INTRODUCTION TO ● MIL is also a discipline of individual verification

MIL should not be about telling people what to think or

MEDIA AND ●
how to think but to think for themselves
INFORMATION
While media are the 4th estate, MIL enables the 5th
LITERACY ●
estate (citizens)
LITERACY ● MIL enables people to participate in the public discourse
and dialogue
- The ability to identify, understand, interpret, create,
● MIL stimulates curiosity and technology exploration in
communicate and compute, using printed and written
people to understand the relevance of information and
materials associated with varying contexts.
media in their lives
- involves a continuum of learning, wherein individuals are
● MIL enables people to consider the plurality of
able to achieve their goals, develop their knowledge and
information and media
potential, and participate fully in their community and
● MIL stimulates reasoning and conscience, with which we
wider society
are all endowed

MEDIA
5 CORE CONCEPTS OF MEDIA LITERACY
- The physical objects used to communicate with, or the
mass communication through physical objects 1. All messages are constructed - the key behind this

- Any physical object used to communicate messages concept is figuring out who constructed the message, out
of what materials and to what effect

MEDIA LITERACY 2. Media messages are constructed using a creative

- The ability to access, analyze, evaluate and create media
in a variety of forms
- Aims to empower citizens by providing them with the
competencies necessary to engage with traditional
media and new technologies
INFORMATION LITERACY
- The ability to recognize when information is needed, and
to locate, evaluate and effectively communicate
information in its various formats
TECHNOLOGY LITERACY
- Ability of an individual to responsibly, appropriately and
effectively use technological tools
- Using these tools an individual can access, manage,
integrate, evaluate, create and communicate information
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
- The essential skills and competencies that allow
individuals to engage with media and other information
providers effectively, as well as develop critical thinking
and life-long learning skills to socialize and become active
citizens
language with its own rules - each form of
communication has its own creative language: scary
music heightens fear, camera close-ups convey intimacy,
big headlines signal significance. Understanding the
grammar, syntax, and metaphor of media language helps
us to be less susceptible to manipulation
3. Different people experience the same media messages
differently - audiences play a role in interpreting media
messages because each audience member brings to the
message a unique set of life experiences. Differences in
age, gender, education and cultural upbringing will
generate unique interpretations
4. Media have embedded values and point of view -
because they are constructed, media messages carry a
subtext of who and what is important – at least to the
person creating the message. The choice of character’s
age, gender or race, the selection of a setting, and the
actions within the plot are just some of the ways that
values become embedded in a television show, a movie
or an advertisement
5. Most media messages are organized to gain profit
and/or power - much of the world’s media were
developed as money-making enterprises. Now, the
internet has become an international platform through
which groups or individuals can attempt to persuade

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF MEDIA LITERACY

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY DESIGN
● Enables people to effectively participate in truth-seeking
process
FRAMEWORK

● It must focus on empowerment of citizens

 Components Guide questions
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIBRARIES IN TERMS OF
RELIABILITY, ACCURACY AND VALUE
Target Audience Intended audience
- Libraries of published books are often considered highly
Sender/Author producer/creator of the media and reliable, accurate, and valuable. Books and documents
information
from dominant sources are often peer reviewed. ISSN
Key content Topic, facts, figures and others used in and ISBN registration ensures that standards were
the media and information
followed in producing these materials

Purpose Reason, motivation, or intention of the

message THE INTERNET

Form/Style Presentation across different formats - Information found on the internet may be quite varied in
guided by design principles and form and content. Thus, it is more difficult to determine
elements
its reliability and accuracy.

Medium/Format Format or platform used in presenting - Accessing information on the internet is easy, but
the media and information requires more discipline to check and validate. Factual
and fictitious data are often merged together. Sources
always have to be validated.
TYPES AND
SOURCES OF MEDIA INFORMATION RELIABILITY CHECKLIST
● Print Media - consisting of paper and ink, reproduced in a
printing process that is traditionally mechanical 1. Check the author - the author’s willingness to be

● Broadcast Media - media such as radio and television identified is a good indication of reliability.

that reach target audiences using airwaves as the 2. Check the date of publication or of update. - While the

transmission medium information may be true, it may not be reliable if it is

● New or Online Media - content organized and outdated and may have lost relevance.

distributed on digital platforms especially with access to 3. Check for citations - reliable authors have the discipline

the internet of citing sources of their information.

