Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1:
Overview of Cell Biology
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for

1.1 Development of cell theory
Biology
1.2 Microscopy
1.3 Eighth
Prokaryote
Edition and eukaryotes: structure and function
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
1.4 Biogenesis: The endosymbiotic theory
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright©©2008
Copyright 2008Pearson
PearsonEducation,
EducationInc.,
Inc.,publishing
publishingas
asPearson
PearsonBenjamin
BenjaminCummings
Cummings
1.1 Development of cell theory
Some Random Cell Facts:

• The average human being is
composed of around 100
Trillion individual cells!!!
• It would take as many as 50

cells to cover the area of a
dot on the letter “i”
Example: Epithelium cells

and blood cells
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• 1665- English Scientist, Robert
Hooke, discovered cells while
looking at a thin slice of cork.
• He described the cells as tiny
boxes or a honeycomb
• He thought that cells only existed
in plants and fungi

• 1673- Anton van Leuwenhoek
used a handmade microscope
to observe pond scum &
discovered single-celled
organisms
• He called them “animalcules”
• He also observed blood cells from
fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans
• Therefore, it was known that cells
are found in animals as well as
plants
150-200 Year Gap???
• Between the Hooke/Leuwenhoek discoveries

and the mid 19th century, very little cell
advancements were made.
• This is probably due to the widely accepted,
traditional belief in Spontaneous Generation.
• Examples:
-Mice from dirty clothes/corn husks
-Maggots from rotting meat

19th Century Advancement
• Much doubt existed around Spontaneous Generation

• Conclusively disproved by Louis Pasteur
Ummm, I don’t
think so!!!
... but how???

1.1 Development of Cell Theory
• 1838- German Botanist,

Matthias Schleiden, concluded that
all plant parts are made of cells
• 1839- German physiologist,

Theodor Schwann, who was a close
friend of Schleiden, stated that all
animal tissues are composed of cells.

Cell comes from cell….!!!
• 1858 - Rudolf Virchow, German physician, after

extensive study of cellular pathology, concluded that
cells must arise from preexisting cells.

Basic Cell Theory
The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory were now
complete:
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

(Schleiden & Schwann/1838-39)
2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things.

(Schleiden & Schwann/1838-39)
3. All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells.

(Virchow/1858)

Modern Cell Theory
Modern Cell Theory contains 4 statements:

(in addition to the original Cell Theory)
1. The cell contains hereditary information(DNA) which is

passed on from cell to cell during cell division.
2. All cells are basically the same in chemical

composition and metabolic activities.
3. All basic chemical & physiological functions are carried

out inside the cells(movement, digestion,etc.)
4. Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular

structures within the cell (organelles, nucleus, plasma
membrane)

How Has The Cell Theory Been Used?
• The basic discovered truths about cells, listed in the

Cell Theory, are the basis for things such as:
– Disease
– Health
– Medical Research
– Cures (AIDS, Cancer, Vaccines, Cloning, Stem Cell
Research, etc.)

Fig. 19-8
Glycoprotein Viral envelope
Capsid
RNA (two
identical
Reverse strands)
Disease transcriptase HIV
Membrane of
- AIDS HIV white blood cell
HOST CELL
Reverse
transcriptase
Viral RNA
RNA-DNA
hybrid
0.25 µm
HIV entering a cell DNA
NUCLEUS
Provirus
Chromosomal
DNA
RNA genome
for the
next viral mRNA
generation
New virus
New HIV leaving a cell
Health - Vaccines
• Eg. Vaccine HPV (Human papilloma virus) for cervix
cancer
• Vaccines can prevent certain viral illnesses
Vaccines can play

role in preventing
bioterrorism

• Research – disease: identification of patogen
– EM serology – techniques involve visualization in the EM (highly

sensitive and useful for low concentration of virus in host cells)
EM serology
(b) Influenza A H5N1 virus
za A H5N1
virus
Some Parting Thoughts
• It is amazing to think that the cells that make up our

bodies are just as alive as we are.
• Humans are just an intricately designed community of
cells, which must work together to survive.
• The truth is….Cells are one of the

strongest cases for intelligent design
by our Creator God!

1.2 The microscopy and cell
Objectives:
• Identify structural and operational aspects of microscopes
• Explain the techniques in microscopy and cell biology
Microscopy
1. What type of microscope you used to study cells?

