COMPONENTS OF

SOLAR PV SYSTEM

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Outline
• Types of solar PV systems
• System components
• Power Electronics
1. DC-DC Converter
2. DC-AC Converter

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Types of Solar PV Systems

Stand alone systems

• Operate autonomously off-grid
• Typically use batteries for energy storage
• Sizing is based on electrical load

Interactive systems
• Operate in parallel with the electricity utility grid
• Intended to supplement site energy use form utility
• Operation is independent of electricity loads
• Do not generally use batteries or provide backup for utility power

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Major System Components
1. Photovoltaic (PV) Array
• An assembly of PV Module that convert sunlight to DC electricity
2. Power Conditioning Equipment
• Inverter, Charger, and Controller That process DC power from PV arrays and produce
AC power for utilization.
3. Energy Storage
• Batteries stores energy produced by PV arrays and are used in most stand-alone
systems, but only in specially-designed grid-tied systems.

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PV System Components

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Balanced Of System Components
• Balanced of System (BOS) components
• Mechanical or electrical equipment and hardware used to assemble and
integrate major components, and conduct, distribute and control the flow of
power in the system

• Example of BOS components are :

• Conductor (wire)
• Raceways (conduit)
• Junction and combiner
• Disconnecting switches, Fuses,
Breakers
• Terminal and connector
• Array mounting hardware

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Photovoltaic (PV)

The solar cell is the basic component. Cells wired

together and mounted in a frame compose a solar
Mono-crystalline Poly-crystalline module. Several modules wired together form an array

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Configuration

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Example
3 strings of 10 PV modules
The positive (+) lead from each string is
connected a fuse and the three are
connected to an output circuit.
The negative (-) leads from the three
series strings are landed onto a bus bar
in the combiner box
The 30 modules are expected to produce
354 volts max

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Rangkaian Modul PV

Komponen di dalam rangkaian modul fotovoltaik

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Struktur Modul PV

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Sel PV

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Kaca pelindung modul fotovoltaik

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Bingkai modul fotovoltaik

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Faktor Penentu Keluaran Modul PV
• Radiasi sinar matahari
• Orientasi dan kemiringan modul fotovoltaik
• Bayangan benda (shading)
• Kenaikan temperatur pada modul

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Bayangan (shading) pada modul fotovoltaik

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Interkoneksi Modul PV

Contoh konfigurasi beberapa modul fotovoltaik yang membentuk string fotovoltaik

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Komposisi modul fotovoltaik di dalam rangkaian

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Pemasangan kabel dan penopangnya

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Jarak antar rangkaian modul fotovoltaik yang
ideal
• Penting untuk menghitung secara akurat jarak antar rangkaian modul
fotovoltaik, terutama jika rangkaian tidak dipasang pada ketinggian yang
sama. Jarak yang berdekatan dapat menyebabkan bayangan, sementara
pengaturan jarak antar rangkaian yang sangat jauh menyebabkan
penggunaan lahan yang berlebihan.

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Kotak junction
• Kotak junction dipasang menggunakan sistem perekat yang berkualitas
baik untuk mempertahankan daya rekat jangka panjang.
• Kotak junction harus tertutup dan disegel karet untuk menghindari
masuknya air, hubungan arus pendek, dan bahaya tersengat listrik karena
adanya tegangan listrik. Kotak penghubung yang baik harus memiliki
tingat perlindungan minimal IP 65 yang memberikan perlindungan
terhadap debu dan semburan air bertekanan rendah.
• Dilengkapi dengan gland kabel yang tepat sesuai dengan ukuran
konduktor. Gland kabel tersebut harus dikencangkan untuk menghindari
masuknya air ke kotak.
• Dilengkapi dengan dioda bypass untuk melindungi modul fotovoltaik dari
kemungkinan timbulnya titik panas (hot spot).

