Types of Strucutres: Chapter 1 - Structural Idealization & Support Reactions

Chapter 1 - Structural Idealization & Support Reactions
TYPES OF STRUCUTRES
Page 1-1
SUPPORTS
Pin or Hinge Support
A pin or hinge support is represented by the symbol
HB or HB
VB VB
Prevented: Horizontal translation and vertical translation

Allowed: Rotation
Roller Support
A roller support is represented by the symbol
or
VB VB
Prevented: Vertical translation

Allowed: Horizontal translation and Rotation
Page 1-2
Fixed Support
A fixed support is represented by the symbol
MB
HB
or HB V
VB MB B
Prevented: Horizontal translation, Vertical translation and

Rotation
Allowed: None
Page 1-3
EQUILIBRIUM OF STRUCTURES
A structure is considered to be in equilibrium if it remains at rest when
subjected to a system of forces and moments. If a structure is in equilibrium,
then all its members and parts are also in equilibrium.
For a structure to be in equilibrium, all the forces and moments (including

support reactions) acting on it must balance each other. For a plane
structure subjected to forces in its own plane, the conditions for equilibrium
can be expressed by the following equations of equilibrium:
 Fx  0,  Fy  0,  M z  0
The third equation above states that the sum of moments of all forces about
any point in the plane of the structure is zero.
Equations of Condition
Sometimes internal hinges are present within a structure. An internal hinge
cannot transmit moment. Therefore the bending moment at a hinge is zero.
The condition that the moment is zero at a hinge provides an additional
equation for analyzing the structure. Such equations are commonly called
equations of condition.
(a) (b)
(c)
Page 1-4
Determinate and Indeterminate Structures
A structure is externally determinate if the support reactions can all be

obtained by statics, i.e.
No. of Support Reactions = No. of Equations (incl. Equilibrium & Conditions)
A structure which is not determinate is called indeterminate.
Degree of Statical Indetermincy = No. of Support Reactions – No. of Equations
FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS
1. Free-body diagrams make use of the concept that if a whole structure is

in equilibrium, any part of it is also in equilibrium.
2. Free-body diagrams can be constructed for various parts of a structure,

and also for the entire structure.
3. When drawing a free-body, it is important to indicate on it all possible

forces acting in the given structure at the “cuts”.
4. Internal forces common to two free-bodies (on opposite sides of the

“cut”) should be denoted as equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction.
5. Free-body Diagrams are very useful in finding the support reactions and
determining the internal forces in structures. The use of free-body
diagram is an important tool in structural analysis and stress analysis.
Page 1-5
Original Structure P3
1
D
P1 P2 C
A 1
B
Free-body diagram of the P3

structure to the left of 1-1
MD
D H
P1 P2 D
C VD
HA A
VA B
Free-body diagrams of
the individual elements P3
MD
D H
P1 P2 D
C VD
VB
HA A B HB
V VB HB B
A
Note the equal but opposite directed representation of

the connecting forces at B.
Page 1-6
Original Structure Free-body Diagram

(A three-hinge arch) for the whole structure
P1 a b P2 P1 a b P2
B B
H H
A C A C
HA VA VC H
C
L L L L
VB
P1 a b P2
1 HB
Free-body Diagrams of
B HB B arch segments
V
1 B
H
A C
HA VA VC H
C
L L
P1 a
HB
V1
B Free-body Diagrams to
M V analyze internal forces
1 H1 B at section 1-1
H1
V1
HA A
VA
Page 1-7
Example 1
Beam ABCD has a pinned support at A and a roller support at C. It carries
two concentrated loads of 20 kN each and a uniformly distributed load of 4
kN/m over the right hand half as shown. Determine the reactions.
20 kN
20 kN
4 kN/m
A
B C D
3m 1.5m 1.5m 3m
Solution:
20 kN
20 kN
4 kN/m
A
B C D
HA
VA V
3m 1.5m 1.5m C 3m
X = 0, HA = 0
Take moment about A,

