DISASTER READINESS AND

RISK REDUCTION

2nd QUARTER
Module 2

LANDSLIDE MITIGATION AND

INTERPRETING GEOHAZARD
MAPS

MR. ERICKSON F. DEL MUNDO

Writer

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Interpret geological maps DRR11/12-IIa-b-30
Apply mitigation strategies to prevent loss of lives and properties DRR11/12-IIa-b-31

To the Learner

This module was specially designed to help you understand and apply the lesson objectives. Read and follow the simple
instructions as your guide.
Set a conducive learning space at home so you can focus on your studies.

Seek assistance from your parents or guardian to guide you in doing the activities.
Take down important concepts and list questions you would like to ask from your teacher.
Reflect and apply the concepts that you have learned.
The Writer
Expectations
At the end of this module you are expected to:
 Enumerate landslide mitigation activities
 Describe what to do when a sinkhole appears
 Interpret geohazard maps
 Create a family preparedness plan for landslides

Pretest
Directions: Read each question carefully. WRITE THE LETTER of the answer that best
fits the question in the space before the number.

A 1. Which activity should be AVOIDED to avoid triggering a landslide?

A. Ignore. it was not life-threatening
B. Take pictures. Unusual things are interesting.
C. Mark the property with fencing, rope or tape.
D. Retrieve all belongings before reporting the incident.

C 2. What should be done when sinkhole appear in your property?

A. Ignore. it was not life-threatening
B. Take pictures. Unusual things are interesting.
C. Mark the property with fencing, rope or tape.
D. Retrieve all belongings before reporting the incident.

D 3. You assumed the chairmanship of environment and natural resources as a

senator. What actions would you prioritize to ensure protection as well as
safety of people in the identified Karst areas?
i. Legislate a law on utilization of artesian systems in these areas
ii. Legislate a law on regulation of development projects in these areas
iii. Legislate a law on utilization of effective drainage systems in these areas
iv. Legislate a law on regulation of irrigation systems in these areas

A. i and ii
B. i, ii and iii
C. ii and iii
D. ii, iii and iv

B 4. What is the best action to take to avoid the effects of landslides?

A. Increase vegetation in the slope
B. Avoid living in landslide-prone areas
C. Build retaining walls on the base of the slope
D. Improve sewage to avoid excess water to the slope

D 5. What do you call the efforts that involving constructions and other activities
that are initiated to lessen the effects of landslide?
A. Slope reduction
B. Landslide mitigation
C. Geometric methods
D. Hydrometeorological methods
Looking Back
Direction: Identify the term being described in each item.
1. Downward movement of slope materials - Slide
2. Forces which make the slope stable – Resisting forces
3. Forces that make the slope materials move downward – Driving force
4. Movement of slope materials characterized with a forward rotation – Topple
5. Movement of materials on a gentle slope - Spread
6. Area with limestone bedrock characterized with underground caves and streams - Karst
7. Depression in the ground caused by downward movement of soil to fill the
cavities created by dissolution of underlying rock material – Sinkholes
8. Type of sinkhole with exposed limestone bedrock – Dissolution Sinkholes
9. Type of sinkhole that forms gradually on an area with sandy soil – Cover- subsidence
Sinkholes
10. Type of sinkhole that forms when the overlying soil cannot support its own
weight as the cavity of the dissolved bedrock increases in size. – Cover –
collapse Sinkholes

Brief Introduction
Landslide Mitigation
Landslide mitigation involve efforts that initiated to lessen the effects of landslide.
Below are some of actions to mitigate the effects of landslides:
 Hazard Mapping – identification of places that have low, medium, and
high susceptibility to landslides
 Public information – signs and other markers are placed to inform the
people that the area is a landslide-prone area.
 Engineering interventions and slope protection activities
o Benching – excavation of slope to create benches or “steps” to decrease
driving forces by reducing the height of the slope and weight of slope
material.

Figure 1.1: Benching in La Trinidad, Benguet

Source: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/landslide/landslide-prepareness

o Retaining Walls – structures that are built to support mass of soil

permanently and prevent lateral movement of slope materials. Retaining
walls also minimize erosion at the base of the slope.

Figure 1.1: Retaining Wall in Poro, Cebu

Source: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/landslide/landslide-prepareness

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o Ripraps – large angular stones built on the banks of bodies of water near the
slope. These are built to when constructions are done on the slope as well as
to prevent erosion of soil material during storms.

Figure 1.1: Riprap in Balut Island, Sarangani

Source: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/landslide/landslide-prepareness

o Gabion Walls – box-like wire cages filled with rocks that is used to
support the slope and can be also used to create a new stream bank.