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Kotak Junction

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Terminologi

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Penopang dan Pondasi Rangkaian Modul PV

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Tiang Penopang

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Kotak Penggabung
• Fungsi utama kotak penggabung atau (combiner box) adalah untuk
menggabungkan string fotovoltaik modul agar mendapatkan arus keluaran
larik fotovoltaik yang lebih tinggi

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Komponen listrik di dalam kotak penggabung

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Power Conditioning Equipment

Power conditioning equipment converts, controls and processes

the DC power produced by PV arrays, for interfacing with electrical
loads, utilization equipment or electrical system

Examples of power conditioning equipment are :

• Inverter
• Charger controllers
• Battery charger
• DC-DC Converters
• Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)

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Charger Controllers
A Charge controller regulates battery
charging by limiting the charging current
from a PV array, and protects a battery
from overcharge.
A load controller regulates battery
discharge current by disconnecting
electrical loads and protects a battery
from overdischarge
A diversion charge controller regulates
battery charging by diverting power to a
DC diversion load or grid-connected
inverter

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Solar Charger Controller

Pemasangan solar charge controller di sistem PLTS pada umumnya

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Fungsi Solar Charge Controller
• Mengubah arus DC bertegangan tinggi dari larik modul fotovoltaik ke
tegangan yang lebih rendah baterai (tegangan sistem 48 VDC).
• Melindungi bank baterai dari pengisian yang berlebih dengan mengurangi
arus pengisian dari larik modul fotovoltaik di saat baterai sudah penuh.
Tergantung pada teknologi baterai, pengisian baterai yang berlebihan
(overcharge) dapat menyebabkan timbulnya gas dan ledakan.
• Memaksimalkan transfer daya dari larik modul fotovoltaik ke baterai
dengan menggunakan algoritma maximum power point tracker (MPPT1).
• Memblokir arus balik dari bank baterai di saat radiasi sinar matahari tidak
mencukupi atau dimalam hari.
• Mengukur dan memonitor tegangan, arus, dan energi yang ditangkap dari
larik modul fotovoltaik dan mengirimkannya ke bank baterai.

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Spesifikasi Solar Charge Controller

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Inverter

Stand-alone inverters
• Operate from batteries and supply power independent of the utility grid

Utility-interactive or grid-connected inverters

• Operate from PV arrays and supply power parallel with utility grid.

Bi-modal or battery-based interactive inverters

• Operate as diversionary controllers, and produce AC power to output to regulate
PV array battery charging when the grid is energized
• Transfer PV system operation to stand-alone mode and provide backup electrical
power to critical loads when the utility grid is not energized

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Inverter

Interactive inverters Stand-alone inverters Bi-Modal inverters

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Inverter Jaringan

Pemasangan inverter jaringan pada sistem PLTS pada umumnya

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Fungsi Inverter Jaringan
• Anti-islanding atau mematikan otomatis inverter dari jaringan ketika
jaringan listrik tidak tersedia untuk memberikan keamanan terhadap
jaringan.
• Memaksimalkan transfer daya dari larik modul fotovoltaik ke baterai
dengan menggunakan algoritma MPPT.

*Anti-islanding adalah sebuah fitur inverter jaringan untuk mengetahui bila ada penghentian daya dan secara
otomatis akan mematikan sendiri dan menghentikan produksi listrik.

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Spesifikasi Inverter Jaringan

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PV Inverter Topologies
• PV dc voltage typical low for string
inverters; boost needed for low power
• For high power (>100 kW) central PV
inverters without boost, typical three-
phase FB topologies with LV-MV trafo
on the LF side
• Galvanic isolation necessary in some
countries with isolation
with boost on the HF side
• LF/HF transformer (cost-volume
issue) transformerless
PV
• A large variety of topologies Inverters
• The optimal topology is not matured without boost
yet as for drives transformerless
(central inverters)
• Transformerless topologies having
higher efficiency are emerging and
the grid regulations are changing in
order to allow them

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PV inverters with boost converter and isolation

