PHYSICS REVIEWER

I. SCIENCE - Happens when an object is acted

A. PHYSICAL SCIENCE upon by any external force
- Physics and Chemistry c. Alteration Motion
- Branch of science that deals with the study of non-living “Liquid water turned to ice by
things removing heat from the liquid water”
B. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE - Type of motion that describes
- Biology and Earth Science qualitative changes
- Branch of science that deals with the study of living - Considered as chemistry
things 2. Celestial
C. MATTER - Happens in the cosmos, that includes the Sun,
- Anything with mass and occupies space Moon, Planets etc.
- Solid, liquid, gas a. Diurnal Motion
- God particle enables it to have mass - Daily motion
D. ENERGY - Affected or due to the Earth’s
-A​ bility to do work rotation
- Heat, light sound and chemical - Sun, moon, planets and stars rise in
II. PHYSICS the East and set in the West
- Branch of science that deals with the relationship of - 24 hours
matter, its behavior and energy - Ancient astronomers took all celestial
- As a fundamental science, it aims to unify all law and motions to be diurnal
principles governing matter, motion and energy on Earth - Celestial Sphere
and beyond b. Annual Motion
- Laws are supported by mathematical equations - Yearly motion
A. EXAMPLES - Due to Earth’s revolution
1. Red Moon B. THALES OF MILETUS
- An example of the phenomenon called the - Founded the Ionian School of Philosophers which aims to
Lunar Eclipse explain the universe
- Red because the moon passes through the - Ionian is a moon of Jupiter
shadows of the Earth - Attempted to ask questions about the universe and
- Umbra = dark → Penumbra = light answered them through reason, observation and
- ​Lunar Eclipse: ​4-6 hours, full moon (Sun, Earth, application of geometry
Moon) - Saw the universe from a natural mechanistic view
- ​Solar Eclipse; ​1 minute, new moon (Sun, Moon, - ​Qualitative; ​Observations and descriptions →
Earth) Quantitative; ​Measurements and numbers
- ​Application; ​Motion of the moon affects the C. ANAXIMANDER
Earth and movement of the objects in the sky - Proposed the 1st concept of the universe
are constant - Universe had a cylindrical Earth surrounded by air and a
III. EARLY VIEWS OF THE UNIVERSE AND MODERN solid sphere
ASTRONOMY - Holes in the solid sphere allowed the light from the outer
A. ARISTOTLE’S VIEW OF MOTION rim of fire to shine through, appearing as stars and the sun
- First to discover motion - Qualitative
- Greek philosopher and scientist that categorized motion D. PYTHAGORAS
into two. - He was one of the 1st to use mathematics to challenge,
1. Terrestrial question and support his observations of the stars
- Pertains to the movement of any object on the - Quantitative; He used regular geometric solids like the
Earth sphere to find harmonics and ratios in the natural
- Classified as natural, violent and alteration E. PLATO
a. Natural Motion - Explained the origins of the universe
“A ball thrown up goes down because - Concluded that heaven is circular and the motion of
it seeks its natural place --- the ground” celestial bodies are as perfect objects have to be constant
- ​Determined by nature of an object’s and circular
composition - Retrograde motion (east to west)
b. Violent Motion 1. Saving the Appearances
“Shooting a bow with an arrow” - Explains thinking of Philosophers
- Push and Pull - Faced with the difficulty of explaining the
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retrograde motion of planets → Plato used the
cave story (allegory)vto save the appearances
and provide an explanation without dismissing
the present belief → Saving the appearances
means discovering and understanding the reality
behind what humans perceived to be true
- Truth of logic, number and geometry >
Observations
- Don’t rely on personal knowledge
IV. MODELS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE UNIVERSE
A. GEOCENTRIC
- Earth is the center
1. Eudoxus
- Called the Eudoxus Model of the Homocentric
Model
- Used concentric spheres that had a certain
arrangement
- Planets were attracted to on of the spheres and
travels around the center making periodic
retrograde motion
2. Aristotle
- Spherical earth at the center
- Everything revolved around us
- ​Prime Mover; ​Responsible for revolution
- 56 auxi sphere
3. Ptolemy
- Eccentric Model
- Different eccentricities, deferents and epicyclic
B. HELIOCENTRIC
1. Aristarchus
- Sun is bigger than the Earth and its at the
center of the universe
- All planets orbit the sun
2. Copernicus
- Sun is at the center and not at center
- All heavenly bodies, resolve around it in a
circular path
C. OTHERS
1. Galileo Galili
- Italian
- Discovered that the sun has sunspots, and dark
patches which makes it imperfect
_ Sunspots were moving which made him
believe that the sun was rotating unknown to
Aristotle and Ptolemy
- Moon was rough disregarded Aristotle’s belief
- Mediccean Sidera is the brightest Galiliean
moon
- Supernova was observed
- Galileo Galili saw 2 supernovas (1572 and 1604)
- Venus went through a complete sets of phases
just like the moon which is consistent with the
cepenician system but not with ptoleic systems
2. Tycho Brahe
- Born 3 years after death of Copernicus
- Danish nobleman known for his accurate and
comprehensive astronomical and planetary
observation
- Discovered Cassiopeia
- Before Galili, he had no telescope
D. EDWARD HUBBLE
- Hubble telescope
- Many objects previously thought to be dust or gas
- Classified as nebulae were actually galaxies beyond the
milky way
V. LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION BY JOHANNES KEPLER
A. JOHANNES KEPLER
- ​German mathematician and astronomer who developed
laws by planetary motion in 1601
1. Law Of Ellipses
- Planets orbit is elliptical and the sun is located
in one of the foci
- Major Axis (x) → Minor Axis (y)
- ​Perihelion; ​Orbit of the planet closest to the
sun
- Aphelion; ​Farther from the sun
- Perigee; ​Close to moon
- Apogee; ​Farther from the moon
- axis = distance → period = time
