earth and the Sun.
11
5. (c) Convert the orbit distance GM S 6.67 10 N m2 kg 2 1.99 1030 kg
v Strategy: Use Newton s law of universal gravitation to find the force of attraction between the Moon and the Sun when
to meters and calculate the r 1.59 AU 1.50 1011 m/AU the Moon is at its farthest distance from the Sun (at the full moon phase) and compare it to the force of attraction
orbital speed of the space probe: between the Moon and the Earth.
1 km
2.36 104 m/s 23.6 km/s
1000 m M EM M
Solution: 1. Find FE FE G
Insight: -km/s orbital speed of the Earth, as predicted. RE-M 2
using Equation 12-1:
11
5.97 10 24 kg 7.35 10 22 kg
6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2 2
1.98 10 20 N
3.84 108 m
MSM M
2. Find the minimum force FS,min G
between the Moon and the Sun: RS M 2
11
2.00 1030 kg 7.35 1022 kg
6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2 2
4.34 1020 N
1.50 1011 3.84 108 m
3. By comparing the forces in steps 1 and 2 we can see that even at its weakest, the Sun s pull on the Moon is greater
than the Earth s pull on the Moon.
Insight: The force required to keep the Moon in orbit around the Sun once a year is greater than the force required to
keep the Moon in orbit around the Earth once a month!
12 36 12 37
83. Picture the Problem: Kepler s third law relates the orbit period to the orbit distance or radius. 85. Picture the Problem: The International Space Station (ISS) travels in a circular orbit about the Earth at an altitude of
415 km.
Strategy: Start with Equation 12-7 and then convert the units for each of the variables in order to determine the
constant C. Strategy: Use the formula derived in Problem 74 to determine the orbital speed of the ISS. Then solve the expression
v 2 r T for T in order to find the orbit period of the ISS.
Solution: 1. Begin with Equation 2
12-7, which applies to any mass T r 3/ 2 C r3 2 Solution: 1. (a) No, the orbit speed is independent of the ISS mass, as seen in Problem 74 and elsewhere.
that is orbiting the Sun: GM S
11
GM E 6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2 5.97 1024 kg
2. (b) Use the equation derived in v
2. Determine the proportionality 2 2 RE h 6.37 106 415 103 m
C Problem 74 to find the orbit speed:
constant in SI units: GM S 6.67 10 11
N m 2 /kg 2 2.00 1030 kg 7660 m/s 7.66 km/s
10 32
5.44 10 s m
2 r 2 6.37 106 415 103 m
3. (c) Solve v 2 r T for T: T 5565 s 1.55 h
5.44 10 10
s 1y 1.50 10 m11 32
v 7.66 103 m/s
3. Convert the units of the 32
C 1.00 y AU
constant to years and AU: m3 2 3.156 107 s 1 AU Insight: If the shuttle were to be boosted to a higher orbit, its speed would be smaller and its orbit period greater.
32
4. We conclude the constant C 1.00 and Kepler s third law can be compactly written, T r if T is measured in
86. Picture the Problem: A Russian Soyuz module approaches the International Space Station (ISS) and must burn fuel in
years and r is measured in astronomical units. order to counteract the force of gravity between it and the ISS.
Insight: This version of Kepler s third law is consistent with the fact that the Earth orbits the Sun at a distance of one Strategy: Calculate the gravitational force of attraction between the Soyuz and the
A.U. and has a period of one year. gravitation (Equation 12-1). Then determine the average rate of fuel burn needed by a thruster to produce the same
amount of force on the Soyuz to counteract the gravitational attraction by using Equation 9-20. Finally, multiply the
84. Picture the Problem: A satellite travels in a circular orbit about the Earth, and is then given sufficient energy to boost it average rate of fuel burn by the total elapsed time in order to determine how much fuel is needed.
to an orbit with twice the orbit radius.
1 1
Solution: 1. (a) Calculate Fav 1
F9.5 m F110 m 1
GM ISS mSoyuz
Strategy: Set the centripetal force required to keep the satellite in orbit equal to the gravitational force of attraction 2 2 2
r9.5 2
r110
the average force of
between the satellite and the Earth. Solve for v 2 and multiply by 12 m to determine the kinetic energy of the satellite.
attraction between Soyuz 1 1 1
Finally, find the difference in mechanical energy between the 12,600-mile orbit and the 25,200-mile orbit to find the 11
and the ISS: 6.67 10 N m2 kg 2 4.2 105 kg 7500 kg 2 2
energy required to boost the orbit. 2 9.5 m 110 m
2
v GM E m GM E Fav 0.00117 N 0.0012 N
Solution: 1. (a) Set Fcentripetal Fgravity and solve for v 2 : m v2
r r2 r
2. (b) Solve Equation 9-20 m thrust Fav 0.00117 N 6
2.0 10 kg/s
2. Multiply by 1
m to find K: GM E GM E m for the rate of fuel burn: t v v 590 m/s
2 K 1
2
m v2 1
2
m
r 2r
6.67 10 N m 2 /kg 2 5.97 1024 kg 1940 kg
11
3. (c) Calculate the total m 6 4
m tapproach 2.0 10 kg/s 330 s 6.6 10 kg 0.66 g
amount of fuel needed: t
2 12, 600 mi 1609 m/mi
K 1.905 1010 J 1.91 1010 J 19.1 GJ Insight: The fuel needed to counteract gravitational attraction is tiny compared with the fuel needed to make
adjustments to the attitude and trajectory of the Soyuz. The Soyuz-TMA normally used for docking with the ISS carries
3. (b) Find an expression for the total mechanical GM E m GM E m GM E m 880 kg of fuel, about 150 kg of which is reserved for rendezvous and docking maneuvers.
energy of a satellite in circular orbit: E K U .
2r r 2r
GM E m GM E m GM E m 1 1
4. Take the difference in mechanical energy E
between the two orbits: 2rf 2ri 2 ri rf
GM E m 1 1 GM E m 1 1
Ki
2 ri 2ri 2ri 2 2
5. Substitute the numerical values: E 1