20*3 + 20*9 + 4*(4.5)*(4.5 + 4.5/2) – Vc*6 = 0
Vc = 60.25 kN
Y = 0, 20 + 20 + 4*4.5 = VA + VC
VA = -2.25 kN, (-ve sign indicates VA acts in opposite direction)
VA = 2.25 kN ()
Page 1-8
Example 2
Find the support reactions for the simple beam shown.
5 4
40 kN 50 kN 3
A D
B C
5m 2.5m 2.5m
Solution:
5 4
40 kN 40 kN
50 kN
3
A 30 kN
D
B C
HA
VA VD
5m 2.5m 2.5m
Resolve the 50 kN inclined external load into horizontal and vertical

components as shown.
X = 0, HA = 30 kN

40*5 + 40*7.5 – VD*10 = 0
VD = 50 kN
Y = 0, 40 + 40 = VA + VD
VA = 30 kN
Page 1-9
Example 3
Determine the truss reaction forces.
30 kN
30 kN
20 kN
5m
A B
5m 5m 5m 5m
Solution:
30 kN
30 kN
5m
20 kN
A B
HA
VA VB
5m 5m 5m 5m
X = 0, HA = 20 kN

30*10 + 30*15 – 20*2.5 – VB*20 = 0
VB = 35 kN
Y = 0, 30 + 30 = VA + VB
VA = 25 kN
Page 1-10
Example 4
Determine the support reactions for the frame shown.
5 4
20 kN 3
25 kN
C D
4m
10 kN
B
4m
A E
12 m
Page 1-11
Solution:
5 4
20 kN
20 kN 3
25 kN
15 kN
C D
4m
10 kN
B
4m
A E
HA
VA VE
12 m
Resolve the 25 kN inclined external load into horizontal and vertical

components as shown.
X = 0, HA + 10 = 15 kN
HA = 5 kN

10*4 + 20*12 – 15*8 – VE*12 = 0
VE = 13.3 kN
Y = 0, 20 + 20 = VA + VE
VA = 26.7 kN
Page 1-12
Example 5
Find the reactions for the cantilever beam shown.
6 kN 4 kN/m
4 kNm
A B
1.5m 1.5m 1.5m 1.5m
Solution:
6 kN 4 kN/m
MA 4 kNm
HA
A B
VA
1.5m 1.5m 1.5m 1.5m
X = 0, HA = 0 kN
Y = 0, 6 + 4*1.5/2 = VA
VA = 9 kN

6*1.5 + 4*(1.5/2)*(6 - 1.5*1/3) – 4 – MA = 0
MA = 21.5 kNm
Page 1-13
Example 6
Determine the support reactions for the frame shown.
8 kN/m
3 kN/m
B C
3 kN/m
A 12m
8m
Page 1-14
Solution:
5 kN/m
3 kN/m
3 kN/m
B C
3 kN/m
12m
A
HA MA
VA
8m
X = 0, HA = 3*12 kN = 36 kN
Y = 0, 3*8 + 5*8/2 = VA
VA = 44 kN

3*12*6 + 3*8*4 + 5*(8/2)*(8*2/3) – MA = 0
MA = 418.7 kNm
Page 1-15
Example 7
Determine the support reactions at the support A, D and F. Joints C and E

are internal hinges.
10 kN
4 kN/m
A D
B C E F
2.5m 2.5m 2m 2m 4m
Solution:
10 kN
4 kN/m
A D
MF
B F
HF
C E
VF
VA VD
2.5m 2.5m 2m 2m 4m
Page 1-16
Break the beam into three free-body diagrams, namely ABC, CDE and EF.
10 kN
VC V
HC E
A C D
B HC C E H
E
VA V VD
C
HE 4 kN/m
MF
H
E F F
V VF
E
Consider free-body diagram ABC,
X = 0, HC = 0 kN
By symmetry, VA = VC = 10/2 = 5 kN
Remember the internal forces at hinge C of ABC and CDE are equal and
opposite. This also applies to hinge E.
Consider free-body diagram CDE,
X = 0, HC = HE = 0 kN
Take moment about E,

VC*4 = VD*2
VD = 5*4/2 = 10 kN
Y = 0, VC + VE = VD, VE = 10 - 5 = 5 kN
Consider free-body diagram, EF.
Page 1-17
X = 0, HE = HF = 0 kN
Y = 0, VE + VF = 4*4, VF = 16 - 5 = 11 kN
Take moment about F,

VE*4 + MF – 4*4*2 = 0
MF = 4*4*2 – 5*4 = 12 kNm
Page 1-18
Example 8
Determine the support reactions at A, C, G and H. Joints D and F are

internal hinges.
150 kN
120 kN
5 4
3 10 kN/m
A C
H
B D E F G
5m 5m 2m 3m 3m 2m 6m
Solution:
Resolve the inclined external load into vertical and horizontal components.
120 kN
120 kN
90 kN 10 kN/m
A C
H
B D E F G
HA
VA VC VG VH
5m 5m 2m 3m 3m 2m 6m
Page 1-19
Break the beam into three free-body diagrams, namely ABCD, DEF and
FGH.
120 kN
90 kN
HD HF
VD D E F VF
120 kN
VD VF 10 kN/m
C HD
A HF H
H B D F G
A VA VC VG VH
Consider the free-body FGH first,

