Professional Documents
Culture Documents
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Olongapo City Sports Complex, East Tapinac, Olongapo City
Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
Grading Rubric:
A. MIDTERM B. FINALS
Midterm Exam 30% Final Exam 30%
Performance Output 40% Performance Output 40%
Character 10% Character 10%
Class Standing 20% Class Standing 20%
Accomplished Learning Task Accomplished Learning Task
Tentative Total 100% Tentative Total 100%
Objective 4 3 2 1
Content Well-organized of Organized Answers are Answers are
contents supported explanation of explained but not complete.
with facts in each contents in each not clear in each And
activity. activity. activity. explanation
needs to be
improved.
Self-Assessment. All activities are Some activities Activities are There is no
answered and are supported answered but reflection on
supported with with reflections not all answers the activities.
reflections and own and own have reflections.
experience. experience.
Completeness All tasked are All tasked are Some of the All tasked are
accomplished. And accomplished but task are not incomplete and
arrange properly. not arranged complete. And not arranged
properly. not arranged properly.
properly.
Originality All tasked activities All tasked Some of the All tasked
are answered activities are tasked activities activities are
uniquely and clear. answered clearly. are copied from copied from
All answers are Only Some someone and or someone
based on their own answers are copied from the and/or copied
learning. based on their internet from the
own learning. internet.
Reflections All reflections are All reflections Only a few Reflection has
complete and are done but reflections are no relevance in
summarized at the some of topics done. the overall
end of the portfolio. are not included. content of the
course.
Learning Module
Module Learning Objectives Topics and Key Concepts Teaching and Learning
Number and (Most essential Learning Tasks
Suggested learning Materials and
weeks/hours. competencies) Resources
Module 2: First Voyage Around Ferdinand Magellan, The Pictures, Map, Creative
3 – 5 week – the World
rd th
start of Expedition, Pen and Paper, Timeline
3hrs Magellan’s arrival in the PDF. (PT)
Five Expeditions after Philippines, Battle in
Magellan. Mactan, Proving
Module 4: Works of Juan Luna and Life and Works of Juan Pictures, Pen and Picture
6 week – 3hrs Fernando Amorsolo
th
Luna and Fernando Paper analysis/
Political Caricature Amorsolo Drawing
Importance of Political
Caricature,
Module 6: Different Versions of Different versions of the Pen and paper. Essay
9th week – 3hrs. the Revolutions. Cry of Balintawak
Module 7: Monastic Supremacy in The Supreme leadership of Pen paper and Readings
10th week – the Philippines and the Spaniards in the Modules.
3hrs Taxation during the Philippines. Quiz
Spanish period
Taxation during the Spanish
Era. and the Agrarian
Revolt.
Module 8: Japanese and American Japanese Era and American Pen paper and Creative
11th week - Era Period in the Philippines. Modules. timeline
3hrs
Module 9: Philippine Presidents Philippine Presidents Pen paper and Quiz and
12th - 14th week and History of Constitution Modules. Art Essay
– 6hrs Constitution materials
Module 10: Local History The Local History and its Art materials Brochure
– 15th week – importance.
6hrs
16th week Midterm Examinations
2. For Offline modality (Option 1), you are required to report to me at least
once a month to ensure maximum participation in the modules and to give
you the complete set of modules during the term. However, your
punctuality to pass the requirements will replace the attendance part in our
grading system.
3. For online modality students, I strongly recommend you to pass all your
requirements on our GC LAMP. And for offline modality students, you
will pass your activities at the satellite office. Put it in a envelop together
with your printed or written learning tasked accomplished. Write your
name, our subject and your instructor. Please separate your activities
according to your subjects.
7. Compilation of modules will be sent before the start of the first lesson. All
synchronous meetings will be recorded and compilation of recordings will
be uploaded in the link assigned.
12. Enjoy as we discover and learn the certain topics of our subject.
GOODLUCK!
Historical Data
Historical data is the data collected about past events and circumstances that pertains to
a particular subject. These are sourced from artifacts that have been left by the past. These
artifacts can either be relics or remains, or the testimonies of witnesses of the past. This are
also the materials from which the historians construct meaning. There are two types of Sources
in History.
A. Written Sources – Are sources that usually in written form. It has three categories
a. Narrative or Literature – These sources are chronicles or tracts presented
in a narrative form, it tells a story or narrates the story of the events. E.g
Diary, newspaper etc.
Historical Criticisms
Many documents have primary and secondary segments. For instance, examining a
newspaper as a historical source entails a discerning mind to identify its primary and secondary
components. A news item written by a witness of an event is considered as a primary source,
while a feature article is usually considered as a secondary material. Similarly, a book published
a long time ago does not necessarily render it as a primary source. It requires reading of the
document to know its origin.
To ascertain the authenticity and reliability of primary sources to be used in crafting a narrative,
a historian needs to employ two levels of historical criticism, namely external criticism and
internal criticism.
b. Internal criticism – deals with the credibility and reliability of the content of a given
historical source. It focuses on understanding the substances and message that the
historical material wants to convey by examining how the author framed the intent and
meaning of a composed material.
Quiz.
A. Answer the following questions write the answer before the number.
1. The practice of Historical Writing.
2. The Greek word of History.
3. The meaning of the Greek word History.
4.
5. Three Aims of Verisimilitude.
6.
7. History that presents the readers plain and basic information
8. History that goes beyond facts
9. The process of critically examining and analyzing the records of the
past.
10. Who are the writers of history?
11.
12. The Four steps of
13. Historical Analysis
14.
15. The reason why historical knowledge has limitations.
VI. Reference
Ligan, et al., (2018). Readings in the Philippine History, Mutya Publishing, Inc.
The School of life. (2014, Oct 31). What is history for? [Video].
Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLE-5ElGlPM
Reflection part
I. Introduction
This module will present the navigation story of the Famous Ferdinand
Magellan in finding the spice island. Along with the module is the important details in
rediscovering the Philippine Archipelago. The life and story of Ferdinand Magellan
before the expeditions, the battle in Mactan and other significant events in the
Philippine history. The expeditions after Ferdinand Magellan will also be discussed in
this module.
The history of the Philippines has numerous splendid topics to discuss. Many
issues have only been briefly explicated and sometimes this brings confusion in
understanding our history. Along with this module it will present some proofs on the
First Catholic Mass that happened in the Philippines on March 31, 1521.