2. What did you do in order to observe a specimen through a
microscope?

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- MAJOR EVENTS IN CELL BIOLOGY
Robert Hooke, Koch,TB & Watson & Crick,

cells of cork layer Chlolera double helix DNA
Kolliker, bacteria
Leewenhoek, mitochondria Cloned
in muscle Ruska,
Bacteria
TEM
1665 1683 1857 1882 1898 1938 1965
1674 1838 1997
Anton Van Schwan & Golgi, Golgi

Leewenhoek, Sheilden Cell apparatus
Protozoa Theory
SEM

Relative sizes of organisms 10 m
and matter Human height

1m
• Different types of
Light microscope
Length of some
nerve and
microscopes can be used muscle cells
0.1 m
to visualize different sized Chicken egg
cellular structures
1 cm
Frog egg
1 mm
Measurements
Electron microscope
1 centimeter (cm) = 10−2 meter (m) = 0.4 inch 100 µm
1 millimeter (mm) = 10–3 m Most plant
1 micrometer (µm) = 10–3 mm = 10–6 m

and Animal cells
10 µ m
1 nanometer (nm) = 10–3 mm = 10–9 m Nucleus
Most bacteria
Mitochondrion
Electron microscope
1µm
100 nm Smallest bacteria
Viruses
10 nm Ribosomes
Proteins
Lipids
1 nm
Small molecules
0.1 nm Atoms

Scientists use microscopes to visualize cells too small to
see with the naked eye

Microscopy – LM & EM
• In a light microscope (LM), visible light is passed
through a specimen and then through glass lenses
• Lenses refract (bend) the light, so that the image is
magnified
• LMs can magnify effectively to about 2,000 times the
size of the actual specimen
• Various techniques enhance contrast and enable cell
components to be stained or labeled
• Most subcellular structures, including organelles
(membrane-enclosed compartments), are too small
to be resolved by an LM
©Copyright © 2008
2011 Pearson Pearson Education
Education, Inc. Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• Two basic types of electron microscopes (EMs) are
used to study subcellular structures
• Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) focus a beam

of electrons onto the surface of a specimen,
providing images that look 3-D
• Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) focus a

beam of electrons through a specimen. TEMs are
used mainly to study the internal structure of cells
©Copyright © 2008
• Three important parameters of microscopy:
– Magnification, the ratio of an object’s

image size to its real size - ability to show
detail
– Resolution, the measure of the clarity of
the image, or the minimum distance of
two distinguishable points - ability to
enlarge objects
– Contrast, visible differences in parts of the
sample - differentiating samples from
background
©Copyright © 2008
Types of light microscopes
• Bright-field – most widely used, specimen is darker than
surrounding field
• Dark-field – brightly illuminated specimens surrounded by dark field
• Phase-contrast – transforms subtle changes in light waves passing

through the specimen into differences in light intensity, best for
observing intracellular structures
• Normarski Differential Interference Microscopy - uses polarized

light and gives a three dimensional look at transparent objects.

• Recent advances in light microscopy
– Confocal microscopy and deconvolution microscopy

provide sharper images of three-dimensional tissues
and cells
– Confocal microscope - uses lasers to produce three-

dimensional images of living cells and tissue slices.
– New techniques for labeling cells improve resolution
©Copyright © 2008
Figure 6.3
Light Microscopy (LM) Electron Microscopy (EM)
Confocal
Cross section
Brightfield Longitudinal section of cilium
50 m
(unstained specimen) of cilium
Brightfield
(stained specimen)
50 m
2 m
2 m
Transmission electron
Scanning electron
Deconvolution microscopy (TEM)
microscopy (SEM)
Phase-contrast
10 m
Super-resolution
Differential-interference-
contrast (Nomarski)
Fluorescence
1 m
10 m
Example: Compound microscope

Pathway of light

Understanding Light
The visible
spectrum runs
between 390 –
760nm.
390 nm = violets
550 nm = greens
750 nm = reds
Remember!!!
ROYGBIV
Understanding Light
As wavelength
decreases, energy
increases

Remember that…
Refractive index is the light-bending ability of

a medium. (Water=1.0, Oil=1.5)
The light may bend in air so much that it
misses the small high-magnification lens.
Immersion oil is used to keep light from

bending.