DC DC DC AC DC
PV PV Grid
Grid Array
Array AC DC AC
DC AC

On low frequency (LF) side On high frequency (HF) side

PV Array Filter Boost without trafo Filter FB inverter Filter LF Trafo Grid PV Array Filter FB boost with HF trafo Filter FB inverter Filter Grid

S1 D1 S3 D3 S5 D5 S7 D7 S1 D1 S3 D3

L L
S5 D5

N
N
S2 D2 S4 D4
S6 S2 D2 S4 D4
D6 S8 D8

VPE
VPE

Boosting inverter with LF trafo based on Boosting inverter with HF trafo based on FB boost
boost converter converter [2]

Both technologies are on the market! Efficiency 93-95%

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Transformerless PV inverters with boost
DC DC
PV
Grid
Array
DC AC

•FB inverter + boost

• Typical configuration •Time sharing configuration
PV Array Filter Boost without trafo Filter FB inverter Filter Grid
PV Array Filter Boost without trafo Filter FB inverter Filter Grid

D1 S3 S1 D1 S3 D3
S1 D3

L L
S5 D5
S5 D5

N N

S2 D2 S4 D4
S2 D2 S4 D4

VPE Leakage circulating current

VPE Leakage circulating current

• Efficiency >95% •Efficiency > 96%

•Extra diode to bypass boost when Vpv > Vg
•Leakage current problem
•Boost with rectified sinus reference
•Safety issue

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Battery chargers
Battery chargers are commonly used in
stand-alone hybrid and UPS system
where an AC power source is available,
such as generator or utility grid
Many stand-alone inverters have built-in
battery charger

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Baterai

• Instalasi umum bank baterai lead-acid di dalam rumah pembangkit. Bank baterai
disusun dari beberapa sel baterai yang dihubungkan secara seri atau paralel
untuk mendapatkan tegangan dan kapasitas sistem yang dikehendaki.

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Fungsi Baterai
• Sebagai suplai bagi beban dengan tegangan dan arus yang stabil melalui
inverter baterai, juga dalam hal terjadi putusnya pasokan daya
(intermittent) dari modul fotovoltaik.
• Bertindak sebagai cadangan untuk mengatasi perbedaan antara daya
yang tersedia dari modul fotovoltaik dan permintaan dari beban.
• Menyediakan cadangan energi untuk digunakan di hari-hari dengan cuaca
berawan atau pad kondisi darurat.
• Memasok daya ke komponen elektronika daya seperti solar charge
controller dan inverter.

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Spesifikasi Baterai
Disarankan agar baterai harus diuji sesuai dengan standar sebagai berikut:
• IEC 60896-21 – “Baterai lead acid stasioner – Bagian 21: Jenis dengan pengatur
katup – Metode pengujian”;
• IEC 60896-22 - “Baterai lead acid stasioner – Bagian 22: Jenis dengan pengatur
katup – Persyaratan”;
• IEC 61427 – “Sel dan baterai sekunder untuk penyimpanan energi terbarukan –
Persyaratan umum dan metode pengujian” untuk memenuhi standar kualitas
minimum.

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Istilah dalam Baterai

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Inverter Baterai

Instalasi inverter baterai pada umumnya dalam sistem pembangkit listrik tenaga
surya off-grid

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Fungsi Inverter Baterai
• Mengubah tegangan DC dari bank baterai (48 VDC) ke jaringan listrik AC
230 VAC
• Melindungi bank baterai dari pengisian yang berlebihan dengan
mengurangi arus pengisian (charging) ketika baterai sudah penuh
• Melindungi bank baterai dari terkurasnya energi secara berlebih (deeply
discharged)
• Memantau tegangan dan arus pengisian serta tegangan dan arus
pelepasan (discharging) dan energi ke dan dari bank baterai serta
tegangan dan arus keluaran AC
• Saklar pemindah secara otomatis (automatic transfer switch) di saat
inverter baterai terhubung ke sumber daya lain seperti jaringan listrik
eksternal atau pembangkit listrik eksternal.