II. Learning Objectives
After studying this module, you should be able to:
a. Discover the true story on the Magellan’s Expedition.
b. Criticize Magellan’s intention in finding the Spice Island.
c. Understand Philippine history during the time came Magellan in the
Philippines.
d. Create a timeline on events that happened in Magellan’s expedition.
e. Explain the next expeditions after Magellan’s defeat in Mactan.
f. Demonstrate the ability to formulate arguments in favor or against a
particular issue.
g. Develop critical thinking by means of a justifying their claims
h. List down proofs on claims where the first mass happened.
Ferdinand Magellan
Fernando de Magallanes also known as
Ferdinand Magellan was born in Portugal on
February 3, 1480. He was a member of a
noble family in Portugal. He was the son of
Rui de Magallanes and Alda de Mesquita. At
an early age, He got exposed in different
expedition because of his family. He then
became interested in finding the Spice Island
(Moluccas Island).
The early days of Expedition
Magellan approached King Manuel I of
Portugal to seek his support for a westward
voyage to the Spice Islands. The king
refused his petition repeatedly. And in 1517,
the frustrated Magellan renounced his Portuguese nationality and relocated to Spain
to seek royal support for his venture.
Questions:
a. Why king Manuel denied Magellan petition?
b. Why Magellan relocated in Spain?
c. If Magellan is a member of a noble family in Portugal, why can’t he support
himself?
Before we answer these questions, let us understand the conflict between these two
countries.
Firstly, there was a conflict in lands between Portugal and Spain. It was settled by
the Treaty of Tordesillas. The Eastern part of the World was controlled by Portugal
and The Western part was controlled by Spain. And Magellan wants his find the
spice island by sailing thru west direction. This treaty was approved by Pope
Alexander IV and implemented on June 7, 1494. With this we can now answer the
three questions mentioned earlier.
See the photos below
During the Expedition, five ships set sailed to find the Spice Island (Moluccas Island)
but only the three came in the Philippines (Victoria, Trinidad, Concepcion). The Ship
San Antonio turn back to Spain after losing their supplies. The Ship Santiago was
destroyed during the storm. But some historians believe that this ship was said to be
caught by Portuguese.
On March 13, 1521 the Expedition set foot on Ladrones Island where later on
called as the Thief Island because Magellan was robbed by the pirates getting their
small boats. And later on, they sailed westward.
March 16, 1521 Magellan set foot on Philippine island of Zamal. Later on,
called, as Samar Island. He met Rajah Garas – Garas. The Rajah of the Humunu Island
which was now known as Homonhon, Samar. From Zamal island, they went to Humunu
island where then Magellan named the archipelago as Las Islas de San Lazaro
(Archipelago of St. Lazarus). Because they were celebrating the feast of St Lazarus
when they set foot on Zamal Island.
On March 28, March 28, 1521, while having a dinner, they’ve seen a fire upon
an island. They sent Enrique de Malacca the slave of Ferdinand Magellan to talk to
those people with a few soldiers with him. Enrique then saw what they call boloto.
Boloto or Bolota are small boats that are used by the early men in fishing.
The next day they went to that island, it was called as Mazzua island. While they were
in the island of Mazzua, the king of that island with his brother came riding in
Balanghai. Balanghai are large boats. That were lived by the kings and/or noble
families. Riding the mentioned balanghai, was Rajah Kolambu and his brother Rajah
Siagu. Rajah Kolumbu was the king of Limasawa, While Rajah Siagu was the king of
Butuan. Were the first blood compact that was recorded between Philippines and Spain.
On March 31, 1521, the first catholic mass was held in Mazzua in celebration
of the Easter Sunday. The first mass was officiated by the Spanish priest. Father Pedro
de Valderama. And Magellan planted a cross facing the shores. Symbolizing that the
island was already a Christian place. After, the mass Magellan set sailed to the west to
propagate Christianity.
Battle in Mactan
On April 7, 1521, 1521 they arrived Zzubu island later on called as Cebu. He
met Rajah Humabon the king/leader of Cebu and had a blood compact between him.
This is also the First Catholic Baptism Rites and was attended by their leader and his
wife and other families from Cebu. Reyna Juana, was wife of Rajah Humabon. After
the baptism, Magellan gifted Rajah Humabon’s wife a Sto. Niño as a thanksgiving gift.
Magellan still wants to propagate Christianity throughout the whole country. He then
went to Mactan island in Cebu. With the help of Rajah Humabon. But unfortunately,
he met the King of Mactan Island, Rajah Lapu-Lapu. Rajah Lapu – Lapu doesn’t want
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City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
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Tel. No. (047) 224-2089 loc. 314
B. Word Pool. Find the correct answer in the world pool and put your answer on the space
provided
King Manuel I King Philip Rajah Garas Garas Rajah Kolambu Enrique
1. The treaty that separated the world into West and East.
2. The Eastern part of the world was controlled by whom?
3. He urges Ferdinand Magellan to invade Maktan.
4. The Flagship of Magellan’s Expedition.
5. The Aid / Helper of Ferdinand Magellan.
6. The Western Part of the world was controlled by whom?
7. The king of Spain that was recognized by the Roman Empire.
8. Villalobos named the Philippines according to name of ____?
9. The first king Magellan meet in the Philippines.
10. Who is the king of Spain?
11. The first European to navigate the in the strait in South America.
12. The only ship who returned in Spain.
13. The King of Limasawa Leyte.
14. The brother of Kolambu.
15. The king who rejected Magellan’s proposed expedition.
C. Make your claim on where the first mass really happened. Write at least 5 proofs
and justify your answer as deep and clear as you can. (15 pts)
10 pts Accuracy of Content
5 pts for the Clarity of Justification
VI. Reference
Ligan, et al., (2018). Readings in the Philippine History, Mutya Publishing, Inc.
Pigafetta,A and Stanley,H.E.J (1874). The First Voyage around the World, by
Magellan. Retrieved from
https://archive.org/details/firstvoyageround00piga/page/60/mode/2up
De Jesus, V (2004. Oct. 13). Mazua: Magellan’s Lost Harbor. Retrieved from:
https://www.academia.edu/4823676/Mazaua_Magellan%C3%B9s_Lost_Harbor
Bernad, M (2002). Butuan or Limasawa: The Site of the First Mass in the
Philippines: A Reexaminationof the Evidence. Retrieved from:
https://journals.ateneo.edu/ojs/index.php/budhi/article/view/582/579
Reflection part
I. Introduction
This module will present the life of Juan the Plasencia, the author of the book
Customs of Tagalog. The book contains the life and culture of the native filipinos, their
social classes, system of writing, beliefs and their government. This module will also
appreciate the culture of the early Filipinos and compare it analytically in our current
time.