Oil immersion lens

IMPROVING RESOLUTION
• Increase the angle of light incidence by altering

the sub-stage condenser
• Minimize the refractive index by using specially
manufactured lenses –RI (The function of the
bending of light from air through glass and back to
air)
• Control the medium through which the light travel
i.e using oil immersion)
• Decrease the wavelength of light- ultraviolet
range/ wavelength of electrons
(Visible light –long WL(red)  - 760nm, violet
waves  - 400 nm
Light Microscopes
Identify the parts and

their functions

Fluorescent Microscope
• Modified compound microscope with high energy light

source (UV light) and a filter that protects the viewer’s
eye
• Use dyes that emit visible light when bombarded with

shorter uv rays.
• Useful in diagnosing infections

E B
X
C A
I R
T 494 nm R
A I
T S
GR E R
I P
O R
E GR
N BLUE 1q`
C F
345 nm
F I I
I EYE
M L
L
T E T
E N E
R
R
FLUORESCENT MICROSCPES CONFOCAL MICROSCPES

Mercury Laser
lamp

Electron microscopy
• Forms an image with a beam of electrons that can be
made to travel in wavelike patterns when accelerated
to high speeds.
• Electron waves are 100,000X shorter than the waves

of visible light.
• Electrons have tremendous power to resolve minute

structures because resolving power is a function of
wavelength.
• Magnification between 5,000X - 1,000,000X

2 types of EM
• Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) –
transmits electrons through the specimen;
darker areas represent thicker, denser parts
and lighter areas indicate more transparent,
less dense parts
• Scanning electron microscopes (SEM)–

provides detailed three-dimensional view. SEM
bombards surface of a whole, metal-coated
specimen with electrons while scanning back
and forth over it.
SEM/TEM

TEM
SEM

MICROSCOPY AND CELL TECHNIQUES
- Identify the best techniques in microscopy and

cell biology
- Choose the appropriate microscopes and
instruments to study cellular structure and
processes

MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES
Immunocytochemistry
• Immunocytochemical methods allow the study of the
presence and activispecific macromolecules in cells and
tissues.
• Antigen-antibody, and receptor-hormone interactions are
exploited by the labeling of proteins with fluorescent
molecules, enzymes or electron dense molecules.
• Labeled antibodies or hormones bind only to their antigens
or receptors, respectively, thereby permitting localization of
specific antigens in tissue specimens.

CELL STAINING
• Function: to stain cells, subcellular components and tissue

components and structures.
•Wet mount – temporary slide, immediate

observation,stained or unstained, partly or whole mount
specimen e.g. microorganisms in pond water sample
• Permanent slide – lasting, stained e.g. tissue sections of

an organ

STEPS
• Fixing -to preserve cellular structures in a "natural" state against
intracellular digestion and desiccation.
•Embedding - cells or tissues in wax/resin/paraffin that penetrates the cell

and adds rigidity to the tissue to replace aqueous environment. These
embedding media are usually not hydrophillic and sometimes lipids are
removed
• Sectioning - tissues or cells must be thinly sectioned. To limit the loss of

lipids or study enzyme activity, sometimes the tissues are cut when frozen -
Cryostat
• Staining and washing alternately –colour optimization.
• Mounting, sealing and labeling.

Flowchart – summary of the procedure

Specimen preparation
• wet mounts allow examination of
characteristics of live cells: motility, shape, &
arrangement
• fixed mounts are made by drying & heating a

film of specimen. This smear is stained using
dyes to permit visualization of cells or cell
parts.

Staining
• Staining colors the cells/tissues so it

is visible against a background.
• First, it must be fixed (attached) to the

slide.
• When fixing, a thin film of the

specimen is spread over the slide
(smear).

Staining
• Stains consist of a positive and negative ion.
• In a basic dye, the chromophore is a cation

(positive ion).
Examples: crystal violet, methylene blue,
malachite green – attracted to bacteria
• In an acidic dye, the chromophore is an anion

(negative ion).
Examples: stains the background instead
(negative staining)

CELL TECHNIQUES
Cell Fractionation - allows detailed study of cellular

components obtained in a relatively pure state.
• Separation of cellular components by differential
centrifugation.
• Centrifugal force is used to separate organelles and
cellular components.
• The coefficient is based on the size, form, and
density of the particle.
•

DIFFERENTIAL CENTRIFUGATION
Cells are mechanically lysed and the

homogenate is subjected to
successive centrifugation at
increasing speeds. The size and
density of the cellular components
decreases with each step in the
process.

DIFFERENTIAL CENTRIFUGATION

CELL TECHNIQUES
Cell & Tissue Culture - allows for the direct study of cell
behavior in vitro.
• Chemically defined media, growth factors, hormones and
serum components simulate the normal environment in a
culture dish.
• Cells are collected by enzymatic or mechanical disruption
of tissues and isolated to culture media as suspension.
• Cells can be harvested and frozen in liquid nitrogen for
later reconstitution and use in cell culture experiments.

