Design of Foundation

Foundation Engineering
7/4/2013
Design (Proportioning) of Shallow Foundation:
 Types
 Factors to be considered for depth of
foundation
 Spread footing design
Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 1

Introduction
A foundation is defined as that part of the structure that supports the

weight of the structure and transmits the load to underlying soil or rock.
Foundation engineering applies the knowledge of soil mechanics, rock
mechanics, geology, and structural engineering to the design and
construction of foundations for buildings and other structures.
Foundations : built for above-ground structures include

shallow and deep foundations.
Retaining structures: include earth-filled dams and retaining
walls. Earthworks include embankments, tunnels, dikes,
levees, channels, reservoirs, deposition of hazardous waste
and sanitary landfills.
2
Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk
•FOOTING DEPTH AND SPACING
Depth of Footings
Footings should be carried below:

1. The frost line
2. Zones of high volume change due to moisture fluctuations
3. Topsoil or organic material
4. Peat and muck
5. Unconsolidated material such as abandoned (or closed)
garbage dumps and similar filled-in areas.

•SPACING
(a) An approximation for the spacing of footings

Make m > zf.
4
(b) Possible settlement of "existing" footing because of loss of lateral
support of soil wedge beneath existing footing.

Potential settlement or instability from loss of overburden
pressure.
6
SHALLOW
FOUNDATION TYPES
Typical footings, (a) Single or spread footings; (b) stepped

footing; (c) sloped footing; (d) wall footing; (e) footing
with pedestal.
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10
11
SPREAD FOOTING DESIGN
 A footing carrying a single column is called a spread footing,
since its function is to "spread“ the column load laterally to the
soil so that the stress intensity is reduced to a value that the soil
can safely carry. These members are sometimes called single or
isolated footings.
Footings are designed to resist the full dead load delivered by
the column. The live load contribution may be either the full
amount for one- or two-story buildings or a reduced value as
allowed by the local building code for multistory structures.
The safety factor ranges from 2 to 5 for cohesionless materials
depending on density, effects of failure, and consultant caution,
while for cohesive soil it can be taken between 3-6 , in this case
,the max. value for the factor can be furnished when the
consolidation settlement might occur over a long period of
time.
12
Probable pressure distribution
beneath a rigid footing:
a) On a cohesionless soil;
b) generally for
cohesive soil;

(c) usual assumed linear
distribution.

Building Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08):
15.2.2 — Base area of footing or number
and arrangement of piles shall be
determined from unfactored forces and
moments transmitted by footing to soil or
piles and permissible soil pressure or
permissible pile capacity determined
through principles of soil mechanics.

The following procedure is specified for footing
design:
1. The footing size (plan dimensions) is to be determined

on the basis of unfactored (service) loads (dead, live,
wind, earthquake, etc.) and the allowable soil
pressure (15.2.2).
2. After having established the plan dimensions, the
depth of the footing and the required amount of
reinforcement are determined based on the
appropriate design requirements of the code (15.2.1).
The service pressures and the resulting shear and
moments are multiplied by the appropriate load factors
specified in (9.2) and are used to proportion the footing.
Strength design requires converting working design dead (D) and live
(L) loads to ultimate loads through the use of load factors as:
Art. 9.2.1 of ACI-318-08 code:
Required strength U shall be at least equal to
the effects of factored loads in Eq. (9-1) through (9-7).
The effect of one or more loads not acting simultaneously
shall be investigated.
U = 1.4(D + F ) (9-1)
U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R) (9-2)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W) (9-3)