Juan de Plasencia
Fray Joan de Puerto Carrero, del convento de Villanueva de la Serena
was his real name. he was one of the seven children of Pedro Puerto carrero, a
captain of a Spanish schooner. He grew up during the period known as the Siglo
de Oro (Golden Age). He spent most of his missionary life in the Philippines,
where he founded numerous towns in Luzon and authored several religious and
linguistic books, most notably the Doctrina Cristiana (Christian Doctrine), the
first book ever printed in the Philippines. He came with the first batch of
Franciscan Missionaries in the Philippines on July 2 , 1578 at the port of Cavite.
V. Learning Task
A. Create a Venn Diagram comparing the life of the early Filipinos to the
present time.
VI. Reference
Ligan, et al., (2018). Readings in the Philippine History, Mutya Publishing, Inc.
Reflection part
Title: Works of Juan Luna and Fernando Amorsolo and Political Caricature
Module No. 4
I. Introduction
In this module, we will learn the life and inspiration of Fernando Amorsolo and
Juan Luna in their different work of arts. This module will also present different famous
paintings of Luna and Amorsolo. It will also expose the students to determine and see
the balance between history and imagination. The understanding of politics and society
in a certain period of time can be known and understood not only through texts but also
through cartoons or caricature. In this module, we will tackle the importance of Political
Caricatures in remembering our history
Antipolo Fiesta - Antipolo Fiesta canvas depicts a rural scene where a group of
people are shown celebrating a fiesta in Antipolo. A viewer may be quick to surmise
at a glance that this painting belongs to that category, as the bamboo handlers in the
usual tinikling dance often blend in the crowd and are not easily distinguished.
Palay Maiden - An Oil on canvas Palay is Tagalog for grain, which is symbolic
of the Philippines’ most staple crop. Maiden bears significance to Amorsolo’s
preference for beauty. It portrays a provincial Filipina beauty or dalagang bukid.
The dressed represent the color of the Philippine Flag.
Juan Luna
Juan Luna y Novicio was born on October 24, 1857 and died on December 7,
1899. Better known as Juan Luna was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a political
activist of the Philippine Revolution during the late 19th century. He became one
of the first recognized Philippine artists. And is best known for impressive rendition
of classical subjects in his academic works.
Here are some of his Paintings
The Parisian Life - Also known as Interior d'un Cafi. It has a “playful” and
“relaxed mood” that does not provide “the slightest hint of the tumultuous
happenings to come” in Luna’s personal life. This portrayed a glimpse of Luna’s
own life in the capital of France while accompanied by two close friends.
V. Learning Task
VI. Reference
Ligan, et al., (2018). Readings in the Philippine History, Mutya Publishing, Inc.
Reflection part
I. Introduction
In this module, it presents the faces of the mutiny in the Spanish perspective and
Filipino Perspective. Additionally, the official report of Governor General Rafael
Izquierdo on the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was included.
Two major events happened in 1872, first was the 1872 Cavite Mutiny and the other was
the martyrdom of the three martyr priests in the persons of Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose
Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA). However, not all of us knew that there were
different accounts in reference to the said event. All Filipinos must know the different sides of
the story—since this event led to another tragic yet meaningful part of our history—the
execution of GOMBURZA which in effect a major factor in the awakening of nationalism
among the Filipinos.
Rafael Izquierdo y Gutiérrez. Was a Spanish Military Officer, politician, and statesman. He
served as Governor-General of the Philippines from April 4, 1871 to January 8, 1873. He
was famous for his use of "Iron Fist" type of government, contradicting the liberal
government of his predecessor, Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada. He was the
Governor-General during the 1872 Cavite mutiny which led to execution of 41 of the
mutineers, including the Gomburza martyrs. Izquierdo also acted as Governor-General of
Puerto Rico from March 1862 to April 1862.
January 21,1872
When the news reached the iron-fisted Gov. Izquierdo he ordered D. Felipe Ginoves
Segundocabo to go in cavite using merchant vessels Isabela I and Isabela II to wait whole day
of the 21st for the rebels to surrender without ordering an assault to avoid schedding of blood.
January 22,1872
After the whole day of waiting Ginoves ordered an assault and sageant la madrid was
killed during the assault and all of the mutineers and the gomburza has been arrested by the
spanished troops and that day has been an official proclamation announced the suppression of
the revolt.
Patriots like Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Jose and Pio Basa and
other abogadillos were suspended by the Audencia (High Court) from the practice of law,
arrested and were sentenced with life imprisonment at the Marianas Island. Furthermore, Gov.
Izquierdo dissolved the native regiments of artillery and ordered the creation of artillery force
to be composed exclusively of the Peninsulares.
On 17 February 1872 in an attempt of the Spanish government and Frailocracia to instill
fear among the Filipinos so that they may never commit such daring act again, the
GOMBURZA were executed by strangulation or garrote in bagumbayan also known as luneta.
Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera. Filipino scholar and researcher who wrote the filipino
version of cavite mutiny of 1872.
Polo Y Servicio. Is the system of forced labor which evolved within the framework of
encomienda system
Cavite Mutiny. January 20, 1872. 200 soldiers, laborers and residents of Cavite
Sergeant Lamadrid. A Filipino who led the cavite mutiny
✓ 11 Spanish officers were assassinated by the group of Filipinos.
✓ The news about the mutiny reached authorities in Manila and Gen. Izquierdo immediately
ordered the reinforcement of Spanish troops in Cavite.
✓ Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a powerful
lever by magnifying it as a full-blown conspiracy involving not only the native army but
also included residents of Cavite and Manila, and more importantly the native clergy to
overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines.
✓ the Central Government in Madrid announced its intention to deprive the friars of all the
powers of intervention in matters of civil government and the direction and management
of educational institutions.
✓ Tavera sadly confirmed that the Madrid government came to believe that the scheme was
true without any attempt to investigate the real facts or extent of the alleged “revolution”
reported by Izquierdo and the friars.
✓ Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny were sentenced life
imprisonment while members of the native clergy headed by the GOMBURZA were
tried and executed by garrote.