2
Ki 1
2
1.905 1010 J 9.53 109 J 9.53 GJ
Insight: The change in mechanical energy is a combination of the additional potential energy required to boost the
satellite into a higher orbit and the reduced kinetic energy required because the orbit speed is less.
12 38 12 39
87. Picture the Problem: An object of mass m travels in a circular orbit of radius r around the Earth. 89. Picture the Problem: Three identical stars orbit their common center of
mass as depicted in the figure at right.
Strategy: Set the gravitational force of attraction between the satellite and the Earth (Equation 12-1) equal to the
centripetal force required to keep it in circular orbit (Equation 6-16). Solve the resulting expression for the orbit speed Strategy: The stars exert forces on each other according to
v. Find the kinetic energy by using Equation 7-6 and the gravitational potential energy using Equation 12-8 in order to of universal gravitation (Equation 12-1). Set the gravitational force exerted
on each star equal to the centripetal force required to keep the star moving
in a circular path (Equation 6-16).
m v2 G mM E
Solution: 1. (a) Set Fcentripetal Fgravity and solve for v: Solution: 1. Find the length of a
r r2 L 2 R cos30
side of the triangle:
GM E
v
r GM 2
2. Find the force exerted on one F 2 2
cos 30
2. (b) Calculate E, substituting the expression E K U star by the other two: 2R cos 30
v 2 GM E r from step 1: GM E m GM 2
1
2
m v2
r 2 R 2 cos 30
E 1
2
m v2 v2 m 1
2
m v2 K
3. Set Fcentripetal Fgravity : v2 GM 2
M
3. (c) Yes, this result applies to an object orbiting the Sun. It applies in general to any object that is in a circular orbit R 2R 2 cos 30
around a much larger mass, and that is not significantly influenced by other objects or forces.
2
Insight: Verify for yourself that for two identical objects orbiting each other, as discussed in Problem 35, the velocity of 2 R GM
4. Multiply both sides by R M v2
each object would be v GM 4r and the total mechanical energy of each would be E 3
mv2 3K . T 2R cos30
2 and substitute v 2 R T:
2 2
88. Picture the Problem: Earth gains gravitational potential energy and loses kinetic energy as it moves from perihelion 5. Now solve for T: 4 R GM 4 3 2 R3 3 R3
T 2
(smallest distance) to aphelion (largest distance to the center of the Sun). T2 2R 3 2 GM GM
Strategy: Find the change in gravitational potential energy as the Earth moves from perihelion to aphelion, and set it
equal to minus the change in the kinetic energy. Then use the change in kinetic energy, together with the speed at Insight: The larger the masses of the stars, the larger the force and acceleration and the smaller the period.
aphelion, to find the speed at perihelion.
90. Picture the Problem: A satellite of mass m travels in a circular orbit of radius r around the planet of mass M.
GM Sun mEarth GM Sun mEarth
Solution. 1. (a) Use U Ua U p Strategy: Set the gravitational force of attraction between the satellite and the planet (Equation 12-1) equal to the
Equation 12-9 to find the ra rp
centripetal force required to keep it in circular orbit (Equation 6-16). Solve the resulting expression for the orbit speed v
difference in gravitational and find the kinetic energy by using Equation 7-6.
1 1 11
potential energy: GM Sun mEarth 6.67 10 N m2 kg 2 1.99 1030 kg 5.97 1024 kg
rp ra m v2 G mM
Solution: 1. Set Fcentripetal Fgravity and solve for v2:
1 1 r r2
GM
1.471 1011 m 1.521 1011 m v2
32
r
U 1.771 10 J
GM m
2. (b) Use conservation 2. Calculate K 1
mv2 : 1
mv 2 K
E K U 0 K U 2 2
2r
1
mE vp2 1
mE va2 Up Ua Ua Up Insight: Verify for yourself that if there were two identical planets orbiting each other, similar to the situation discussed
speed at perihelion: 2 2
2 2 2 in Problem 35, the velocity v GM 4r for each mass and the total energy would be E 3
2
mv2 3K .
v p v a Ua Up
mE
2 2
29, 290 m/s 1.771 1032 J 9.172 108 m 2 /s 2
5.972 10 24 kg
vp 9.172 108 m 2 /s 2 30, 290 m/s
Insight: A comet Problem 51) typically has an elliptical orbit that is much more eccentric than
much greater difference in orbital speed between perihelion and aphelion.
12 40 12 41
Chapter 12: Gravity James S. Walker, Physics, 5th Edition
91. Picture the Problem: An impact event gives sufficient energy to