U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) (9-4)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S (9-5)
U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H (9-6)
U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H (9-7)
17
D = dead loads, or related internal moments and forces,
E = load effects of earthquake, or related internal
moments and forces,
F = loads due to weight and pressures of fluids with well-
defined densities and controllable maximum heights, or
related internal moments and forces
H = loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in
soil, or other materials, or related internal moments and
forces,
L = live loads, or related internal moments and forces,
Lr = roof live load, or related internal moments and forces
R = rain load, or related internal moments and forces,
S = snow load, or related internal moments and forces,
T = cumulative effect of temperature, creep, shrinkage,
differential settlement, and
shrinkage-compensating concrete,
W = wind load, or related internal moments and forces
18
Moment Requirements
The ultimate concrete strength f′c in USD is reduced for workmanship
and other uncertainties
by use of () factors (Art 9.3) as follows:
Table: (S-1)
Concrete strain at ultimate stress is taken as 0.003 according to Art. 10.3.2, and the
yield strength fy of reinforcing steel is limited to 550 MPa (80 ksi) per Art. 9.4.
The most popular grade of reinforcing steel in current use has fy = 400 MPa
(Grade 400 or 60 ksi).
The maximum factored moment in an isolated footing is
determined by passing a vertical plane through the footing at the
critical sections shown in Fig (S-1).
Fig (S-1): Critical Location for Maximum Factored Moment in a

Spread(Isolated) Footing
20
15.4.3 — In one-way footings and two-way square footings, reinforcement
shall be distributed uniformly across entire width of footing.
15.4.4 — In two-way rectangular footings, reinforcement shall be distributed
in accordance with 15.4.4.1 and 15.4.4.2.
15.4.4.1 — Reinforcement in long direction shall be distributed
uniformly across entire width of footing.
15.4.4.2 — For reinforcement in short direction, a portion of the total
reinforcement, sAs, shall be distributed uniformly over a band width
(centered on centerline of column or pedestal) equal to the length of
short side of footing. Remainder of reinforcement required in short
direction,
(1 – s)As, shall be distributed uniformly outside center band width of
footing.
(15-1)
where β is ratio of long to short sides of footing.

21
Table S-2 Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement

23
the ratio at balanced design will be designated as pb. To ensure a
tensile failure rather than a sudden concrete compression failure pd is
taken as not over 0.75pb (Art. 10.3.3)
R10.3.3: The effect of this limitation is to restrict the reinforcement ratio in

nonprestressed beams to about the same ratio as in editions of the Code
before 2002. The reinforcement limit of 0.75ρb results in a net tensile strain in
extreme tension steel at nominal strength of 0.00376.

Footings for buildings seldom use f′c > 21 MPa (3 ksi); for bridge
footings f′c is not likely to exceed 30 MPa (4 ksi), so the factor 1
will, in nearly all cases, be 0.85.
TABLE S-2: Maximum allowable steel ratio d*
Note: ASTM 615M and 615 now define only two grades of rebars: Grade 300 (40 ksi)
and Grade 400 (60 ksi)
*Table ratios shown are 0.75 pb for ensuring a tensile rebar failure per ACI Art. 10.3.3.
!Values are slightly approximate for Fps units.

Shear Design
Shear often governs the design of spread footings. The ACI Code
allows shear to be computed as:
where Vu is the ultimate shear force (factored working loads) and bd is

the resisting shear area of width b and effective depth d to center of
tension steel. The nominal computed value of shear vu is compared with
the allowable values, which are wide-beam and two-way action
(Punching Action) shear vc defined on the following slides.
26
Shear strength of a footing supported on soil or
rock in the vicinity of the supported member
(column or wall) must be determined for the
more severe of the two conditions stated in
11.11. Both wide-beam action (11.11.1.1) and
two-way action (11.11.1.2) must be checked to
determine the required footing depth.
Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie;

27
halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk
One-way Shear (Long Shear)
28
Two-way Shear (Punching Shear)

In the design of a footing for two-way action, Vc is the smallest
value obtained from Eqs. (11-31), (11-32), and (11-33). Eq. (11-33)
established the upper limit of
Eq. (11-31) accounts for the effect of , which is the ratio of the
long side to the short side of the column, concentrated load, or
reaction area.
For footing design against shear stress it is designed without

stirrups i.e. without steel reinforcements bar
31
the shear strength equations may be summarized as follows:
32
33
Wall footing:
support walls that may be either bearing or nonbearing walls