➢ Antonio M. Regidor. A lawyer and councilman of Manila
➢ Joaquin Pardo de Tavera. Lawyer and member of the administrative council
➢ P. Mendoza, curate of Sta. Cruz
➢ Guevarra, curate of Quiapo
The Priest
➢ Mariano Sevilla
➢ Feliciano Gomez
➢ Ballestros
➢ Jose Basa
The Lawyers
➢ Carillo, Basa, Enriquez, Crisanto Reyes, Maximo Paterno etc.
GOMBURZA
• Catholic Priest
• Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora
• Executed on February 17, 1872 at Bagumbayan (Luneta Park)
Cavite Mutiny was unsuccessful, but it leads to the awakening of Nationalism in the
Philippines and the outbreak of Philippine Revolution of 1896.
Gov. General Rafael Izquierdo made a report to the Spanish Ministry of War on January
23, 1872. In his report he blamed the native clergy, scholars, and some residents of Manila
and the Neighboring provinces as the instigators of Cavite Mutiny. HE expressively
describes Cavite Mutiny as an “Insurrection”,”Uprisng” and a “Revolution”. Below is the
text of Gov. General Izquierdo’s Report.
“From the summary of information received, that is, from the declaration made before
fiscal, it seems definite that the insurrection was motivated and prepared by the native
clergy, mestizos and native lawyers, and by those known here as abogadillos. Some are
residents of manila, others from cavite and some from the nearby provinces.
The instigators, to carry out their criminal project, protested against the injustice of the
government in not paying the province for their tobacco crop, and against the usury that
some (officials) practice in handling documents that the finance department gives crop
owners who have to sell them at a loss. They encourage the rebellion by protesting what
they called the injustice of having obliged the workers in Cavite arsenal to pay tribute
starting January 1, 1872 and to render personal service form which they were formally
exempted.
To seduce the native troops, they resorted to supersititions with which the indios are so
prone to believe; persuading them that the chief of state would be an ecclesiastic and the
rest or the clergy who backed the uprising would celebrate daily for its success. Thus, the
rebellion could not fail because God was with them; and those who would not revolt they
would kill immediately. Taking advantage of the ignorance of those classes and the
propensity of the Indio to steal, they offered to those who revolted the wealth of the
Spaniards and of the regular clergy, employment and ranks in the army; and to this effect
they said that fifteen native batalions would be created, in which the soldiers who revolted
would have jobs as officers and chiefs. The lawyers and abogadillos would direct the affairs
of government of the administration and of justice.
Up to now it has not been clearly determined if they planned to establish a monarchy or a
republic, because the Indios have no word in their language to describe this different form
of government, whose head in Tagalog would be called hari, but it turns out that they would
place at the head of the government a priest; and there were great probabilities nay, a
certainty that the head selected would be D. Jose Burgos, or D. Jacinto Zamora, parish
priests of S.Pedro Of Manila.”
All the Spaniards including the friars would be executed except for the women and their
belongings confiscated. Foreigners would be respected. This uprising has roots, and with
them were affiliated to a great extent the regiments of infantry and artillery, many civilians
and a large number of mestizos, indios and some ilustrados from the provinces.
To start the revolution, they planned to set fire to the district of Tondo. Once the fire was
set and while the authorities were busy putting it out, the regiment of artillery with the help
of the part of the infantry would seize Fort Santiago of this capital they would then fire
cannons to inform the rebels of Cavite of their success. The rebels in Cavite counted on the
artillery detachment that occupied the fort and, on the navy, helped by 500 natives led by
the pardoned leader Camerino. This person and his men, located at the town of Bacoor and
separated from the fort of San Felipe by a small arm of the sea, would cross the water and
reach the fort where they would find arms and ammunition.
The revels in Cavite made the signals agreed upon by means of lanterns, but the native
civilians in Bacoor though they tried it, failed because of the vigilance of Spanish navy that
had placed there a gunboat and armed vessels.
Loyalist who went to arrest the parish priest of Bacoor found and abandoned vessel loaded
with arms, including carbines and revolvers. The uprising should have started in Manila at
midnight abetted by those in Cavite, but the rebels of this city went ahead of time. The civil
military governor of Cavite and the commanders of regiment 7 took very timely
precautions; they knew how to keep the soldiers loyal and behaved with valor and gallantry,
obliging the rebels to take refuge in the fort of San Felipe.
Such is your Excellency, the plan of the rebels, those who guided them and the means they
counted upon for its realization. For a long time now, through confidential information and
others of the vaguer character, I have been told that since 1869 taking advantage of a group
that had left behind plans for an uprising but was not carried out because of the earthquake
of 1862 there existed in manila junta or center that sought and found followers; and that as
a pretext they had established a society or the teaching of arts and trades. Months ago, I
suspended it indirectly, giving an account to Your excellency in my confidential report No.
113 dated August 1, 1871 to which your Excellency has not replied.
It has also been said that this center or Junta received inspiration from madrid, where
newspaper of advanced idea’s flourish; to sustain them subscriptions are locally solicited;
in effect, newspaper such as El Eco Filipino were sent here from Madrid which were
distributed by persons now imprisoned, whose articles thundered against everything that
can be found here.
V. Learning Task
a. Compare and Contrast the three different version of the Cavite Mutiny using Venn diagram.
Filipino Version
Izquierdo Spanish
Version Version
VI. Reference
a. Ligan, et al., (2018). Readings in the Philippine History, Mutya Publishing, Inc.
b. The official Report of Governor Izquierdo on the Cavite Mutiny of 1872. Readings in Philippine
History pp. 74.
Reflection part
✓ The first council of the Katipunan was headed by Deodato Arellano as President,
Ladislao Diwa as Fiscal, Teodora Plata as Secretary and Valentine Diaz as Treasurer.
If the expression is taken literally –the Cry as the shouting of nationalistic slogans in mass
assemblies –then there were scores of such Cries. Some writers refer to a Cry of Montalban
on April 1895, in the Pamitinan Caves where a group of Katipunan members wrote on the
cave walls, “Viva la indepencia Filipina!” long before the Katipunan decided to launch a
nationwide revolution.
The historian Teodoro Agoncillo chose to emphasize Bonifacio’s tearing of the cedula (tax
receipt) before a crowd of Katipuneros who then broke out in cheers. However, Guardia
Civil Manuel Sityar never mentioned in his memoirs (1896-1898) the tearing or inspection
of the cedula, but did note the pacto de sangre (blood pact) mark on every single Filipino
he met in August 1896 on his reconnaissance missions around Balintawak.