4. Check the domain or owner of the site or page - The

MEDIA CONVERGENCE domains .edu and .gov are reserved for academic
institutions and the government respectively.
- Coexistence of traditional and new media
Information from such sites are presented with caution
- Coexistence of print media, broadcast media and the
and are usually well-grounded. Site owners may have an
internet allowing media content to flow across different
agenda that affects the manner by which information is
platforms
presented.
5. Check the site design and the writing style - Credible
LIBRARY
sources take time to make their information accessible
- May be either digital or physical in form and easy to comprehend.
1. Academic
2. Public INFORMATION ACCURACY CHECKLIST
3. School
1. Look for facts
4. Special
2. Cross-reference with other sources to check for
consistency
SKILLS IN ACCESSING INFORMATION FROM LIBRARIES
3. Determine the reason for writing and publishing the
Due to the wealth of information in a library, it is important to information
know the following: 4. Check for advertising
1. The access tool to use
2. How the information being accessed may be classified INDIGENOUS MEDIA
3. The depth of details required – some libraries provide
- Are highly credible because they are near the source and
only an abstract of the topic
are seldom circulated for profit
4. Membership to more detailed information
INDIGENOUS
- Native; local; originating or produced naturally in a
particular region
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE
- Knowledge that is unique to a specific culture or society;
most often, it is not written down
INDIGENOUS COMMUNICATION
- Transmission of information through local channels or
forms through which culture is preserved, handed down
and adapted
INDIGENOUS MEDIA AND INFORMATION
- Original information created by a local group of people
FORM OF INDIGENOUS MEDIA AND THEIR EXAMPLES
1. Folk or traditional media
2. Gatherings and social organizations
3. Direct observation
4. Records – may be written, carved, or oral
5. Oral instruction
ALTERNATIVE MEDIA
- Alternative forms of media provide a greater freedom
and power to ordinary individuals and are a quicker way
of distributing information.
- Information is often biased and inaccurate
QUESTIONS TO PONDER
● Reliability - What are the details of this piece of news?,
Which of these details can be verified in other sources?,
Could these details be true? Why or why not?
● Accuracy - Which of these facts are measurable?, How
were they derived?, Was the article written in an
objective manner?, Is the article written with care?
● Value - Are the audience of this article considered?, Who
would find this article valuable?
● Authority - Who wrote the article?, How is the author
related to the article?, What was his source?, Are the
sources properly cited?, What is the reputation of the
author?, Is he known for some bias?
● Timeliness - When was the article written?, Is it possible
that some of the information in the article has changed
in time? If yes, would the change have any effect on the
conclusion of the article?
MEDIA
LANGUAGES,
CODES AND
CONVENTIONS
MEDIA CODES AND CONVENTIONS
- A way of constructing meaning in media texts to
communicate ideas and impression for an audience
CONVENTIONS
- are expected ways in which codes are organized in
a product.
MEDIA LANGUAGES
- Is how media communicates to the audiences
- One of the ways media language works is to convey
meaning through signs and symbols suggested by
the way a scene is set up and filmed
TYPES OF CODES
● Technical - ways in which equipment is used to tell
the story (camera techniques, framing, depth of
fields, lighting, etc.)
➔ Camerawork - refers to how the camera is
operated, positioned and moved for
specific effects. Aspects of camerawork
include: Positioning, Movement, Framing,
Exposure, Lens choice
➔ Editing - is the process of choosing,
manipulating and arranging images and
sound. Editing is generally done for four
different reasons: Graphic edits, Rhythmic
edits, Spacial edits, Temporal edits
➔ Audio - is the expressive or naturalistic use
of sound. Audio can be diegetic or non
diegetic. The three aspects of audio are:
dialogue, sound effects, music
➔ Lighting - is the manipulation of natural or
artificial light to selectively highlight
specific elements of the scene. Elements of
lighting include: Quality, Direction, Source,
Color
CAMERA TECHNIQUES
 BASIC CAMERA ADVANCE CAMERA
➔ Conventions - are accepted ways of using
SHOTS CAMERA ANGLES media codes. It is closely connected to the
SHOTS audience expectations of a media product.