34
 Wall Footings
–Wall footings are commonly required to support direct
concentric loads.
–An exception to this is the footing for a retaining wall.
–A wall footing may be of either plain or reinforced
concrete.
–Since it has bending in only one direction, it is generally
designated in much the same manner as a one-way slab,
by considering a typical 1 m -wide strip along the wall
length.
Footings carrying relatively light loads on well-drained
cohesive soil are often made of plain concrete.
A wall footing under concentric load behaves similarly to a
cantilever beam, where the cantilever extends out from the
wall and is loaded in an upward direction by the soil
pressure.
35
 Wall Footings (cont'd)
–The flexural tensile stresses that are induced in the

bottom of the footing are acceptable for an
unreinforced concrete footing provided that these
stresses do not exceed 544fc, .
–Section 22.5 of the ACI Code stipulates that the
average shear stress for one-way beam action in an
unreinforced concrete footing must not exceed
4/3(k/f,.
–These expressions apply only to normal-weight
concrete.

 Wall Footings (cont'd)
• In a reinforced concrete wall footing, the behavior is identical to

that just described.
• Reinforcing steel is placed in the bottom of the footing in a
direction perpendicular to the wall, however, thereby resisting the
induced flexural tension, similar to a reinforced concrete beam or
slab.
• In either case, the cantilever action is based on the maximum
bending moment occurring at the face of the wall if the footing
supports a concrete wall or at a point halfway between the
middle of the wall and the face of the wall, if the footing supports
a masonry wall.
• This difference is primarily because a masonry wall is somewhat
less rigid than a concrete wall.
• For each type of wall, the critical section for shear in the footing
may be taken at a distance from the face of the wall equal to the
effective depth of the footing.
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40
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Spread footings
is still the most popular foundation around the world because
they are more economical than piles, adding weight to them
does not affect any other member, and their performance has
been excellent.
The Design Procedure.
1. Determine the structural loads and member sizes at the foundation level;
2. Collect all the geotechnical data; set the proposed footings on the
geotechnical profile;
3. Determine the depth and location of all foundation elements;
4. Determine the bearing capacity;
5. Determine possible total and differential settlements; check effects at 2B
depths;
6. Select the concrete strength (and possibly the mix),
7. Select the steel grade;
8. Determine the required footing dimensions;
9. Determine the footing thickness, T (or D in some textbooks);
10. Determine the size, number and spacing of the reinforcing bars;
11. Design the connection between the superstructure and the foundation, and
12. Check uplift and stability against sliding and overturning of the structure-soil
54
system. Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk
Selection of materials.
Spread footings are usually designed to use 3 ksi < f'c < 4 ksi,
whereas modern structural members frequently use concrete
between the range of 4 ksi < f'c < 8 ksi. A higher concrete strength
helps reduction the member’s size. However, the footing’s design
is govern by the bearing capacity and settlement. That means that
the strength of the soil might be limiting factor, and a higher
concrete strength would not be relevant.
Where a footing must carry a load greater than 500 kips, an f'c =
5 ksi might be justified.
Since flexural stresses are usually small, a grade 40 steel would
usually be adequate. The most common grade used for
construction is Grade 60 steel, which is almost universally used in
the world today.
55
The typical details of a spread footing, as sketched for drafting.
The standard thicknesses T are given in English Units as
multiples of 3": 12", 15", 18"..., etc. A high precision in specifying
the depth of excavation Df is unnecessary. ACI code specifies
that at least 3 inches of concrete cover must be included from
ground contact, which takes into consideration irregularities in
the excavation and corrosion factors.
56
Design Criteria.
1) The qall and Q control the footing dimensions B x L

(footing area A);
2) The designer controls the depth Df (embedment of
the foundation);
3) Shear (v) controls the footing’s thickness T = d + 3” +
the diameter of rebars
a) Diagonal tension (punching shear) for square
footings, and
b) Wide beam shear for rectangular footings (that is,
when L / B > 1.2).
57
Design Steps.
Step 1. Compute the footing area via B x L,

for a square footing BxB = (Q / qall)
for a rectangular footing BxL = Q / qall
where Q is the critical load combination (not Qu).
Step 2. Find the soil reaction under ultimate structural loads to

check bearing capacity.
find the "ultimate" contact bearing, qo = Qu / BL
and check that qo ≤ qu
Step 3. Compute the shear in the concrete vc.