Some writers consider the first military engagement with the enemy as the defining
moment of the Cry. To commemorate this martial event upon his return from exile in Hong
Kong, Emilio Aguinaldo commissioned a “Himno de Balintawak” to herald renewed
fighting after the failed peace of the pact of Biyak na Bato.
On 3 September 1911, a monument to the Heroes of 1896 was erected in what is now the
intersection of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue and Andres Bonifacio Drive –North
Doversion Road. From that time on until 1962, the Cry of Balintawak was officially
celebrated every 26 August.
It is not clear why the 1911 monument was erected there. It could not have been to mark
the site of Apolonio Samson’s house in barrio Kangkong; Katipuneros marked that site on
Kaingin Road, between Balintawak and San Francisco del Monte Avenue.
Neither could the 1911 monument have been erected to mark the site of the first armed
encounter which, incidentally, the Katipuneros fought and won. A contemporary map of
1896 shows that the August battle between the Katipunan rebels and the Spanish forces
led by Lt. Ros of the Civil Guards took place at sitio Banlat, North of Pasong Tamo Road
far from Balintawak. The site has its own marker.
It is quite clear that first, eyewitnesses cited Balintawak as the better-known reference
point for a larger area. Second, while Katipunan may have been massing in Kangkong, the
revolution was formally launched elsewhere. Moreover, eyewitnesses and therefore
historians, disagreed on the site and date of the Cry.
But the issue did not rest there. In 1970, the historian Pedro A. Gagelonia pointed out:
The controversy among historians continues to the present day. The “Cry of Pugad
Lawin” (August 23, 1896) cannot be accepted as historically accurate. It lacks positive
documentation and supporting evidence from the witness. The testimony of only one
eyewitness (Dr. Pio Valenzuela) is not enough to authenticate and verify a controversial
issue in history. Historians and their living participants, not politicians and their
sycophants, should settle this controversy.
Different Versions of the Revolution:
“THE CRY OF PUGAD LAWIN” BY PIO VALENZUELA
The latter part of 1895 was filled with uncertainty for the Katipunan. The Supremo of its
Supreme Council, Andres Bonifacio, doubted his own leadership because since it was
founded on July 7, 1892, their membership did not go far beyond 300. Alarmed of the
situation, on December 31, 1895, he called for a re-organization meeting to elect a new set
of officers at his house in Zurbaran Street in Sta. Cruz, Manila.
About 200 of its members attended. Bonifacio believed Dr. Pio Valenzuela should be the
new President because he was the most educated among its members. Valenzuela could
have won the presidency, but he refused Bonifacio’s offer to campaign for him, because
he believed that it was better for the organization if the latter continued his leadership.
During the first hour of New Year’s Day of 1896, the “Kataas-taasang Tatlo,” popularly
known as the Triumvirate were inducted; with Valenzuela as the new Fiscal General,
Emilio Jacinto as the new Secretary General and Bonifacio as the President. They were
the members of the “Camara Negra” (Black Chamber), the organization’s counter-
intelligence arm, a secret chamber within the Katipunan which passed judgment over
members who violated the secrets of the society. They were the executive, legislative and
judicial authority of the Supreme Council and were the primary contributors to the society's
organ “Ang Kalayaan.”
Valenzuela was credited for the growth of Katipunan membership. Immediately upon
taking over his new post, Bonifacio requested him to stay in Manila. Valenzuela agreed
on the condition that the printing press of the Katipunan be transferred and put under his
management from Bonifacio’s house to his rented place at 35 Lavezares Street, San
Nicolas, Binondo, a convenient place for him to edit the official organ of the Katipunan.
The printing press was donated by two Visayan Katipuneros Francisco Del Castillo and
Candido Iban when they learned that the Katipunan needed one using the money they
earned as sea-divers in Australia. After two weeks in his hometown Polo, Bulacan,
Valenzuela returned to Lavezares and brought along his townmates, Faustino Duque and
Ulfiano Fernandez to oversee the publication.
Valenzuela suggested Ang Kalayaan to be the name of the propaganda organ and the name
of Marcelo H. del Pilar to be printed as editor, with Yokohama, Japan as the place of
publication to mislead the Spanish authorities. Its maiden issue had eight pages and was
the size of Liwayway Magazine. 2,000 copies were printed for distribution. It featured an
editorial by Marcelo H. del Pilar which originally appeared on La Solidaridad, a review
published in Spain, and was translated from Spanish into Tagalog by Jacinto, greeting the
Filipino people from Yokohama, Japan, cordially wishing them solidarity and
independence, and offering his life and all he had for their good.
There also appeared a news item entitled Catwiran by Dr. Valenzuela, describing the
cruelty perpetrated by the priest of San Francisco del Monte and the Civil Guards against
a poor barrio lieutenant. There were also articles by Jacinto, entitled Pahayag, urging the
Filipino people to revolt as the only recourse to secure liberty and an article taken from the
book entitled Las Ruinas del Palmira. Other articles were: Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga
Tagalog by Bonifacio, Sa mga Kababayan co-authored by Bonifacio and Dr. Valenzuela,
and a poem by Bonifacio entitled Ang Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa, depicting the suffering
of the Filipino people under the yoke of the Spanish authorities. Valenzuela used the nom-
de-plume Madlang Away, Jacinto, Dimasalang and Pingkian, while Bonifacio signed his
contributions with Aga-pito and May Pag-asa.
Ang Kalayaan triggered the spread of revolutionary consciousness of the people. Words
of insurrection spread out that soon, many, even skeptics from outlying provinces, were
convinced that they were ready to join the quest for freedom. After the circulation of the
initial issue, membership of the secret society jumped tremendously from a few hundreds
to 30,000 in a period of five months from the middle of March to August 1896.
On August 19, 1896, the existence of the Katipunan was discovered by the Spanish
authorities. Many suspected members and sympathizers of the Katipunan were arrested
outright, but the main nucleus of the Katipunan were able to escape and assembled in
various areas of Balintawak – like sistios Kangkong, Pugad Lawin and Pasong Tamo.
The uprising began on August 23, 1896 in Pugad Lawin where the Katipuneros led by
Bonifacio tore their cedulas (resident certificates) and shouted “Mabuhay ang
Pilipinas! Mabuhay ang Katipunan!” The uprising of the Katipunan later on flourished to
a full-scale revolution against Spain.