Figure 1.1: Gabion Walls

Source: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/landslide/landslide-prepareness

o Shotcretes – concrete that is pumped through a hose onto a surface to

reduce weathering and to provide surface protection between blocks of
rock.

Figure 1.1: Shotcrete

Source: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/landslide/landslide-prepareness

o Coconet Bioengineering – a technique that involves the use of coco geonet

that is laid on an area where new vegetation and soil will be likely washed
away by rainwater. Coco peat is then laid on the coconet protected slope to
plant vegetation.

Figure 1.1: Coconet Bio-engineering

Source: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/landslide/landslide-prepareness
 o Vetiver Grass – this is a type of grass that has fast growth and has roots that
penetrate deep in the ground. This grass is widely used to stabilize slope
against soil erosion

Figure 1.1: Vetiver grass for erosion control

Source: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/landslide/landslide-prepareness

 Landslide Early Warning Systems – these are monitoring systems that are done to
predict events before a landslides and issue hazard warnings to the community.
The Philippine Institute for Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) implements
Project DYNASLOPE: a research program for developing early warning systems
using sensors and community participation. The program is being implemented in
50 sites in the Philippines.

What to do when sinkhole appears?

The Department of Land Resource Management of the Northern Territory Government
of Australia stated that the actions to be done when a sinkhole appears:
 Assess and address changes in the drainage system that might be causing the
sinkhole to develop.
 No immediate action needs to be taken if the sinkhole is of no threat to people,
livestock, property or infrastructure, besides fencing and ongoing monitoring the
development of the sinkhole.
 Find an expert, such as a geotechnical engineer, for advice on appropriate
methods of remediation if the sinkhole does pose a threat.

Sinkhole Risk Mitigation

 Ensure that houses and roads are not constructed on or near caves
 Never direct water towards sinkholes;
 Never dump garbage in sinkholes as this will contaminate groundwater
 Reduce soil erosion;
 Promote plant cover as bare ground leads to poor soil structure enabling cavities
to be exposed.
 Controlling subsurface dissolution and subsidence processes involved in the
generation of sinkholes
o Preventing or controlling water withdrawal and the decline of the water table
o Controlling irrigation to reduce the extra input of water into the ground.
o Using efficient drainage systems and diverting surface drainage (Zhou, 2007
as cited by Gutiérrez et al., 2014).
o Filling cavities in the rock or soil by grouting (Kannan, 1999 as cited by
Gutiérrez et al., 2014)
o Large cavities may be filled with rock fills through shafts or large
diameter boreholes (Milanovic, 2000 as cited by Gutiérrez et al., 2014).
o Improving the ground by compaction grouting to increase the strength
and bearing capacity of the soils
 Activity 1
INTERPRETING GEOLOGICAL HAZARD MAP
Look at the geological hazard map from the Mines
and Geosciences Bureau below. Analyze the map
by looking at the legends of the map and answer
the guide questions.

Guide questions:

1. What is the map all about?

Map is all about a karst area where landslide and
sinkholes are likely to happen.

2. What does each color in the map signify?

Those colors represent the level of how the area can be
dangerous or likely to happen a landslide or sinkholes because of its
being karst. And also shown what is the level of being vulnerable to
flashflood.

3. Identify an area that has high susceptibility

to landslides
Mount limila and mount mapunang baboy.

4. Identify two areas that have

moderate susceptibility to landslides
Angono and Binangonan

5. Identify two areas that have low susceptibility

to landslides
Quezon city and kaloocan city

Figure 1.2 Map Legends

Source: DENR-MGB. (2010). Hazard Maps.
Retrieved August 27, 2020, from
https://cambridgevillage.files.wordpress.co
m
/2013/12/quezon-city_lslide_flood.jpg

87
 Figure 1.2 Geological Hazard Map of Pilar, Bohol
Source: DENR-MGB. (2010). Hazard Maps. Retrieved August 27, 2020, from
https://cambridgevillage.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/quezon-
city_lslide_flood.jpg

Activity 2

FAMILY PREPAREDNESS PLAN FOR LANDSLIDES

 Assume that you and your family reside in an area that is susceptible to rainfall-
induced landslide hazards. Using the template, create a family preparedness plan for
landslides. Examples and guides to fill-out the template are italicized.
I. DISASTER RISK SITUATION OF THE FAMILY
a. Hazard Situation
We are in an area where flashfloods are more likely to happen and possiblity of earth quake.
Its is hard to us to immediately go to evacuation area because if a heavy rain fall, our area was easily fill with lot
amout of water.

