MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY REVIEWER - People communicated and shared information

privately

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY Industrial Age

Print Media
- ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create
information from media and other information - Johannes Gutenberg -- invented printing press
- Mechanization of handcrafts
sources
Media - Blueprint of the forthcoming
development
- Latin ‘medius’ -- middle
- Can change interactions; strong social influence - Mass communication
- Cheaper media -- more literate people
- Tool for communication
- Sources of credible and current information - Knowledge was no longer restricted to the
privileged
created through an editorial process by journalistic
views. (UNESCO) - Sharing ideas became faster
- Acquiring ideas became easier
- Mass Media; type of media to reach a large
audience - Cultivated a sense of homogeneity
- People spoke and wrote in the same
language
Media Literacy - Easier for a person to associate himself
- Ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create in a group
media. (Mexico-based Literacy Project) Electronic Age
- Builds active consumers of media Broadcast Media
- Set of perspectives that people use actively to - Dominance of electric media (telegraph, radio,
expose themselves to mass media and interpret film)
its meaning of the messages they encounter. - Retribalized people by restoring sensory balance
(Potter, 2004) - Radio → audio
- Television
Information Literacy - Affects sense of touch deeper
- Set of abilities that require individuals to recognize than sight
information when it’s needed to locate, evaluate - Causes viewers to look from
and use. (The Association of College and within to understand its
Research Libraries, 2000) message
- Global Village
- People are globally connected
Media Literacy Information Literacy - Enabled a person to be one with
humankind
Ability to recognize and Ability to recognize and - Media Saturation -- constant bombardment of
process forms of media process information
media
- Yellow Journalism -- use of misleading headlines
and exaggerated stories for the sake of profit; sells
EVOLUTION OF MEDIA stories
- Protectionism
Pre-historic Age - Cultural Defensiveness -- certain types
- Prevalence of oral communication of media have less cultural value than
- Relied on face-to-face interactions to others; not accepting the new
communicate generation of media
- Medium of communication -- speech - Political Defensiveness -- people must
- Dependent on spoken word for information be protected from false beliefs and
- Acoustic space ideologies; used whenever someone is
- Organic and integral worried that media might be swaying
- Uses multiple senses simultaneously to opinion/guiding public action
understand the message - Moral Defensiveness -- focuses on the
Age of Literacy content of media and the ability to
- Linear way of communication “corrupt young minds”
- Cultivated linear thinking
- Contributed to the development of
disciplines (mathematics)
- Literacy = education
- Humans learned to read and write
- Sight > other senses
- People became more visual and rational
New Information Age
- Due to the invention of computers and the internet Infringement
- New Media -- digitally produced as interactive; - Unauthorized downloading or distribution of
two-way communication copyrighted materials
- Digitalization of Information - May subject to sanctions
- All bits of information are transformed
into codes that can be shared across all Fair Use
forms of media - Privilege of content users to use copyrighted
- Receivers and senders of media can create material with limitations
content themselves - Applies to purpose of criticism, comments, news,
etc.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION
Plagiarism, Fabrication, and Falsification
LAW VS ETHICS 1. Plagiarism

Set of universally accepted How people prefer to - Comes from the Latin word, “plagiarus”, meaning
rules interact with one another
kidnapper
- Intellectual theft
Can be immoral Moral obligation of knowing
right from wrong - Defined as stealing a person’s work and
presenting it as your own
Is enforced on people Cannot be enforced
2. Fabrication
Intellectual Property - Production of invented idea and presenting it as
- Anything a person creates, designs, or invents correct
- Protected by law
- Bears a social function that helps promote national 3. Falsification
development and progress - Manipulation of research materials
- Rights -- copyright, trademark, patent - Omission of data to meet a certain result

Copyright
MEDIA BIASES
- Exclusive legal right of Intellectual Property
Bias -- one-sided; lacks neutrality
- An IP can prevent others from selling copies of
Bias in Media
his/her work
- Favoring certain types of media; journalists,
- Economic right -- privilege of a copyright owner
producers
to sell/gain financial benefit from his/her work
- Moral right -- owner’s entitlement that one’s work
is his own and no one can claim it as theirs Types of Media Biases
- Key principles 1. Language
- Exclusivity - Word choice
- No formalities for establishment - Used for exaggeration and
- Contractual freedom embellishment of a subject
- Remuneration 2. Source Selection
- Territoriality - Overquoting the same source
- Enforcement - More sources supporting one side of an
Trademark issue
- Name, word, slogan, or symbol that identifies a 3. Omission
product or organization - A side of a story and opposing facts are
- Characterized by the symbols ™ or ® left out
- Protects the rights of a person/group at a national 4. Story Selection
level - Selecting stories to highlight events or
perspectives
5. Placement
Patent
- Placement of a story in a paper to get
- Government license given to industrial processes
audience’s attention or avoid it
and inventions
6. Labeling
- Gives creator exclusive right to use, sell, or
- Tagging persons with extreme labels
manufacture product
- Ex. “Conservative Republican”, “Radical
Feminist”
7. Spin
 - Spun in a direction favorable towards a - Strives to bring out the best of human senses to
subject facilitate effective communication
- One-sided view of an event - Characteristics
- Computer-based
CODES AND CONVENTIONS - Rhetorical artifact
Codes - Interactive
- Systems of signs put together for meaning - Multiple pedia
- Integrated
Types of Codes
1. Technical Codes Manipulative Information and Media
- Ways materials are used to tell the story - Tool or items to aid in hands-on learning
with - Refers to the use of various mediums and
- Ex. camera angles, lighting, etc. materials by teachers and students
2. Symbolic Codes - Interactive and hands-on media
- comprises of objects, setting, body - Types -- traditional and digital
language, and actions
Conventions
- Practice or technique used
- Accepted way of doing things with style and
content

Types of Conventions
1. Technical Conventions
- Application to technical area
- Ex. duration of films

2. Genre specific conventions

- Associated with type of content
- Ex. Indie films, musicals, etc.

TYPES OF INFORMATION MEDIA

People Information and Media

- The people themselves are the medium of
communication
- Ex. TedTalks, seminars

Text Information and Media

- Anything with text written on it is a text medium
- Ex. Books, newspapers

Visual Information and Media

- Makes use of symbols, icons and images to
convey a message
- Sense of sight
- Ex. Infographs, posters

Audio Information and Media

- Audio is medium for communication
- Sense of hearing
- Ex. Radio, Podcasts

Motion Information and Media

- Uses graphics, motion, and movement in
conveying a message
- Ex. Slow motion effects on videos

Multimedia Information and Media

- Combination of all types of media