The heroic deeds of Dr. Pio Valenzuela were recognized by the Philippine Historical
Committee in 1941. A marker was placed at the former house of Dr. Valenzuela in
Lavezares Street which reads:
WHERE “ANG KALAYAAN” WAS PRINTED – “This house was occupied by Dr. Pio
Valenzuela, together with Ulfiano Fernandez and Faustino Duque, Filipino printers who
turned out for Dr. Valenzuela and Emilio Jacinto 2, 000 copies of the newspaper entitled
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“Ang Kalayaan,” giving Yokohama as the place of publication to avoid suspicion. The
first issue was dated January 18, 1896 but was not circulated until the middle of
March. The second issue which was in preparation was seized by the Spanish authorities
when the revolution broke out that year.”
I. Introduction
This module introduces the students to the governance of Spain in the Philippines.
It present s Marcelo H. Del Pilar’s La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas (Monastic
Sovereignty in the Philippines) that analysed the political, religious, and economic
aspects of friarchy or friolocracy in the Philippines during the late 19th century. In this
module, it explains the forms of taxes levied by the Spanish government on the
Filipinos, and the revolts that were carried out against these taxes and other forms of
Spanish economic abuses. Although the revolts were not successful, it still caught the
attention of the Spanish government that resulted to a tax reform in 1884
II. Learning Objectives
After studying this module, you should be able to:
1. Understand how the friars controlled the Philippines;
2. Analyse the context of La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas; and
3. Differentiate the Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines in terms of Political,
Religious, and Economic Aspect.
4. Understand the taxes which people needs to pay during the Spanish Regime;
5. Reflect on the life of the Filipino People throughout paying taxes; and
6. Distinguish the revolts that rise against paying taxes.
• 1850 – 1896
• From Kupang, Bulacan
• Pen Name: Plaridel
• Other Pen Names: Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat, Siling Labuyo.
• His most important work was the Soberania Monacal en Filipinas or the Monastic
Supremacy in the Philippines.
• Jose Rizal, the most cultured of the reformist group called Del Pilar’s work as one that
had “no chaff; it is all grain.”
• The translation was made by Dr. Encarnacion Alzona in 1957
POLITICAL ASPECT
• The friars control the status quo of the country.
• The moderating power of the parish priest may be useful to society to balance.
• To frighten the government with the rebelliousness of the country, and frighten the
country with the despotism of the government.
• The lack of union between the people and the government.
• Diversity of languages
• Ignorance and fanaticism encouraged by the monastic institutions..
• The voice of poverty has exhaled touching complaints
• The Filipinos pay direct taxes consisting of the personal cedula, urban tax, industrial
subsidy and additional municipal tax, and personal loan; and besides these, the
indirect one of the markets, vehicles, horses, stamps and surcharges, slaughter of
cattle, river tolls, and others.
• The papal decree of 2 may 1862 aimed to relieve the Filipino Catholics
• The dues of the stole and the foot the altar are a legitimate source of revenue of the
priesthood
• The Reverend Fathers are empowered to name the persons.
RELIGIOUS ASPECT
• The municipal officials defend on the parish priest.
• The essential requirement is the curate’s approval.
• The guarantee of national integrity is not the church nor can it be in the friars;
• To consolidate the fraternity between Spain and Philippines is best defense of national
integrity; it is Spain’s ideal; it is the dream of the Philippines.
ECONOMIC ASPECT
GOVERNMENT
• Lacks resources to undertake public works.
• Establishes primary schools in each town.
• Find thousand obstacles from tax paying public.
MONASTIC ORDERS
• Build grand convents and spacious palace in curates.
• Curates has stable place.
• The public pay because of return for heavenly promises.
2. SANCTORUM- Tax for the Church is collected by the priests every week. Paid by
everyone. According to the priests they will use the tax for the renovation and
planting of church.
3. DONATIVO - Tax for the Government. This is also paid by everyone. They will use
the tax to build and support the government in Zamboanga. Mortal enemies of the
Spaniards ang mga Muslims. Because of their religion. That’s why they are having a
hard time building a government in ZAMBOANGA.
4. Caja de comunidad (sedula) - Tax for the community this tax was also paid by
everyone. This tax was collected to build infrastructure for the improvement of a
community. They will used it to build bridges, hospitals and roads.
5. Land Tax - Tax for the landowners. These taxes are paid by the farmers to the
landowners. While the landowners pay these taxes for the government.
Amidst the taxes mentioned earlier. There’s also a forced labor which is called Polo y Servicio.
Polo y Servicio Polo Y Servicio or Forced Labor for 40 men ranging from 16-60 years
of age who were obligated to give personal services community projects. The Polo system was
patterned after the Mexican repartamento, selector forced labor. The workers could be placed
on any project the Spanish wanted, despite hazardous or unhealthy conditions. It was not only
Filipinos but Chinese mestizos as well who were forced to do polo y servicio. The word polo
refers to community work, and the laborer was called polista. The only way to avoid being
forced to do polo y servicio was to pay the falla, which was the equivalent of one and a half
reales per day. In 1884, the forty days of forced labor was reduced to 15 days.
V. Learning Task
VI. Reference
c. Ligan, et al., (2018). Readings in the Philippine History, Mutya Publishing, Inc.
d. Nolledo, Jose N. Principles of Agrarian Reforms, Cooperatives and Taxation. 1983
Eleventh and Revised Edition. National Bookstore, INC.
Reflection part
I. Introduction
In this module, it explains how was the Philippines under the Japanese
Occupation. It includes here when they started the colonization until the road to
independence. It also indicates the problems in the Puppet Republic during this era.
Afterwards, it started the colonization of the Americans wherein it explains the Philippine-
American war and how was the Philippines during this times until it aims to independence.
US COLONY
✓ Civil Government was established by the Americans in 1901, with William Howard
Taft as the First American Governor-General of the Philippines.
✓ Then English was declared the Official Language.
✓ Also, the Catholic Church was disestablished, and a substantial amount of church
land was purchased and redistributed.
The Road towards Philippine Independce
✓ JONES LAW – The law was approved by President Woodrow Wilson after it was
proposed by William Jones.
✓ Jones Act, formally Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, statute announcing the
intention of the United States government to “withdraw their sovereignty over the
Philippine Islands as soon as a stable government can be established.
✓ Abolished the Philippine Commission and reorganized the Philippine Legislature
as a fully elected, bicameral legislature composed of the Senate and House of
Representatives, precursors to current Senate of the Philippines and House of
Representatives of the Philippines.