X = 0, HF = 0
Consider the free-body DEF,

By symmetry, VD = VF = 120/2 = 60 kN
X = 0, HD = HF +90 = 0 + 90 = 90 kN.
Consider the free-body ABCD,

X = 0, HA = HD , HA = 90 kN.

120*5 + 60*12 = VC*10, VC = 132 kN.
Y = 0, VA + VC = 120 + 60 , VA = 48 kN.
Consider the free-body FGH ,

Take moment about H,
60*8 + 10*8*4 = VG*6, VG = 133.3 kN.
Y = 0, VG + VH = 10*8 + 60 , VH = 6.7 kN.
Page 1-20
Tutorial 1 (Support Reactions)
Determine the support reactions for the following structures.
Q1.
10 kN
2 kN/m
A C
B D E
2m 2m 1m 3m
D is an internal hinge
Q2.
30 kN/m
1.6m
B 200 kN
B is an internal hinge C
10.4m
A D
12 m 6m 6m
Page 1-21
Q3.
2 kN
4 kN/m
A
B C
1m 3m 1m 2m
Q4.
250 kN
40 kN/m
D
A B C
3m 3m 6m
C is an internal hinge
Q5.
5 kN/m 5 kN/m
A B C D
2m 2m 2m
Page 1-22
Q6.
10 kN/m
30 kN
C D E
3m
B F
3m
A G
3m 3m
B, D & F are internal hinges
Q7.
40 kN/m
20 kN/m
B C D E F
D is an internal hinge
12 m
A G
3m 5m 5m 3m
Q8.
Page 1-23
2 kN/m
B C D
4m
6m
E
3 kN/m
A
3m 3m
Q9.
60 kN 30 kN
B C D E
6 kN/m
B & E are internal hinges

5m
F
A
3m 3m 3m
Page 1-24
Q10.
10 kN 20 kN
B 6 kNm
C D E
2 kN/m
4m
A F
2m 1m 1m
Page 1-25

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Chapter 1 - Structural Idealization & Support Reactions

Pin or Hinge Support

A pin or hinge support is represented by the symbol

Prevented: Horizontal translation and vertical translation

A roller support is represented by the symbol

Prevented: Vertical translation

A fixed support is represented by the symbol

Prevented: Horizontal translation, Vertical translation and

For a structure to be in equilibrium, all the forces and moments (including

Determinate and Indeterminate Structures

A structure is externally determinate if the support reactions can all be

No. of Support Reactions = No. of Equations (incl. Equilibrium & Conditions)

A structure which is not determinate is called indeterminate.

Degree of Statical Indetermincy = No. of Support Reactions – No. of Equations

1. Free-body diagrams make use of the concept that if a whole structure is

2. Free-body diagrams can be constructed for various parts of a structure,

3. When drawing a free-body, it is important to indicate on it all possible

4. Internal forces common to two free-bodies (on opposite sides of the

Free-body diagram of the P3

Note the equal but opposite directed representation of

Original Structure Free-body Diagram

Take moment about A,

Resolve the 50 kN inclined external load into horizontal and vertical

Take moment about A,

Take moment about A,

Determine the support reactions for the frame shown.

Resolve the 25 kN inclined external load into horizontal and vertical

Take moment about A,

Find the reactions for the cantilever beam shown.

Take moment about A,

Determine the support reactions for the frame shown.

Take moment about A,

Determine the support reactions at the support A, D and F. Joints C and E

Consider free-body diagram ABC,

Consider free-body diagram CDE,

Take moment about E,

Consider free-body diagram, EF.

Take moment about F,

Determine the support reactions at A, C, G and H. Joints D and F are

Consider the free-body FGH first,

Consider the free-body DEF,

Consider the free-body ABCD,

Take moment about A,

Y = 0, VA + VC = 120 + 60 , VA = 48 kN.

Consider the free-body FGH ,

Y = 0, VG + VH = 10*8 + 60 , VH = 6.7 kN.

Tutorial 1 (Support Reactions)

Determine the support reactions for the following structures.

B & E are internal hinges

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