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Referensi Pengukuran Eye Level
Referensi Pengukuran Eye Level
Advisory Circular
AC 172-03(0) MAY 2007
CONTENTS 1. REFERENCES
1. References 1 Civil Aviation Safety Regulations Part
172 – Air Traffic Service Providers.
2. Purpose 1
ICAO PANS-OPS (Doc 9426).
3. Status of this AC 1
4. Abbreviations 2
2. PURPOSE
5. Introduction 2 This Advisory Circular (AC) provides
6. Building Characteristics 2 guidance and information on the design of
Air Traffic Control towers.
7. Control Tower Cab Eye Level 3
8. Determination of Minimum Eye
3. STATUS OF THIS AC
Level 3
This is the first AC to be written on this
9. Detection of Commencement of subject.
Aircraft Take-off Run 5
10. Detection Criteria and Formula 5
11. Determination of Response Times
Relative to Runway Ends and
Existing or Proposed Tower Position 6
12. Site Approval 7
Advisory Circulars are intended to provide advice and guidance to illustrate a means, but not
necessarily the only means, of complying with the Regulations, or to explain certain regulatory
requirements by providing informative, interpretative and explanatory material.
Where an AC is referred to in a ‘Note’ below the regulation, the AC remains as guidance material.
ACs should always be read in conjunction with the referenced regulations.
4. ABBREVIATIONS
CASA Civil Aviation Safety Authority
CASR Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
5. INTRODUCTION
5.1 Control Tower Requirements
5.1.1 Introduction - The following Control Tower requirements should be read in
conjunction with ICAO Document 9426 (the ATS Planning Manual), CASR Part 172
(Air Traffic Service Providers), and the Manual of Standards (MOS) for Part 172
Chapter 3.
5.1.2 Siting Criteria - The control tower should be located at a site which:
(a) enables proper control cab orientation;
(b) is as close as practicable to the thresholds of all runways and/or strips. Where
certain directions are used more than others and/or where an ILS system exists, the
control tower should be located closer to those thresholds;
(c) minimises the adverse affects on the performance of existing or forecast
navigational aids; and
(d) enables clear lines of sight, unimpaired by direct or indirect external light sources
such as apron lights, car parking lights, surface traffic and street lights and
reflective surfaces.
5.1.3 Additional Siting Considerations - Siting and cab height at the tower location should
take into consideration factors such as:
(a) enhancement of visual resolution by ensuring that the air traffic controllers’ line-
of-sight is perpendicular or oblique, rather than parallel to the line established by
the aircraft and ground vehicle movement and where the line-of-sight intersects
the aerodrome ground surface at a vertical angle equal to or greater than 35
minutes of arc; and
(b) locating the control tower structure north of the main aerodrome control activity
area, so that the majority of observations by air traffic controllers are to the south.
If this is not possible, then the alternatives of siting the structure to the west, south
and east should be considered in that order. Siting that entails a view of the
runway approach in line with a rising or setting sun should be avoided.
6. BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS
6.1 The following characteristics should be incorporated in the building design of the
control tower:
(c) the design should provide for minimal glare and external noise;
(d) anti-glare blinds or other such devices should be provided;
(e) the consoles and displays should be positioned so as to take into account any
reflection or glare which is likely to affect operation of the equipment;
Example 1
Example 2
t= √ 3120 = 4 secs.
195
11.3 Similarly for tower position C and runway end A, the response time can be found to be
3 seconds.
Patrick Murray
Group General Manager
Air Transport Operations Group