2. Law of Equal Axis
- Imaginary line segment connecting a planet to
the sun
- Sweeps out areas in equal time intervals
3. Law of Periods
- Square of the time it takes for the planet to
make a revolution around the sun (Orbital
Period) is proportional to the cube of the
Semimajor axis of the planets elliptical unit
VI. MOTION
A. MOTION
- Change in an object’s position and on a reference point
- Quantities (vector and scalar)
1. Scalar
- Magnitude only with no direction
- Mass, temperature, density
- Ex. Speed and magnitude
2. Vector
- MAgnitude and direction
- Velocity, acceleration and force
- Determine if vector of scalar
B. KINEMATICS
- Branch of physics that involves motion
- ​Spatial and temporal description of motion (Space and
time)
- Motion can be thought of as an object's change in
position with respect to reference point
- 5 kinds; Freefall, Rectilinear, Projectile, Circular,
Rotational
- Direction indicates sign of answer
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B. UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION
- ​Constant acceleration
- Velocity increases at equal rate for every unit of time
Rectilinear - Straight line motion along the x axis
- 1 dimensional motion - Acceleration brought about by change in; speed, velocity
- ​Speed; ​Distance Travelled by an and direction
object over time VIII. LAWS OF MOTION
- ​Velocity; ​Speed and direction -- - Formulated by Isaac Newton
displacement of an object over a
- ​Weight; W ​ eight of an object is the gravitational force
period of time
- ​Acceleration; ​Change of velocity per acting on it on the surface of the earth -- it is not mass --
unit of time -- speed increasing Example of vector force -- IF very far from the surface of
the earth, the gravitational force is better approximated
Freefall - Along y-axis by FG -- How heavy the object is while mass is how heavy
the substance is
Projectile - Parabolic with respect to x&y
A. LAWS OF MOTION
Circular - Planets (no axis) 1. Law of Inertia
- An object will persist in it state of rest/motion
Rotational - Has an axis unless acted upon by an external force
C. HORIZONTAL MOTION - An object at rest will stay at rest
1. Aristotle 2. Law of Acceleration
- Force is needed to start and sustain the motion - Acceleration of an object is directly
of an object, for it to move, you need to move proportional to the net force and inversely
2. Galileo proportional to its mass
- Force is not needed to sustain motion of an 3. Law of Interaction
object - For every action there is equal and opposite
- Force is required to change motion reaction
D. VERTICAL MOTION 4. Law of Universal Gravitation
1. Aristotle - Extension of Newton’s laws
- Objects fall at a rate proportional to the weight - There always exists an attractive force between
- Heavier objects fall much faster than lighter two masses that is directly proportional to the
objects mass but inversely proportional of their distance
2. Galileo - Farther = lower fg → Closer = higher fg
- Objects fall at the same rate regardless of their IX. MOMENTUM
weight if air resistance is negligible - Contains the mass and velocity
E. FREEFALL MOTION - The inertia of moving objects
- Gravity is the only force acting on the subject - Inertia is directly proportional to mass
- Along y-axis X. SCIENTISTS
- Positive 9.8 m/s​2 is used when the object is moving A. ISAAC NEWTON
towards the surface of the Earth - Developed laws of motion and mechanics and invented
- Negative 9.8 m/s​2 differential calculus
F. PROJECTILE MOTION B. HERMAN VON HELMHOLTZ
1. Aristotle - Developed the first law of thermodynamics, a statement
- Force needed for object to move through air of conservation of energy (law of energy)
until it’s natural motion eventually brings it to - Energy is the ability to do work
Earth C. JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE
2. Galileo - Discovered the mechanical equivalent of heat
- Projectile is influenced by vertical motion due D. ALBERT EINSTEIN
to the force of gravity and horizontal motion that - Explained Brownian motion and photoelectric effects
is uniform - Formulated theories of special and general relativity
VII. MOTION GRAPHS - 1908 NP
- Given the motion of an object, physical quantities like XI. TYPES OF COLLISION
displacement, velocity and acceleration of a moving object A. ELASTIC
can be described and calculated - Both kinetic energy and momentum are conserved in the
A. UNIFORM MOTION system
- Motion at constant velocity B. INELASTIC
- Only momentum is conserved in the system
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XII. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOTION
- If no external force acts on the system, the momentum
of the system is said to be conserved
XIII. WAVES AND OPTICS
- Light is an example of the wave
A. MECHANICAL WAVES C. DISPERSION
- Energy is a disturbance travelling through space that - Confinement of wave propagation in 1 plane
requires a medium
1. Transverse
- Vibrations in strings, ripples on water surface

2. Longitudinal D. REFRACTION
- Earthquake and explosions - Changing of wave speed when passing through another
- Oscillations parallel to wave propagation medium
- Sound = Vibration → Music = Rhythm - Bending of light
XVI. LAW OF REFRACTION
- Index of Refraction (n)
→ Measure of how much the speed of light changes in the
medium

B. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
- Does not require a medium for transmission
- Ex. light waves, thermal radiation, x-ray, visible light,
microwave, infrared, gamma rays
- Travel at a constant speed, the speed of light.
- ​C = Speed of light ​(3x10​8​m/s)
XIV. PHYSICAL WAVE CHARACTERISTICS
A. WAVELENGTH
- Minimum distance between 2 points on the wave that
behave identically
B. FREQUENCY
- # of oscillations per unit of time
C. WAVE SPEED
- Rate at which the wave travels
XV. PROPERTIES OF WAVE/LIGHT
A. REFLECTION
- Bouncing off of waves upon encountering a medium
- Happens on smooth surfaces

B. DIFFRACTION
- Spreading of waves as it passes through an opening or
aperture