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Panel Distribusi DC
• Panel distribusi DC atau dikenal juga dengan DC power distribution board
(DCPDB) adalah tempat terhubungnya solar charge controller (SCC),
bank baterai, dan inverter baterai.

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Komponen listrik di dalam panel distribusi DC

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Panel Distribusi AC
• Panel distribusi AC atau dikenal juga sebagai AC power distribution box
(ACPDB) digunakan untuk membagi dan mendistribusikan daya dari
inverter baterai untuk dialirkan pada beban melalui beberapa lateral
penyulang (sub-feeder).

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Komponen listrik di dalam panel distribusi AC

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Sistem Pemantauan

Instalasi sistem pemantauan secara umum, kabel komunikasi terhubung dalam

rantai

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Fungsi Sistem Pemantauan
• Mengevaluasi apakah produksi dari PLTS memenuhi permintaan
konsumen.
• Memahami kinerja sistem termasuk efisiensi dan keandalannya.
• Memberikan bantuan pada operator lokal dalam melakukan perbaikan
saat terjadi masalah (troubleshooting).
• Memberikan informasi penting untuk perbaikan lebih lanjut terhadap
desain sistem sehingga mengoptimalkan komponen yang digunakan
dalam sistem.

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Maximum Power Point Trackers
MPPT are electronics devices that
operate PV modules or arrays that their
maximum power output
MPPT functions are included in all
interactive inverters and some battery
charge controllers.
Also used at the PV module and source
circuit level for some application

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 6
2 o
1000 W/ m 15 C

Introduction to MPPT 4
600 W/m
2
40 C
75 C
o

I cell [A]
• The MPP is affected by temperature 2
200 W/m
2

and irradiance. 0
0 0.1 0. 2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
• The task of MPPT is to track this MPP Cell voltage [V]

regardless of weather or load

conditions so that the PV system 2.5
o
15 C
draws maximum power from the solar 2 o
40 C
MPP

array. 1.5
o
75 C

Pc el l [W]
• The MPPT is a nonlinear and time- 1

varying system that has to be solved. 0.5

• All algorithms are based on the fact 0

0 0.1 0. 2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
that, looking at the power Cell voltage [V]

characteristic, at the left of the MPP dP/dV = 0

the dP/dV > 0, at the right dP/dV < 0 P
dP/dV > 0
and at MPP dP/dV = 0
MPP dP/dV < 0

dP/dV = 0, MPP

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MPPT Comparison
• Most common methods:
• Perturb&Observe – PO
• Incremental Conductance – IC
• Constant Voltage
• Preliminary results indicate that IC method compares favorably with PO
and CV methods
• Still PO is preferred due to implementation simplicity
• Combined PO+CV is best!

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Typical control structure for 1-stage PV inverter
• In these topologies -which are becoming more and more popular in countries with low
grid voltage (120V) like Japan and thus the voltage from the PV array is high enough- the
MPPT is implemented in the dc-ac inverter
• Also in topologies with boost trafo on ac side (SMA)
• The output of the MPPT is the dc-voltage reference. The output of the dc-voltage
controller is the grid current reference amplitude. The power feedforward improves the
dynamic response as MPPT runs at a slow sampling frequencies (typ. 1 Hz).
• A PLL is used to synchronize the current reference with the grid voltage
Vac
PLL
I pv sin 
*
V pv  Iˆr Iˆref I ref
dc voltage current dc-ac
V pv MPPT    PWM
controller controller inv
PV
array I

Ppv
Iˆ*ref
Ppv  2
VacR MS
VacRMS

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Typical control structure for dual-stage PV
inverter
• The MPPT is implemented in the dc-dc boost converter.
• The output of the MPPT is the duty-cycle function. As the dc-link voltage VDC is
controlled in the dc-ac inverter the change of the duty-cycle will change voltage at the
output of the PV panels, VPV as:
VPV
VDC  K
1 D
• The dc-ac inverter is a typical current controlled voltage source inverter (VSI) with PWM
and dc-voltage controller.
• The power feedforward requires communication between the two stages and improves
the dynamics of MPPT
Vac PLL
I pv
D V DC , ref ˆ
sin 
dc-dc
V DC  dc voltage I r Iˆref I ref current dc-ac
V pv MPPT PWM    PWM
conv controller controller inv
PV
array
Ppv
Ppv  2 Iˆ*ref
VacRMS
VacRMS