✓ TYDINGS MCDUFFIE ACT – this law was proposed by Milliard Tydings and
Congressman John Mcduffie of US
✓ This stated 10-year transitional period in preparation for the Philippine
independence through a Commonwealth Government
THE PHILIPPINES
✓ The Philippines was controlled by the Americans from 1900 – 1942
✓ In 1934 an act was established, which made it possible that the Philippines could
have a commonwealth of the Philippines.
✓ The first president of this commonwealth was Manuel Quezon
✓ The first President was given certain powers for some internal Affairs
✓ We are fully independent from the Americans on July 4, 1946.
V. Learning Task
A. Make a creative timeline that shows the consecutive events happened in the
American Period up to Japanese and the restoration of American Government in
the Philippines.
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VI. Reference
• Ligan, et al., (2018). Readings in the Philippine History, Mutya Publishing, Inc.
Reflection part
What are your reflections on this module?
I. Introduction
The President of the Philippines is the head of state and government of the Republic of the
Philippines. The executive power is vested in the President of the Philippines. The President of the
Philippines in Filipino is referred to as Ang Pangulo or Pangulo (or informally "Presidente"). it
will also describe the historical evolution of the Philippine constitution from the 1897
Constitution of Biak-na-Bato to the present constitution, the 1987 constitution.
ACHIEVEMENTS
✓ Greatest achievements, namely: the ratification of the Bell Trade
Act; the inclusion of the Parity Amendment in the Constitution;
and the signing of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement
✓ Rehabilitation and reconstruction of war-ravaged Philippines
✓ Improvement of the ruined economy adopted the pro-American
policy.
PROBLEMS
✓ Graft and corruption in the government, as evidenced by the “Surplus of War Property Scandal”,
“Chinese Immigration Quota Scandal”, “School Supplies Scandal:
✓ Failure to check the Communist HUK movement.
Significant Event
✓ Two Asian heads of state visited Philippines– President
Chiang Kai-shek of Nationalist China (Formosa) in July
1949 and President Achmed Sukarno of Indonesia in
January 1951.
✓ On May 26-30, 1950, upon Quirino's invitation seven
free Asian nations held the Baguio Conference of 1950
to discuss common problems of Asian peace and
security.
✓ Korean War and over 7,450 Filipino soldiers were sent
“While I recognise the United States as a
to Korea under the designation of the Philippine great builder in this country, I have never
Expeditionary Forces to Korea or PEFTOK surrendered the sovereignty, much less
the dignity and future of our country.”
— Elpidio Quirino
Early Political Career
✓ Elected as member of the Philippine House of
Representatives from 1919 to 1925,
✓ Senator from 1925 to 1931
✓ Secretary of Finance and Secretary of the Interior in the
Commonwealth government.
✓ In 1934, a member of the Philippine Independence mission to
Washington D.C., headed by Manuel L. Quezon that secured
the passage in the United States Congress of the Tydings-
mcduffie Act.
✓ After the war, Quirino continued public service, becoming
president pro tempore of the Senate.
✓ In 1946, he was elected first vice president of the independent
Republic of the Philippines, serving under Manuel Roxas.
✓ He also served as secretary of state.
Two main objectives of his administration:
✓ The economic reconstruction of the nation
✓ The restoration of the faith and confidence of the people in the government.
➢ Creation of pacsa: president’s action committee on social amelioration
➢ Creation of accfa: agricultural credit cooperatives financing administration
➢ Excellence in foreign relations.
PROBLEMS
✓ Lack of Funds
✓ HUK Problem: Terrorism and Disruption of Peace and order.
Achievements
✓ Agrarian Reform
- Established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to
resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel returnees
providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.
✓ Savior of democracy in the Philippines
✓ Man of the Masses
✓ Stopped the HUK communist rebellion
✓ Improved the conditions of the barrios
✓ Constructed roads, bridges, irrigation canals
✓ Established the SEATO: Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
✓ Imposed high moral standard for public officials
Problems
✓ Impending projects
✓ Lack of enough funds
✓ Graft and corruption
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Problems
✓ Graft and corruption
✓ Lack of treasury funds
✓ Huge national debt
✓ Impending projects
FACT: Garcia ran for president again in the 1961 elections but lost to Vice-President Diosdado
Macapagal. On June 1, 1971, Garcia was elected delegate of the 1971 Constitutional
Convention and chosen as president. He died two weeks later from a heart attack.
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Presidency
✓ During his term, Macapagal fought to suppress graft and corruption within the government and
also tax evasion.
✓ He also aimed to stimulate the economy and placed the peso in the free currency-exchange
market, encouraging the wealthiest families to invest.
✓ Macapagal also passed the Land Reform Bill which freed many farmers from slavery as tenant
farmers.
✓ Another of his achievements was the forming of Maphilindo (Malaysia, the Philippines and
Indonesia) through a foreign policy. This paved the way for the creation of the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
✓ It was Macapagal who changed the Independence Day to June 12 from July 4.The first
celebrations commemorating independence from Spain were held in 1962.
✓ Among the most significant achievements of Macapagal as president were the abolition of
tenancy and accompanying land reform program in the Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963.
✓ In 1971, he was elected president of the constitutional convention that drafted what became the
1973 constitution.
PROBLEMS
✓ Acute problem in unemployment
✓ Widespread mass poverty
✓ Graft and corruption problem
✓ Lack of treasury funds a number his reforms were blocked by the Nacionalista dominated Senate
and House of Representatives.
Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972, by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081.
Marcos, ruling by decree, curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties, closed down Congress and
media establishments, and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists
✓ Constitutional convention in 1970 to replace the colonial 1935 Constitution. The new
constitution went into effect in early 1973, changing the form of government from presidential
to parliamentary and allowing Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973.
Downfall
✓ Rampant corruption
✓ political mismanagement by his relatives and cronies
✓ having looted billions of dollars from the Filipino treasury
✓ notorious nepotist, appointing family members and close friends to high positions in his cabine
✓ The Philippine government today is still paying interests on more than US$28 billion public
debts incurred during his administration.
✓ Marcos's health deteriorated rapidly due to kidney ailments
✓ Marcos called a snap presidential election for 1986, with more than a year left in his term.
✓ The final tally of the National Movement for Free Elections, an accredited poll watcher, showed
Aquino winning by almost 800,000 votes. However, the government tally showed Marcos
winning by almost 1.6 million votes.
✓ Popular sentiment in Metro Manila sided with Aquino, leading to a massive, multisectoral
congregation of protesters, and the gradual defection of the military to Aquino led by Marcos'
cronies, Enrile and Ramos.