b. Members of the family and assignment

Family Member Age Sex Health Condition Capacity and Role (ex.
(indicate allergies, Can provide first aid
medications taken, for injured family
etc.) member)
Ken Rushed L. Pelegrino 18 Male Non Knowledge
Zhane Saminiada 16 Female Non Helper
Zherbylou Saminiada 15 Female Non Can badget our finnance
Efraim Saminiada 7 Male Non Non
Zheriza Saminiada 12 Female Non Non
Zheyra Saminiada 13 Female Non Non
Leo Pelegrino 19 Male Non Knowledge
John mark Saminiada 17 Male He died at the age of 13 Non
Maila L. Saminiada 47 Female Non Can provide first aid
Eusibio Saminiada 49 Male Non Financial support

II. PREPAREDNESS PLAN

End Goal (What is your goal in preparation for landslide hazard):

Disaster Action Time Lead Resources

Phase Frame Person Needed
Preparedness Me Knowledge
(What actions Now that I study about disaster, I study with my Before
would you do siblings too where I teach them how to do in case of disaster
a Disaster. If landslide will occur, they know what to
to increase
do because they read this module too.
the
knowledge
and
capacities of
the family in
preparation
for
landslides?)
Prevention
and
Mitigation
(What
We start to collect needs like medicine and foods, Before My Map, foods,
actions knowing the best area to go incase of disaster which disaster mother medicine and
would the is evacuation area. needs.
family do
advance to
avoid and/or
decrease
adverse
impacts of
landslides?
)
Response
(What Start to badget our finances, seek for help to our After My father Finance, foods
actions relatives, and wait for report that it is safe to back. disaster and protective
equipment.
would be
done by the
family for
survival
directly after
the disaster?)

Recovery
(What Seek help to others such as relatives, sale unuse After All of us Needs such as
actions things, start to badget finances and after a disaster be disaster foods and
thankful if your family complete. water,
would be
medicine and
done by the etc.
family to
restore
normal level
of functioning
or to return to
their ‘normal
lives’?)

Check Your Understanding

Directions: Encircle letter “T” if the action or concept in the item is a true, otherwise
encircle “H” if the action or concept in the item is a false
T F 1. Sinkholes must be filled with garbage
T F 2. Assess the drainage which may be causing the sinkhole to develop
T F 3. Promote plant cover in slopes
T F 4. Water can be directed to sinkholes
T F 5. Fence around sinkholes if it does not impose immediate threat
T F 6. The public needs not to be informed about landslide-prone areas
T F 7. Benching in slopes increases the weight of slope materials
T F 8. Ripraps can be used to prevent stream bank erosion
T F 9. Vetiver is not a suitable plant for slope protection against erosion
T F 10. Early warning systems issue advise and information to the public
regarding landslide hazards

Remember
 Landslide mitigation involve efforts that initiated to lessen the effects of
landslide which include hazard mapping, public information, engineering
interventions to protect slopes, and early-warning systems
  Sinkhole mitigation involve efforts to lessen the effects of sinkholes and
preventive measures to ensure that factors that will aggravate the development
of sinkholes will be controlled.

Posttest
Directions: Read each question carefully. WRITE THE LETTER of the answer that best
fits the question in the space before the number.

A 1. Which activity should be AVOIDED to avoid triggering a landslide?

A. Ignore. it was not life-threatening
B. Take pictures. Unusual things are interesting.
C. Mark the property with fencing, rope or tape.
D. Retrieve all belongings before reporting the incident.

C 2. What should be done when sinkhole appear in your property?

A. Ignore. it was not life-threatening
B. Take pictures. Unusual things are interesting.
C. Mark the property with fencing, rope or tape.
D. Retrieve all belongings before reporting the incident.

D 3. You assumed the chairmanship of environment and natural resources as a

senator. What actions would you prioritize to ensure protection as well as
safety of people in the identified Karst areas?
i. Legislate a law on utilization of artesian systems in these areas
ii. Legislate a law on regulation of development projects in these areas
iii. Legislate a law on utilization of effective drainage systems in these areas
iv. Legislate a law on regulation of irrigation systems in these areas

A. i and ii
B. i, ii and iii
C. ii and iii
D. ii, iii and iv

A 4. What is the best action to take to avoid the effects of landslides?

A. Increase vegetation in the slope
B. Avoid living in landslide-prone areas
C. Build retaining walls on the base of the slope
D. Improve sewage to avoid excess water to the slope

A 5. What do you call the efforts that involving constructions and other man-
made activities that are initiated to lessen the effects of landslide?
A. Slope reduction
B. Landslide mitigation
C. Geometric methods
D. Hydrometeorological methods

Reflection
What do you think is the best preventive measure for landslides and sinkholes?
Explain your answer.

Plant more tress because it help to absorb water, make soil more compressed and it help to decrease the effect of flashfloods.