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Control Structure Overview
Basic functions – common for all grid-connected inverters
Grid current control
THD limits imposed by standards
+ L
Stability in case of grid impedance variations
PV Panels dc-dc dc-ac
LCL Trafo Ride-through grid voltage disturbances (not required yet!)
String
C
boost PWM-VSI
Low pass &
Grid
DC voltage control
filter
N Adaptation to grid voltage variations
- Ride-through grid voltage disturbances (optional yet)
IPV
PWM Vdc PWM Grid synchronization
Ig
Vdc Grid Current Required for grid connection or re-
VPV Control Synchronization Control Vg
connection after trip.
Basic functions (grid conencted converter)

Anti-Islanding Grid /PV plant PV specific functions – common for PV inverters

MPPT
Protections Monitoring Maximum Power Point Tracking – MPPT
PV specific functions Very high MPPT efficiency in steady state (typical > 99%)
Active filter MicroGrid Grid support Fast tracking during rapid irradiation changes (dynamical
control Control (V,f,Q)
MPPT efficiency)
Ancillary functions
Stable operation at very low irradiation levels
Anti-Islanding – AI as required by standards (VDE0126, IEEE1574,
Ancillary Support – (future?) etc)
Voltage Control Grid Monitoring
Frequency control Operation at unity power factor as required by standards
Fault Ride-through Fast Voltage/frequency detection
Q compensation Plant Monitoring
DVR Diagnostic of PV panel array
Partial shading detection

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2-stage FB inverter with LCL filter and trafo
• The current controller Gc can be of PI or PR (Proportional Resonant) type
• Other non-linear controllers like hysteresis or predictive control can be
used for current control
• The dc voltage controller can be P type due to the integration effect of the
typical large capacitor
Ipv + U L
Ig
PV F ull- br idge LC L
V pv D C/D C V dc Vg Isolat ion
P ane ls C Inve r t e r Low pass Gr id
C onve r t e r Tr ansf or m e r
St r ing V SI- P W M f ilt e r
V N
-

Ipv
PW M
dc
Vpv MPPT PW M
dc  1 d c  1
2 2

ˆI
Vdc
 Gdc r Ir e f  V a*c dc
- GC
+ + -
V d c ref
+ s in Ig Vdc
P LL
Contr ol str uc tur e Vg

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PV Inverter Control Structures - Conclusions

• The most typical control structure is the current controlled voltage source
inverter with PWM
• Typically boost dc-dc converter is required
• The MPPT is a necessary feature in order to extract the maximum power
from a panel array at any conditions of irradiation and temperature.
• PO and INC are the most used ones. PO+CV is also possible
• According to the topology (dual- or single-stage) the MPPT is implemented
in the dc-dc converter or in the dc-ac inverter
• PR current controller better than PI control for sinusoidal references
• PLL is typically required for synchronization

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What is Smart Inverter?

• An inverter that has a capability to receive and respond grid signals in order to
maintain grid stability and quality.
• An inverter that has a capability to operate in four quadrants
• An inverter that has a capability of self diagnostic
• An inverter that can be integrated into the whole system through IoT system

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Inverter Operation

• Grid Following Inverter

• Grid Forming Inverter
• Grid Supporting Inverter

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Virtual Concept

• Virtual Impedance
• Virtual Inertia
• Virtual Synchronous Generator
• Virtual Power Plant

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Smart Inverter Functionalities

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The Need of Smart Protection System

• The short circuit current of inverter is much smaller than the conventional generator

• The response of an inverter is much faster than the conventional generator

• The magnitude and direction of short circuit currents in power system are changing from time to time

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Thank You

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