Diversity of
cellular level:
Sizes of cells,
viruses, and other
small things
Human eyes have

a resolution of
about 100
µm…..!!!

1.3 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• Living organisms – unicellular or multicellular
• Simple organisms such as bacteria, are single cell.
• Plants and animals are made up of many cells.
• Each kind of cell has a particular function.
Can you identify the cells?

Major classifications of cells

TYPES OF PROKARYOTES
• Archaebacteria- Ancient bacteria
• Eubacteria – Gram positive & gram negative
• Cynobacteria- eg: Nostocs Photosynthetic
Thermophiles produce some of the

bright colors of Grand Prismatic
Spring, Yellowstone Nat. Park
• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells – the size
Figure 4.4x5

Prokaryotic cells have a variety of shapes
• The most common shapes:
• Coccus = spherical, e.g. Streptococcus
• Bacillus = rod shaped, e.g. Escherichia coli
• Spirillium = spiral, Spirochaeta
• Comma forms e.g. Vibrio

Chromosome Plasmids
Prokaryotes
Bacteria is unicellular
organism… have DNA
• Genome of Escherichia
coli is about 1.5
millimeters in length,
but the length of the
bacterium is about
1000 times shorter.

Living cell can reproduce
…. bacteria have to divide too
Reproduce asexually by binary fission

- divide in half (….not as organized as eukaryotes)
Comparison… and many more!.

Prokaryotic cells are small and structurally
simple
• A prokaryotic cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane and is
usually encased in a rigid cell wall
– The cell wall may

be covered by a
sticky capsule Prokaryotic
Ribosomes flagella
Capsule
– Inside the cell are Cell wall
its DNA and Plasma
membrane
other parts
Bacterial structure Nucleoid region

(DNA)
Pili Figure 4.4

Viruses – who are they???
• Obligate cellular parasites--
can't replicate without cells
• nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)
• surrounded by a protein coat
• take over cellular machinery to
reproduce themselves and
eventually kill the host cell
(a) Tobacco mosaic virus
(b) Adenoviruses
(c) Influenza viruses
(d) Bacteriophage T4

Viruses
Many viruses cause disease
Ebola virus Smallpox virus HIV virus

Viruses
• Tobacco mosaic virus infects

plants
• excellent model for studying
life cycle
• vital to early molecular • viruses can be used for
biology genetic
• that infect bacteria • engineering of plants and
• bacteriophage are viruses animals

Eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotes:
• are generally larger +
complex
• Membrane bound nucleus
• Membranes segregate
function
• Endocytosis and exocytosis
• More organized DNA
• Meiosis+ sexual
reproduction
• Have internal cytoskeleton

Plant cell

Animal cell

PLANT VS ANIMAL CELL

Cell components

Continued…

Cell division,synthesizes,
production of proteins
The nucleus
Growth The ribosomes
The endoplasmic
reticulum
The Golgi apparatus
The vacuoles
The centrioles
Movement The centriole

The cytoskeleton
Actin and tubulin
Flagella or undulipodia
- external to the cell

Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
• The cytoplasm is a fluid inside of the cell. It is constantly

moving and helps distribute disolved nutrients to different
parts of the cell.
• The cytoplasm is also visible with a light microscope with the use
of a colored stain. The cytoplasm is like the cells “blood.”

• The nucleus of the cell is usually found at the center. It contains the
genetic information in chromosomes.
• The nuclear membrane is similar to the cellular membrane. Small
holes exist on the membrane called nuclear pores. Inside the
nucleus is the nucleolus. This small ball produces other organelles
called ribosomes.
• The nucleus is visible with a
light microscope and the
appropriate stains. It is like the
“brain” of the cell because it
controls the cells functions.

Figure 6.9 • Hereditary materials are stored
Nucleus
1 m
• Control cell growth and reproduction Nucleus
Nucleolus
• Double membrane-maintain the shape
Chromatin
• Nuclear pore-control the flow in and out
Nuclear envelope:
• Nucleolus-synthesize
Inner membrane
ribosomes and RNA, contains
copius
Outeramount
membraneof proteins and RNA
Nuclear pore
Rough ER
Pore
complex
Surface of nuclear
envelope Ribosome
Close-up
0.25 m
of nuclear Chromatin
envelope
1 m
Pore complexes (TEM)

What are the advantages to
having a Nuclear
true lamina
nucleus?
(TEM)