- Extreme wide - Two shot - Eye-level ➔ Form conventions - are the

shot - Cut away - High angle certain ways we expect types of
- Wide shot - Over the - Low angle
- Medium shot shoulder - Bird’s eye view
media’s codes to be arranged.
- Medium close-up - Point of view - Worm’s eye view ➔ Story conventions - are common
- Close-up - Selective focus - Slanted (canted)
narrative structures and
- Extreme close-up - Arc shot
understandings that are common
in storytelling media products.
○ Panning - moving the camera from left to
Examples of story conventions
right or vice versa
include: Narrative structures,
● Symbolic - show what is beneath the surface of
Cause and effect, Character
what we see (objects, setting, body language,
construction, Point of View
clothing, color, etc)
➔ Genre conventions - point to the
- live outside the media product themselves, but
common use of tropes, characters,
would be understood in similar ways in the ‘real life’
settings or themes in a particular
of the audience.
type of medium. Genre
➔ Setting - is the time and place of the
conventions are closely linked
narrative.
with audience expectations. Genre
➔ Mise en scene - is a French term that
conventions can be formal or
means ‘everything within the frame’.
thematic.
- In media terms it has come to mean the
description of all the objects within a
frame of the media product and how they Legal, Ethical
have been arranged.
and Societal
Issue in MIL
➔ Acting - includes actors that portrays
characters in media products and DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP
contribute to character development,
- Is the ability to find, access, use, and create
creating tension or advancing the
information effectively; engage with other users
narrative.
and with content in an active, critical, sensitive, and
- The actor portrays a character through:
ethical manner; and navigate the online and ICT
Facial expression, Body Language, Vocal
environment safely and responsibly, being aware of
qualities, Movement, Body contact
one’s own rights
➔ Color - has highly cultural and strong
connotations.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
- When studying the use of color in a
- Refers to the creations of the mind, such as
media product the different aspects to be
inventions; literary and artistic works; designs and
looking at are: Dominant color, Contrasting
symbols, name and images used in commerce
foils, Color symbolism
● Written - use of language style and textual layout
CATEGORIES:
(headlines, captions, speech bubbles, language
➔ Industrial property - includes patents, trademarks,
style, etc)
industrial designs and geographical indications and
appellations of origin
➔ Copyright - covers literary works, films, music,
artistic works, and architectural design
TYPES:
➔ Copyright - legal term used to describe the rights
that creators have over their literary and artistic
works
➔ Patent - exclusive right granted for an invention
- provides the patent owner the right to consent on
the invention or a way for others to use it
- in return, the patent owner is responsible for
making technical information about invention
available in the published patent document or in
public
➔ Trademark - a distinguished sign of goods or
services of one enterprise from those of other
enterprises
- can be compared to what craftsmen used in
ancient times as “signature mark” on their product
➔ Industrial design - ornamental or aesthetic aspect
of an item
- a design may consist of three-dimensional
features such as the shape or surface of an article,
or of two-dimensional features such as patterns,
lines or colors
➔ Geographical indications and Appellations of
Origin - signs used on products possessing
qualities, a status or characteristics that are
essentially attributable to that location of origin
- a geographical indication includes the name of
the place of origin of the goods
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8293 OR INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
- The copyrighted works are under this Term of
Protection
COPYRIGHT VALIDITY PERIOD
Literary works During the lifetime of the author
plus 50 years after death
Art 25 years from the date of creation
Photographic works 50 years from publication
Audio-Visual works 50 years from publication
Sound recording 50 years from year recording took
place
Broadcast recording 20 years from date of broadcast
Trademark Valid for 10 years and may be
renewed for a periods of 10 years
Invention Patent Valid for 20 years from filing date
application
FAIR USE
- Is a legal principle stating that one can use a copyrighted
work without a license for the following purposes:
commentary, criticism, reporting, research and teaching
- The copyrighted material must observe conditions such
as (1) amount and substantiality of the portion taken; (2)
purpose and character of one’s use; (3) nature of the
copyrighted work; and (4) potential market effect
CREATIVE COMMONS
- Is an American non-profit organization devoted to
expanding the range of creative works available for
others to build upon legally and to share
- The organization has released several
copyright-licenses known as Creative Commons
licenses free of charge to the public
People who choose to make their content Creative
Commons can choose one or more of these licenses
to apply to their work:
● Attribution - you must credit the creator
in order to use, copy or share the content
● Non-commercial - you can’t make a profit
from the content
● No derivative works - you can’t change
the content
● Share Alike - you can change the content,
but you have to let other people use your
new work with the same license as the
original
- in other words, you can’t treat any Share
Alike work you adapt as your own
copyright, even if you radically change it
 VIRTUAL SELF

