ELECTRO-MOTION

DEVICES
Lecture 4- Magnetic Circuits
 Magnetism

Magnetic fields are an essential element in the conversion of mechanical

energy to electrical energy and vice versa

Sources of magnetic fields:

Permanent magnets Current carrying conductors

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 Unlike magnet poles
(a) Permanent Magnets Attract

Like magnet poles

Repulse

➢Magnetic lines of force that move from N to S

➢They form closed loops
2
 (b) Current Carrying Conductors

Direction can be determined

+ using the right hand grasp rule

3
 If this concept was extended to a multi-turn coil wound over
a non magnetic former; then magnetic field is produced
which is identical to that of a bar of magnet

4
 Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density

(a) Magnetic Flux (φ)

Total number of magnetic lines of force present in a magnetic field

Unit….. Weber (wb)

(b) Magnetic Flux Density (B)

It is a measure of the concentration of the magnetic flux per unit area (Tesla)

B = φ/A (wb/m2) or Tesla

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 Example (1)

The total magnetic flux at the pole face of a bar magnet is 3×10-4 wb, the bar Magnet is
rectangular and has a cross sectional area of 2 cm2. what is the Flux density within the
magnet?

Solution
B = φ/A = 3×10-4 / 2×10-4

= 1.5 Tesla (wb/m2)

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 (c) Magneto-motive Force (Fm)

In a magnetic circuit, a magnetic flux is created when a magneto-motive Force

(m.m.f ) acts on the circuit

Fm = N×I …… (AT)
N: number of turns I: Current flowing through coil (A)

(d) Reluctance (Rm)

φ
In a magnetic circuit Rm, is the opposition
offered by the magnetic circuit to the Rm Rm = Fm/φ …… (AT/wb)
Fm
establishment of the magnetic flux by the
m.m.f

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 (e) Permanence (Pm)

Permanence is defined as the ability of the magnetic circuit to permit the

establishment of a magnetic field
Pm = 1/Rm …… (wb/AT)

(it is more convenient to use Pm in making calculations in parallel magnetic circuits)

(f) Permeability (μ)

✓Permeability is a measure of the ease with which a magnetic field may be established
✓It could be given as the permanence per unit length and cross sectional area of a magnetic field

μ = Pm l /A = l/A Rm (wb / AT.m)

(l: length of magnetic circuit, A: cross sectional area of magnetic circuit, Rm: Reluctance)
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 Note the following

✓In electric circuits conductor materials are compared according to its Resistivity (δ),
R = δ l/A Ω
✓ In magnetic circuits conductor materials are compared by means of its permeability
μ = Pml/A wb/AT.m

✓Permeability of free space (μ0)= 4π×10-7 wb/AT.m

✓ For magnetic materials, permeability is given as follows:
μ = μ0 × μr
Where μr = 1 for air and non magnetic materials
= (500-2500) for iron and steel μr is unit less

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 (g) Magnetic field intensity (H)

It is the magneto-motive force per unit length

H = Fm/l (AT/m)
l: length of magnetic circuit

Note

As Rm = Fm /φ, then Pm = φ/Fm and since μ=Pml/A

Then μ = (φ×l) / (Fm×A) = B/H

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 Example (2)

What is the magnetic field intensity and the m.m.f. needed to produce a flux of 2×10-4
wb in a steel ring whose mean circumferential length is 100 cm and has a cross-
sectional area of 5 cm2, assume μr = 500

Solution
Given: φ=2×10-4 wb, l =1 m, A = 5×10-4 m2 and μr =500
Required: H and Fm

Fm = NI = φRm = φl/μA = φl/μ0 μr A = 2×10-4 ×1 / 500 ×4π ×10-7 ×5 ×10-4

= 636.62 AT

H = Fm/l= 636.62/1 = 636.62 AT/m

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 Magnetization Curves

Magnetic flux (φ) is produced by passing an electric current through a coil that Creates a m.m.f

To have an effective comparison between materials , they are compared in terms of unit
quantities (Flux density “B” and Magnetizing force “H”)

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 B-H Curve

Saturation
Upper
knee

Linear B-H, maximum

permeability

Lower knee

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 The B-H curve is divided into 4 regions:
➢ Lower Knee: indicates alignment of magnetic domain whose axes
are nearly parallel to the applied magnetic field
➢ Linear Part: movement of most domains into alignment with the
applied magnetic field (BαH , μ is constant and max.)
➢ Upper Knee: increasing magnetizing force that must be applied to
force the alignment of all domains with the applied
magnetic field (B is not proportional to H and μ is decreasing)
➢ Saturation: region where most domains have been aligned with the
external magnetic field

14 (no more increase of B and μ is approaching Zero)

 B-H Curves for different materials

1.Sheet steel
2.Silicon steel
3.Cast steel
4.Tungsten steel
5.Magnet steel
6.Cast iron
7.Nickel
8.Cobalt
9.Magnetite

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 Scaled B-H Curves for different materials

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 Variation of permeability with increasing flux density

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✓ A magnetic material is said to be fully
saturated when its permeability
becomes almost the same as that of free space
(H is so high)
✓ If “H” is lowered by decreasing the current in
the coil, B will not decrease
as rapid as it increased (the B-H curve will not
retrace itself), this
irreversibility is called Hysteresis (B lags H)
✓ when H is reduced to zero, residual flux
density Br will appear meaning that
the magnetic material has been magnetized