Nucleus
• DNA is bound to histone proteins in cell-- complex called a

chromosome
• diploid-- 2 copies of each homologous (very similar) chromatid
• each chromatid duplicates and separates during cell division

Ribosomes – the protein essembler
• not membrane-bound, synthesized by nucleolus
• Composed of 2 sub-units: small and large that
joined at mRNA
• Bound and free –both form aggregates-polysomes
• Bound on RER make proteins for transport
• Free in cytosol make proteins for cytosol
• found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• location of protein synthesis
• most numerous organelle in cells
• relatively small :
• prokaryotes: 25 nm 70S, 30S

• and 50S subunits
• eukaryotes: 30nm 80S, 40S and 60S subunits

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• ER is a series of folded
membranes within a cell
• smooth ER is site of most
membrane synthesis
• rough ER looks spotted due
to ribosomes bound on the
surface
• rough ER is location of
membrane, secreted or
otherwise targetted protein
synthesis
• eukaryotes only

• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
is a folded organelle usually near
the nucleus. It aids in the
transport of materials in the cell.
• Ribosomes are small organelles
that produce long strands of
proteins.
• If the ER has ribosomes attached to it we call it the rough ER

and if there are no ribosomes we call it the smooth ER.
• The ER and ribosomes are not usually visible with a light
microscope. The ER is like the cells “veins.”

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• ER is continuous with the nuclear

membrane
• amount of ER varies by cellular function
• liver cells have lots of ER- used to
detoxify chemicals
• cells optimized for protein secretion have
lots of rough ER

Golgi apparatus
• The Golgi apparatus is a folded organelle
that packages materials into balls called
vacuoles. Vacuoles can then be
transported safely and efficiently
throughout the cell. Some vacuoles
contain digestive chemicals. These are
called lysosomes.

Lysosome
• 'digestive' organelle-- breaks down storage molecules, endocytosed

• material, or cellular material that is no longer needed
• needs to be isolated to prevent breaking down rest of the cell!
• digested particles are released into the cytoplasm where they are
recycled

Vacuole
Storage compartment
3 types: central vacuole, contractile
vacuole, and food vacuole
• extremely large and prominent

in plant cells
• smaller and more numerous in
animal cells
• in animal cells, primarily
storage granules / contractile
vacuole
• in plants, performs storage,
some digestive functions, but
primarily regulates turgor
pressure
• turgor pressure supplies rigidity
The endomembrane system

Mitochondria
• Found in both plants and animals

• about the size of a bacteria
• 2 membranes, inner and outer
• cristae-- folds of the inner
• mitochondrial membrane
• matrix-- semiliquid material between cristae
• oxidizes sugars and other foods for energy
• primary site for the generation of adenosine
triphosphate, the main
• energy transfer unit of the cell
The mitochondrion is a bean shaped organelle with many folds and ridges called
cristae. These produce the energy for the cell.
Muscle cells would have many mitochondria (plural of mitochondrion) to
produce a lot of energy. These are like the “power plants” of the cell.
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are only found in plant cells.

They are green organelles that convert light
energy to chemical energy.
The chlorophyll in the chloroplasts in plants is
green which is why plants are green.

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
• both have own circular DNA, ribosomes, tRNAs, and internal

membranes
• ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic than eukaryotic in
size/function
• both membrane bound and involved in energy production/utilization
• overall size is similar to prokaryotes (about 2 micron in length)

Figure 6.22
Centrosome
• microtubule organizing center
• 2, Centrosome
generally on opposite sides of nucleus Microtubule
• not found in plant cells
• organizes the spindles during mitosis
Centrioles
• also important for flagellar organization 0.25 m
Longitudinal
section of
In animal cells, the centrosome has a
one centriole
pair of centrioles, each with nine
triplets of microtubules arranged in a
ring
Microtubules Cross section

of the other centriole
Cytoskeleton – microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
Three major fibers form the cytoskeleton:
(1) microfilaments - made up of actin

form the cleavage furrow during division
contractile fibers of muscles
smallest fiber - 4 nm wide
fibers have polarity
grow on one end, disassemble on other
(2) intermediate filaments

middle size - ~10 nm wide
most stable-- change less frequently
common at sites of mechanical stress
diagnostic tool in medicine- tissue specific
(3) Microtubules - largest of the fiber classes (~ 25 nm wide)

made up of 2 protein subunits-- a and b tubulin
like actin, microtubules are polarized with a + and - end
provides a 'superhighway' in the cell to move in a direction