Case (a) for a square footing, check for diagonal
tension(punching shear),
vall =4 𝒇′𝒄 where = 0.85 for shear.
For example, for f'c = 3000 psi, vall = 186 psi
58
Case (b) for a rectangular footing, check for wide beam shear,
vall =2 𝒇′𝒄) where  = 0.85 for shear.
For example, for f'c = 3000 psi, vall = 93.1 psi
Step 4. Find the effective footing depth d.
(Note that use of d via this method eliminates the need to use steel
for shear, which is used only for flexure. Use the appropriate
equation from the Analysis Section.
Step 5. Compute the required area of steel As (each way) for
bending (flexure).
Bending moment /unit width M = q L2 / 2 (for a cantilever beam)
Mu = qult L2 / 2 =  As fy (d – a /2)
Check , so that the maximum allowed percentage of steel is not
exceeded.
Step 6. Compute bond length, column bearing, and the steel
area required for dowels.
Use as a minimum an As = 0.005 Acol (usually with 4 equal bars).
Step 7. Draft the above information into a complete drawing
showing all the details. 59
Example #1.
Design a rectangular footing to carry a moment induced by wind,

with the following data, DL = 800 kN, LL= 800 kN, M= 800 kN-m
and qall = 200 kN/m2 with FS = 1.5. Square columns with c =
500 mm, f'c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.
Step 1. Find the footing dimensions.
This time, perform a trial and error selection of B x L.

Set B x L = B2 and check the increase in the soil pressure due
to wind load.
B2 = Q / qall = 1600 kN / 200 kN/m2 = 8 /m2\ B = 2.82 m
e = M / Q = 800/1600 = 0.5
\L 6(0.5) = 3 m from (6e/L)
If L = 3 m try a footing 2.5 m x 4 m.
60
qavg = Q / A = 1600 kN / 10 m2 = 160 kPa
qmax = Q / BL [ 1 + 6e/L] = (1600 /10)[1 + 6(0.5)/4] = 280 kPa
Note that qmax exceeds qavg by 33% ,
\ increase size to 2.75 m x 4.5 m.
qavg = Q / A = 1600 / (2.75)(4.5) = 130 kPa
qmax = 130[1 + 6(0.5)] = 217 kPa < 200 x 1.33 = 266 kPa
Iterate one again and settle with B = 3 m and L = 5 m.

Step 2. Check the ultimate parameters (that is, the actual soil
pressure qo under Qu).
Pu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL = 1.4(800) + 1.7(800) = 2480 kN
Mu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL = 1.4(300) + 1.7(500) = 1270 kN-m
e = M / Pu = 1270 / 2480 = 0.152
qmax = (Pu / A){1 + 6e/L] = (2480/15)[1 + 6(0.152)/5] = 266 kPa <

qu = 300 kPa OK
qmin = (Pu /A)[1 - 6e/L] = 2480/15[1 - 6(0.152)/5] = 64.5 kPa
qavg = 2480 / 15 = 165 kPa < qall = 200 kPa OK

63
Step 3. Compute the allowable shear stress in the
concrete.
The diagonal (Punching) tension for f'c = 21 MPa, vc =

1.29 MPa
Step 4. Find the effective footing depth d. Using the

simplified equation,
4d2 + 2(b + c) d – BL qo / vc = 0
4d2 + 2(0.5m + 0.5m) d - (15)(165) / 1290 = 0
which yields d ~ 0.50 m

64
Now find the depth d for wide CL
beam,
from x = 0 to x = 2.25 – d
dv = q dx
V = q dx = (266 - 40.2x)dx
= {266x – (40.2)(x2)/2}
= 598 - 266d - 20.1(2.25 - d)2
Vc = vc /2d = 1290 / 2d
\ d = 0.60 m
\ use the highest, d = 0.60 m.
65
Step 5. Compute the required longitudinal flexural steel area As.
Check = As / bd = (0.00282)/(1)(0.6) = 0.0047 > 0.002 (minimum)

< 0.021 (maximum) OK

Step 6. Compute the required transverse flexural steel area As.
67
Combined Footings
2/5/2013
- Rectangular Footings.
- Trapezoidal Footings.
- Cantilever or Strap Footings