a 3.0-m-
Strategy: The accompanying graph (and the discussion in Section
12-5) indicates the minimum speed of an ejected rock that escapes
Earth is 11.2 km/s. Use this speed, together with the mass of a
3.0-m-diameter rock that is made from material with a density of
3.0 g/cm3 = 3000 kg/m3, to find the minimum kinetic energy the
ro
3
Solution: 1. Find the 4 d
V d3
volume of the rock: 3 2 6
2. Multiply the volume by m V 3000 kg/m3 3.0 m

3
42, 400 kg
the density to find the mass: 6
2
3. Calculate the kinetic energy: K 1
2 mv2 1
2 42, 400 kg 11, 200 m/s 2.7 1012 J
Insight: For comparison, a 1-megaton nuclear weapon releases about 5.6×10 15 J, enough to hurl 2,100 of these 3.0-m-
diameter stones into outer space.

a 3.0-m-
residual speed of 2.5 km/s.
Strategy: Refer to the accompanying graph to find the minimum
speed of an ejected rock
residual speed of 2.5 km/s.
Solution: A careful examination of the accompanying graph
reveals a rock needs a speed of 11.5 km/s
order to attain a residual speed of 2.5 km/s far from Earth.
Insight: The result can be verified by applying the conservation of the mechanical energy of the rock between the
surface of the Earth and a point infinitely far away, where the gravitational potential energy is zero.

a 3.0-m-
residual speed a long distance away.
Strategy: Refer to the accompanying graph to answer the
conceptual question.
Solution: An examination of the accompanying graph indicates
This means that an increase in surface speed at high surface

speeds produces a smaller increase in residual speed than does a
corresponding increase at low surface speeds. Therefore,
increasing the ejection speed from 12 km/s to 13 km/s will change
the residual speed by more than the amount it would change by
increasing the ejection speed from 15 km/s to 16 km/s.
Insight: Direct calculation reveals the residual speed increases from 4.35 km/s to 6.63 km/s when the surface speed
increases from 12.0 km/s to 13.0 km/s, a change of 2.28 km/s. Meanwhile, increasing the surface speed from 15.0 km/s
to 16.0 km/s changes the residual speed from 10.0 km/s to 11.4 km/s, a change of 1.4 km/s.
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
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Chapter 12: Gravity: Answers To Even-Numbered Conceptual Questions

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Chapter 12: Gravity: Answers To Even-Numbered Conceptual Questions

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Chapter 11: Rotational Dynamics and Static Equilibrium James S.

Walker, Physics, 5th Edition

512 34.0 2.31

Solution: 1. (a) Apply Equation 5-5: Ws mg 520 kg 9.81 m/s 2

FM 2.40 1020 N toward the Sun

r 2.35 107 m 2.4 107 m Equation 12-1 and solve for r by

mass has not changed.

2. (b) Set Ei Ef and solve for g: 1

force between the astronaut and the ISS:

orbit with the same period T but m1 r12 m2 r22

5. Substitute the numerical values: E 1

91. Picture the Problem: An impact event gives sufficient energy to

2. Multiply the volume by m V 3000 kg/m3 3.0 m

92. Picture the Problem: An impact event gives sufficient energy to

93. Picture the Problem: An impact event gives sufficient energy to

This means that an increase in surface speed at high surface

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