Cell Membrane – selective permeable boundry
The cell membrane separates the interior of

the cell and its environment.
It also controls the movement of materials in
and out of the cell.
The membrane is like the cells “skin.” It is
visible with a light microscope.
Cell Wall –permeable boundry
• The cell wall is only found in plant cells. It

is made from cellulose and offers the plant
support.
• It is thick and difficult to transport materials
out of the cell wall. Plant cells therefore
need large vacuoles to store wastes.
Cell Wall
• primary cell wall generally contains
cellulose and other polysaccharides
• secondary cell wall, if present, is more

rigid and contains lignin and higher
cellulose content
• plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic links

between plant cells passing through cell
walls
• Bacterial cell walls contain

peptidoglycans instead of cellulose

1.4 Biogenesis – The Endosymbiotic Theory
Endosymbiontic Theory
• originated by Lynn Margulis (1967)
• suggests that an early one cell organism,
protoeukaryotes, developed a symbiotic
relationship with a primative bacteria and
cyanobacteria
• phagocytosis-property of surrounding something
(perhaps a nutrient) within a membrane and pinching
it off so it becomes enclosed

• mitochondria are the result of endocytosis of aerobic
bacteria
• chloroplasts are the result of endocytosis of
photosynthetic bacteria
• large anaerobic bacteria who would not otherwise be
able to exist in an aerobic environment
• became a mutually beneficial relationship for both cells
(symbiotic).
• Serial endosymbiosis supposes that mitochondria
evolved before plastids through a sequence of
endosymbiotic events

• Eukaryotic cells have a nuclear envelope, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum, and a cytoskeleton
• The endosymbiont theory proposes that mitochondria

and plastids (chloroplasts and related organelles) were
formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host
cells
• An endosymbiont is a cell that lives within a host cell
• In the process of becoming more interdependent, the

host and endosymbionts would have become a single
organism
©Copyright © 2008
ORIGIN OF EUKARYOTES

Figure 25.9-3
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA Invagination
Ancestral
prokaryote
Endoplasmic Photosynthetic
Nucleus reticulum prokaryote
Mitochondrion
Nuclear envelope
Aerobic heterotrophic
prokaryote
Mitochondrion
Plastid
Ancestral Ancestral photosynthetic

heterotrophic eukaryote eukaryote
• Key evidence supporting an endosymbiotic origin of
mitochondria and plastids:
– Inner membranes are similar to plasma membranes of
prokaryotes
– Division is similar in these organelles and some
prokaryotes
– Self replicate : These organelles transcribe and
translate their own DNA
– Their ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic than
eukaryotic ribosomes
©Copyright © 2008
The Origin of Multicellularity
• The evolution of eukaryotic cells allowed for a greater

range of unicellular forms
• A second wave of diversification occurred when

multicellularity evolved and gave rise to protists,
plants, fungi, and animals
©Copyright © 2008
A theory on the Origins of Eukaryotic Cells: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

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CHAPTER 1:

Overview of Cell Biology

PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for

Some Random Cell Facts:

• It would take as many as 50

Example: Epithelium cells

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• Between the Hooke/Leuwenhoek discoveries

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• Much doubt existed around Spontaneous Generation

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• 1838- German Botanist,

• 1839- German physiologist,

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• 1858 - Rudolf Virchow, German physician, after

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things.

3. All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Modern Cell Theory contains 4 statements:

1. The cell contains hereditary information(DNA) which is

2. All cells are basically the same in chemical

3. All basic chemical & physiological functions are carried

4. Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• The basic discovered truths about cells, listed in the

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Disease transcriptase HIV

HIV entering a cell DNA

Vaccines can play

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

– EM serology – techniques involve visualization in the EM (highly

• It is amazing to think that the cells that make up our

• The truth is….Cells are one of the

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

1. What type of microscope you used to study cells?

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Robert Hooke, Koch,TB & Watson & Crick,

1674 1838 1997

Anton Van Schwan & Golgi, Golgi

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

and matter Human height

1 micrometer (µm) = 10–3 mm = 10–6 m

100 nm Smallest bacteria

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) focus a beam

• Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) focus a

– Magnification, the ratio of an object’s

• Dark-field – brightly illuminated specimens surrounded by dark field

• Phase-contrast – transforms subtle changes in light waves passing

• Normarski Differential Interference Microscopy - uses polarized

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

– Confocal microscopy and deconvolution microscopy

– Confocal microscope - uses lasers to produce three-

– New techniques for labeling cells improve resolution

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Refractive index is the light-bending ability of

Immersion oil is used to keep light from