A combined footing
 is usually used to support two columns of unequal loads. In such a
case, the resultant of the applied loads would not coincide with the
centroid of the footing, and the consequent the soil pressure would
not be uniform.
 Another case where a combined footing is an efficient foundation
solution is when there are two interior columns which are so close
to each other that the two isolated footings stress zones in the soil
areas would overlap.
 The area of the combined footing may be proportioned for a uniform
settlement by making its centroid coincide with the resultant of the
column loads supported by the footing.
 There are many instances when the load to be carried by a column
and the soil bearing capacity are such that the standard spread
footing design will require an extension of the column foundation
beyond the property line. In such a case, two or more columns can
be supported on a single rectangular foundation. If the net allowable
soil pressure is known, the size of the foundation B x L can be
determined.
72
This photo shows an
example of combined
footings used in a heavy
industrial plant, where
the machinery
loads place very large
loads upon relatively
confined space.
The use of combined
footings helps spread
out the loads out to the
adjacent footings in
order to minimize
stresses in
the footings and reduce
the differential
settlement between
them.

74
A third case of a useful application of a combined footing is if one (or
several) columns are placed right at the property line. The footings for
those columns can not be centered around the columns. The consequent
eccentric load would generate a large moment in the footing. By tying the
exterior footing to an interior footing through a continuous footing, the
moment can be substantially reduced, and a more efficient design is
attained.
75
A combined footing will deform as shown in the sketch
below. The eccentric loading condition upon the left end, due
to the restrictions of a property line, will generate tensile
stresses on the top of the footing. These stresses mean that
a combined footing will require flexural reinforcement both
at the top and the bottom of the footing.

Design Steps
•Locate the point of application of the column loads on the footing.
•Proportion the footing such that the resultant of loads passes through the
center of footing.
•Compute the area of footing such that the allowable soil pressure is not
exceeded.
•Calculate the shear forces and bending moments at the salient points and
hence draw SFD and BMD.
•Fix the depth of footing from the maximum bending moment.
•Calculate the transverse bending moment and design the transverse
section for depth and reinforcement. Check for anchorage and shear.
•Check the footing for longitudinal shear and hence design the longitudinal
steel
•Design the reinforcement for the longitudinal moment and place them in
the appropriate positions.
•Check the development length for longitudinal steel
•Curtail the longitudinal bars for economy
•Draw and detail the reinforcement
•Prepare the bar bending schedule 77
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Cantilever or Strap Footings.
 A strap footing is used to connect an eccentrically
loaded column footing to an interior column.
 The strap is used to transmit the moment caused
from an eccentricity to the interior column footing
so that a uniform soil pressure is generated
beneath both footings.
 The strap footing may be used instead of a
rectangular or trapezoidal combined footing if the
distance between columns is large and / or the
allowable soil pressure is relatively large so that
the additional footing area is not needed.
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Design of Mat ( Raft) Foundation

Definition
 A mat foundation is primarily a shallow
foundation. In essence, it is an expanded
continuous footing and is usually
analyzed in the same way.
 Mat foundations are sometimes referred

to as raft foundations (especially in the
UK).
halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 103
Why we select Mat foundations?
 1. The area covered by the individual footings exceeds 50% of the

structural plan area. This is usually the case for buildings higher
than 10-stories, and/or on relatively weak soils where q < 150 kPa;
 2. The building requires a deep basement and below the phreatic

surface (WT). Basements may be required to build several levels of
parking, or to install mechanical systems, access to a subway
station, etc;
 3. The Engineer wishes to minimize the differential settlement in

variable soils, or if pockets of extremely weak soils are known to be
present;
 4. The Engineer wishes to take full advantage of the soil’s

increasing bearing capacity with depth by excavating basements,
and thereby seek a fully or a partially compensated foundation.
104
Problem Soils That May Necessitate
the Use of Mat Foundations.

 1. Compressible soils occur in highly organic soils including some
glacial deposits and certain flood plain areas. Highly plastic clays in
some glacial deposits and in coastal plains and offshore areas there
can be significant amounts of compressible soils. Problems involved are
excessive settlements, low bearing capacity, and low shear strength.
 2. Collapsing soils such as the settlement of loose sands and silts.