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 Hysteresis Curve

High Br: hard magnetic material

Low Br : Soft magnetic material
19 Residual flux density: ±Br
 Magnetic Circuits versus Electric Circuits

Magnetomotive Force “Fm” Electromotive Force “ E”

Flux “φ” Current “I”

Reluctance “Rm” Resistance “R”

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 Items Magnetic Circuit Electric Circuit

Driving Force m.m.f (Fm = NI = Hl) e.m.f (E)

Produces Flux (φ = Fm/Rm) Current (I=E/R)

Limited by Reluctance (Rm =l/μA) Resistance (R=δl/A)

Ampere’s circuital law

The algebraic sum of the magnetomotive force drops around a magnetic circuit

Is equal to the applied magnetomotive force

Fm = Fm1 + Fm2 + Fm3 +…......................... +Fmm = ∑ NI

= H1l1 + H2l2 + H3l3 +…………………. +Hmlm

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 Example(3)

A magnetic flux density of 0.2 wb/m2 is to be produced

in a toroid of cast steel, the mean diameter of the
toroid is 10 cm. Calculate the required current and the
relative permeability of cast steel if a coil of 1000 turns
is wound around the toroid

Solution
Fm = H×l = N×I, then I = H×l/N
l = π d = 3.14×0.1 = 0.314 m
From cast steel B-H curve, at B = 0.2 Tesla, H = 250 AT/m then:
I = (250×0.314/1000) = 0.0785 A
μ = μ0 μr = B/H = 0.2/250 = 0.0008,
then μr = 0.0008/4π×10-7 = 637
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 Example (4)

A magnetic flux density of 1.5 wb/m2 is to be produced

in a toroid of cast steel, the mean diameter of the toroid
is 10 cm. Calculate the required current and the relative
permeability of cast steel if a coil of 1000 turns is
wound around the toroid

Solution
Fm = H×l = N×I, then I = H×l/N
l = π d = 3.14×0.1 = 0.314 m
μr is not constant
From cast steel B-H curve, at B = 1.5 Tesla H = 4000 AT/m, then I
for one type of
= (4000×0.314/1000) = 1.26 A material
μ = μ0 μr = B/H = 1.5/4000 = 0.006, then μr = 0.006/4π×10-7= 298

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 Example (5)

Find the current needed to produce a flux of 1.5×10-4 wb in the shown magnetic circuit, the flux
path has a width of 15 cm and a length of 10 cm

Solution Sheet Steel

The given circuit could be

N =100
Simplified as follows:
Cast Steel
a b
1 cm
1.25 cm
I = Fm/N = H×l/N, then N I = Hab lab + Hbcda(lbc+lcd+lda)
B = φ/A = 1.5×10-4 / 1.25×10-4 = 1.2 Tesla
d C From curves Hsheet steel = 400 AT/m
lab = lcd = 0.15 m
Hcast steel = 1500 AT/m
lbc = lad = 0.1 m 100 I = 400×0.15 + 1500×(0.1+0.15+0.1)
24 Then I = 585/100 = 5.85 A
 Air Gaps and their effects

In many applications, magnetic flux must cross one or more air gaps

As the magnetic lines of force cross the air gap, they spread out because the
Individual lines repel each other. This spreading out is called Fringing
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 φ
Rm

Fm
Rg

In the analysis of magnetic circuits, the following is assumed:

➢ Neglect the fringing effect in the air gap region
➢The magnetic flux density is uniform within the magnetic material
➢ Magnetic flux is restricted to flow within the magnetic material with no
leakage
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 Example (6)

An electromagnet of square cross-section similar to the one

shown in figure has a tight wound coil of 1500 turns. The
inner and outer diameters are 10 and 12 cm respectively, the N=1500 1 cm
length of air gap is 1 cm. if the current in the coil is 4A and the
relative Permeability of the magnetic material is 1200,
Determine the flux density in the magnetic circuit
Solution
φ
Rm

Fm
Rg

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 Parallel magnetic circuits

a b c

f e d

Rab φ2 φ1 Rbc
Rfa Rcd
φT Rbe
+
Fm Ref Rde
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 Example (7)

a b c
In the following figure, calculate the coil current if the coil
has 50 turns to obtain a flux of 1×10-4 wb in the path
bcde, where the square cross section area is 4 cm2 and all N

portions are made of cast steel with 10 cm length each.

f e d

Solution
Lbc + Lcd + Lde = 30 cm = 0.3 m
As φbcde = 1×10-4 wb, then Bbcde = 1/4 =0.25T
From the B-H curve of cast steel, at B = 0.25 T, H is equal to 280 φ2 φ1
Rfa Rab Rbc Rcd
AT/m, thus Hbcde =280AT/m
φT
The m.m.f Fm = 280×0.3 = 84AT, and as for parallel branches Fm = + Rbe
84 AT then: Fm Rde
Ref
HbeLbe = 84, then Hbe = 84/0.1 = 840 AT/m

29 From B-H curve the corresponding Bbe = 0.97T

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