✓ The "People Power movement" drove Marcos into exile, and installed Corazon Aquino as the
new president.
Legacy 5. Housing for the masses
1. Food Sufficiency 6. Energy Self-reliance
✓ Green Revolution 7. Export Development
✓ Blue Revolution 8. Labor Reform
✓ Liberalized Credit 9. Unprecedented Infrastructure Growth
✓ Decontrol Program 10. Political Reform
2. Education Reform 11. Fiscal Reform
3. Agrarian Reform 12. Peace and Order
4. Primary Health Care
Problems as President
✓ Natural disasters a nd calamities
✓ Nine coup attempts against her administration
✓ Graft and corruption
✓ Failure of the land reform
✓ Rising prices
✓ Inadequate essential public service
✓ Economic Decline
Programs
✓ Power crisis - Ramos issued licenses to independent power producers (IPP) to construct power
plants within 24 months
✓ Economic reforms- (E-VAT law) from 4% to 10% mandated by World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund; 'Philippines 2000'
✓ Death penalty- In 1996 Ramos signed a bill that returned capital punishment with the electric
chair Peace with separatists- he signed into law Republic Act 7636, which repealed the Anti-
Subversion Law. With its repeal, membership in the once-outlawed Communist Party of the
Philippines became legal Spratly Islands- starting to claim the Islands from China
✓ Migrant Workers Protection- enactment of Republic Act 8042, better known as the Magna
Carta for Overseas Workers or the Migrant Workers Act
Achievements
✓ Philippine 2000
✓ Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development
✓ ARMM
✓ Peace Agreement with the MNLF
✓ Increased foreign investments
✓ APEC
Problems
✓ Graft and Corruption problems
✓ Economic Problems High crime rate Charter change
✓ Clark Centennial Expo Scandal
✓ PEA-Amari Scandal Power crisis Spratly Islands
✓ Asian Financial Crisis
Achievement
✓ Erap para sa Mahirap Project
Programs
1. Domestic Policies
2. Agrarian Reform
Problems
✓ The Philippine Daily Inquirer; bias, malice and
fabrication" against him
✓ The Manila Times; libel suit against the country's
oldest newspaper the Manila Times over a story
that alleged corruption in the awarding of a public
works project
✓ BW Resources; BW Resources a small gaming
company listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange
and linked to people close to Estrada experienced
"a meteoric rise"
✓ Corruption charges and impeachment; allegations
of corruption spawned an impeachment trial in the
Senate, and in 2001 Estrada was ousted from
power after the trial was aborted.
Oakwood Mutiny
✓ July 27, 2003
✓ Led by Lt. Antonio Trillanes IV, Army Capt. Gerardo
Gambala of the Phil. Navy
✓ Arroyo Administration was going to proclaim Martial Law
and issue of corruption
CONSTITUTIONS
History of Philippine Constitutions
A. 1897 Biak na Bato Constitution.
✓ Tejeros convention held at San Francisco de Malabon on March 22, 1897 was the result
of the Katipunan Revolution. In this convention, the first president and vice president
was elected by the members of Katipunan. November 1, 1897 the Republic of Biak na
Bato was established. And this was a De Facto Constitutional Republic which means this
is not a formal Government. The Constitution was written by Isabelo Artacho and Felix
Ferrer.
B. 1899 Malolos Constitution
✓ This is also called as the political Constitution of 1899. It was the First Philippine
Republic. This Constitution was written by Felipe Calderon y Roca and Felipe
Buencamino. It was promulgated on January 21, 1899. The Malolos Constitution was in
operation from January 23, 1899 to March 23 1901. The Salient feauures of this
constitution include the declaration of sovereignty of the people, basic civil rights, and
separation of the Church and State.
d. Land Registration Act of 1902 Also known as the Torrens System (Act 496)
originated from Robert Torrens and which was enacted by the Philippine
Commission on November 6, 1902. 400,000 farmers were without titles at the start
of the American era, absence of records, and accuracy of land records.This law was
created to replace the registration system implemented by the spaniards and
provide certainty of ownership of the land.However this law did not meet the
requirements due to the owners not being awar of such law or could not pay the
fees for the torrens title.
e. Public Land Act of 1903bEnacted by the Philippine Commision on October 7,
1903. Contains 79 sections of set and rules for designated ages and given hectares
of land. Designated any tract of public lands in the Philippines as inalienable which
will be withdrawn from any settlements.
f. Tenancy Act of 1933Has acts which are: Act no. 4054 and 4113 Act no. 4054 or
“The Philippine Rice Share Tenancy Act”, has 27 sections of rules and all by which
is connected to the contract of the land associated by the landlords such as due
dates, taxes, penalties, duration, and the potential share of land.
Act no. 4113 or the “The Sugar Cane Tenancy Contracts”, has 8 sections of rules
and all is related to the agreement to the harvest of sugar canes between and the
owners and the tenant.
V. Learning Task
Quiz
Answer the following questions based from what you have learned in this module.
1. As a Filipino, do we had the right knowledge and understanding about our own constitution? If
yes, Explain why. If no, what you will do to understand our constitution? 5pts
2. Considering the date of our current constitution, do you think it’s time to change our
constitution? And what do you think is the best way to change it? 5pts
3. Amongst the Presidents discussed? Who was the best president for you? Why? 5pts
VI. Reference
Ligan, et al., (2018). Readings in the Philippine History, Mutya Publishing, Inc.
I. Introduction
Local History is the key understanding the different cultures & perspective of
small communities. In this module we will discuss Local History. The importance and
goals of Local history. And the History of Olongapo City.
Historical Places
Ulo ng Apo: A towering and majestic marker located at the rotonda in Bajac-Bajac.
A very visible and tangible tourist attraction to glorify the legend of the city.
Rizal Triangle is the alpha or omega of many civic, political and religious
activities in the city. Both the Rizal monument and the stage appeared to be part of
the resources turned over by the American government to the Philippines in
December 1959.
Marikit Park: One of the earliest parks of Olongapo, it has become famous in its time.
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The Spanish Gate, located at the corner of Dewey Avenue and Samson Road
in Olongapo City, was built in 1885 when the Spanish Navy authorized the construction of
the Arsenal de Olongapo, after King Alfonso II of Spain issued a royal decree
declaring Subic Bay as a naval port in 1884.
Tappan Park is the oldest and most symbolic park in Olongapo and Subic Bay area.
The park was named after Navy Yard Commandant, Captain Benjamin Tappan.
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Reflection part