Densification occurs by the movement of grains to reduce the volume.
Typically includes shallow subsidence. May occur in sandy coastal plain
area, sandy glacial deposits, and alluvial deposits. In arid and Semi-
arid region.
 3. Expansive soils, containing swelling clays, mainly from the

Montmorillite/Smectite group, which increase in volume when
absorbing water and shrink when loosing it. Climate is closely related
to the severity of the problem. Semi-arid and semi-humid areas with
swelling clays are the most severe because the soil moisture active
zone has the greatest thickness under such conditions. Foundation 105
Types of Mat foundations
108
Types of Mat foundations

Compensated mat foundation
111
Analysis of Rigid Mats
 The analysis of a mat by assuming that it is rigid simplifies the soil
pressures to either a uniform condition or varying linearly. This is
attained by not permitting R (the resultant force) to fall outside the
kern of the mat. Hence, the corner stress is,
113
Analysis and Design Procedure for Rigid Mats
114
Analysis and Design Procedure for Rigid Mats
115
Example
Using the Independent
Strip Method, analyze
and design the 16.5 m
by 21.5 m mat shown
in the figure.

119
Solution
122
123
Solution


Design of Foundation

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Design of Foundation

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Foundation Engineering

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 1

A foundation is defined as that part of the structure that supports the

Foundations : built for above-ground structures include

Footings should be carried below:

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 3

(a) An approximation for the spacing of footings

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 5

Typical footings, (a) Single or spread footings; (b) stepped

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 13

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 14

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 15

1. The footing size (plan dimensions) is to be determined

U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W) (9-3)

Fig (S-1): Critical Location for Maximum Factored Moment in a

where β is ratio of long to short sides of footing.

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 22

R10.3.3: The effect of this limitation is to restrict the reinforcement ratio in

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 24

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 25

where Vu is the ultimate shear force (factored working loads) and bd is

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie;

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 29

For footing design against shear stress it is designed without

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie;

–The flexural tensile stresses that are induced in the

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 36

• In a reinforced concrete wall footing, the behavior is identical to

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk

1) The qall and Q control the footing dimensions B x L

Step 1. Compute the footing area via B x L,

Step 2. Find the soil reaction under ultimate structural loads to

Step 3. Compute the shear in the concrete vc.

Design a rectangular footing to carry a moment induced by wind,

Step 1. Find the footing dimensions.

This time, perform a trial and error selection of B x L.

qmax = Q / BL [ 1 + 6e/L] = (1600 /10)[1 + 6(0.5)/4] = 280 kPa

Note that qmax exceeds qavg by 33% ,

\ increase size to 2.75 m x 4.5 m.

qavg = Q / A = 1600 / (2.75)(4.5) = 130 kPa

Iterate one again and settle with B = 3 m and L = 5 m.

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 61

Pu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL = 1.4(800) + 1.7(800) = 2480 kN

Mu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL = 1.4(300) + 1.7(500) = 1270 kN-m

e = M / Pu = 1270 / 2480 = 0.152

qmax = (Pu / A){1 + 6e/L] = (2480/15)[1 + 6(0.152)/5] = 266 kPa <

qmin = (Pu /A)[1 - 6e/L] = 2480/15[1 - 6(0.152)/5] = 64.5 kPa

qavg = 2480 / 15 = 165 kPa < qall = 200 kPa OK

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 62

The diagonal (Punching) tension for f'c = 21 MPa, vc =

Step 4. Find the effective footing depth d. Using the

4d2 + 2(0.5m + 0.5m) d - (15)(165) / 1290 = 0

which yields d ~ 0.50 m

Check = As / bd = (0.00282)/(1)(0.6) = 0.0047 > 0.002 (minimum)

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 66

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 71

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 73

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 76

Design of Mat ( Raft) Foundation

Dr. Hussein M. Al.Khuzaie; halkhuzaie@yahoo.co.uk 102

 Mat foundations are sometimes referred

 1. The area covered by the individual footings exceeds 50% of the

 2. The building requires a deep basement and below the phreatic