Traditional Creative Commons Public Domain - Is how you present yourself on online platforms.
Copyright
Whatever you say or do on the internet can be
- Work cannot be - Work may be used - Work can be used, viewed and others can easily pass judgment
used, adapted, without permission adapted, copied and
without even knowing who you are outside the
copied or published but only under certain published completely
without the circumstances; without restrictions, no virtual environment
creator’s permission creators set rules for permission needed
- all original work is the way their work is - work published prior
DATA PRIVACY
protected under used to 1923, work by
copyright when it’s - only work that long-dead creators, and
- Respecting and managing data privacy is a
created creators have chosen work that creators
to designate as have placed in the responsible behavior on the internet
Creative Commons Public Domain - Data privacy or the fundamental right of an
individual to protect private information from
NETIQUETTE disclosure to information and communication

- Or network etiquette is a set of rules for behaving systems is under Republic Act No. 10173 or the

properly online Data Privacy Act of 2012. If precautionary

measures are not observed in sharing personal
information, your online security can be
TEN CORE RULES OF NETIQUETTE BY VIRGINIA SHEA:
1. Remember the Human - your written words are read by real compromised
people, all deserving of respectful communication
2. Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you COMPUTER ADDICTION
follow in real life - be ethical and do not break the law
3. Know where you are in cyberspace - netiquette varies from - Is the overdependence or a damaging need to do
domain to domain. Get a sense of how the people who are something on computer or internet
already there appropriately and properly act
- Its impact could be linked to sleep deprivation,
4. Respect other people’s time and bandwidth - you are not
anxiety and even depression. Setting a limit and
the center of cyberspace. Be mindful of others time
5. Make yourself look good online - you will be judged by the immersing yourself with outside activity can
quality of your writing and thus be cautious of your obviate addiction
language. Don’t flame-bait nor swear. Make sense with what
you’re talking about
CYBER BULLYING
6. Share expert knowledge - courteously sharing your
knowledge is fun - Is the use of digital means of communication that
7. Keep flame wars under control - flaming is what people do could hurt or harass a person
when they express a strongly held opinion without holding
- Examples of this are sending hurtful texts or SNS
back any emotion. Don’t feed the flames; extinguish them by
guiding the ussion back to a more productive direction
messages, posting embarrassing photos or videos,
8. Respect other people’s privacy and spreading mean or malicious rumors online
9. Don’t abuse your power - Such acts comprise cyberbullying if the offender
10. Be forgiving of other people’s mistake - no one is perfect so
does them intentionally and repeatedly, and should
be kind. If needed, be polite in correcting others
be addressed at once

DIGITAL FOOTPRINT

- Is any data record of the things you do online

- Anything on the internet with your name creates a
trail of data about you. This could be information in
your personal website, any activity in social media,
your browsing history, online subscription and the
like