0000 MS 1700 01 - 0

Project N° Unit Document Code Serial N° Rev.
Page
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GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION

FOR CONCRETE WORKS
1. GENERAL
The present document or drawing is property of TECHNIP and shall not, under any circumstances, be totally or partially, directly or undirectly, transferred, reproduced, copied, disclosed
This standard defines the requirements of plain and reinforced cement concrete (either
or used, without its prior written consent, for any purpose and in any way other than that for which it is specifically furnished or outside the extent of the agreed upon right of use.
cast-in-place or prefabricated) as far as quality of materials, proportioning, forming,

placing, compacting, jointing, curing, testing, anchor bolts, metal inserts,
levelling/anchoring mortars and fireproofing.
Works ruled by the present standard, but not limited to, are the following:
• shallow foundations and pile caps (for elevated structures, buildings, equipment,
shelters, pipe supports, small foundations, etc)
• elevated process structures and buildings
• basins and sanitary structures
• walls
• pits, drainage ditches and trenches
• bridges and box culverts
• paving
• sleepers and thrust blocks
• fire proofing
Scope of work, supply conditions, specific Subcontract terms, additional requirements

and provisions shall be specified in the Special Technical Specification MS to be
released for the Project Subcontract.
Unless otherwise specified in the project civil work subcontract, parties of the present
standard here after designated as Field Management and Main Contractor are
intended being respectively TECHNIP Field Management and TECHNIP.
2. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
The following documents have to be considered as an integral part of this standard as

well as their addenda, updating and references:
2.1. Specifications
0000 JSD 1700.01 GENERAL DESIGN RULES FOR FOUNDATIONS AND

STRUCTURES
0000 JSD 1440.01 GENERAL DESIGN RULES FOR EARTHWORKS,

ROADS AND FENCING
2.2. Construction Standards
0000 STC 1700.01 to .10 REINFORCED CONCRETE WORKS

Project N° Unit Document Code Serial N° Rev. Page
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2.3. Conformance to ACI

Concrete works shall conform to requirements of Specifications for Structural Concrete

for Buildings, ACI 301, American Concrete Institute (ACI),
A minimum of one copy of the Field Reference Manual, ACI Publication SP-15 (89)
containing ACI 301, shall be in the project field office at all times.
2.4. Codes, Industry Standards and Specifications
2.4.1. Design
Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, ACI 318, American Concrete
Institute (ACI).
2.4.2. Detailing, fabricating and placing reinforcing steel
ACI Detailing Manual (94) ACI SP-66.
2.4.3. Mixing and placing concrete
ACI 117: Standard Specifications for Tolerances for Concrete Construction

and Materials
ACI 207.1R: Mass Concrete
ACI 211.1: Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal,
Heavyweights, and Mass Concrete
ACI 223: Standard Practice for the Use of Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete
ACI 301: Specifications for Structural Concrete for Buildings
ACI 302.1R: Guide for Concrete floor and slab constructions
ACI 304R: Guide for Measuring, mixing, transporting, and placing concrete
ACI 304.2R: Placing concrete by pumping methods
ACI 305R: Hot weather concreting
ACI 306R: Cold weather concreting
ACI 308: Standard practice for curing concrete
ACI 309R: Guide for Consolidation of Concrete
ACI 315: Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcement
ACI 350: Standard Engineering Practice for Environmental Structures
ACI 439.3R: Mechanical Connections of Reinforcing Bars
ACI 504R: Guide to Sealing Joints in Concrete Structures
ACI 506.2: Specification for Shotcrete
2.4.4. Forms and details of construction
ACI 347R: Recommended Practice for Concrete Formwork

Chapter 6 titled Formwork, Embedded Pipes, and Construction Joints of ACI 318
2.4.5. Material and Testing Standards

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• Material Standards:
- ASTM A 36/A 36M Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel

- ASTM A 82 Steel Wire, Plain, for concrete reinforcement
- ASTM A 184 Fabricated deformed steel bar mats for concrete

reinforcement
- ASTM A 185 Steel welded wire fabric, plain, for concrete
reinforcement
- ASTM A 497 Steel welded wire fabric, deformed for concrete
reinforcement
- ASTM A 615 Deformed and plain billet-steel bars for concrete
reinforcement
- ASTM C 33 Concrete aggregates
- ASTM C 94 Ready - mixed concrete
- ASTM C 150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement
- ASTM C 171 Specification for sheet materials for curing concrete
- ASTM C 260 Air-entraining admixtures for concrete
- ASTM C 309 Liquid membrane-forming compounds for curing
concrete
- ASTM C 494 Chemical admixtures for concrete.
- ASTM C 685 Concrete made by volumetric batching and
continuous mixing.
- ASTM C 920 Elastomeric joint sealants.
- ASTM C 1017 Specification for chemical admixtures for use in
flowing concrete
- ASTM C 1107 Packaged dry, hydraulic-cement grout (non-shrink).
- ASTM D 450 Coal-tar pitch used in roofing, damp proofing, and
waterproofing.
- ASTM D 994 Specification for preformed expansion joint filler for
concrete (bituminous type)
- ASTM D 1751 Preformed expansion joint fillers for concrete paving
and structural construction (non-extruding and
resilient bituminous types).
- ASTM D 1752 Performed sponge rubber and cork expansion joint
fillers for concrete paving and structural
construction.
• Testing Standards:
- ASTM C 29 Test method for unit weight and voids in aggregates
- ASTM C 31 Making and curing concrete test specimens in the
field
- ASTM C 39 Test method for compressive strength of Cylindrical
concrete specimens
- ASTM C 40 Standard test method for organic impurities in fine
aggregates for concrete
- ASTM C 42 Obtaining and testing drilled cores and sawed
beams of concrete
- ASTM C 78 Test method for flexural strength of concrete (Using
Simple Beam with Third-Point loading)
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- ASTM C 109 Test method for compressive strength of hydraulic

cement mortar (using 2-in. or 50-mm cube

specimens)
- ASTM C 138 Unit weight, yield, and air content (gravimetric) of

concrete
- ASTM C 143 Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic
Cement Concrete.
- ASTM C 172 Standard Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed
Concrete.
- ASTM C 173 Test Method for air content of freshly mixed
concrete by the Volumetric method.
- ASTM C 188 Test method for density of hydraulic cement
- ASTM C 192 Making and curing concrete test specimens in the
laboratory.
- ASTM C 227 Test method for potential alkali reactivity of cement
– aggregate combinations (mortar bar method)
- ASTM C 231 Test method for air content of freshly mixed
concrete by the pressure method
- ASTM C 232 Test method for bleeding of concrete
- ASTM C 289 Test method for potential alkali silica reactivity of
aggregates (chemical method)
- ASTM C 827 Test method for early volume change or
cementitious mixtures.
- ASTM C 1064 Standard test method for temperature of freshly
mixed Portland cement concrete
- ASTM C 1077 Standard practice for laboratories testing concrete
and concrete aggregates for use in construction
and criteria for laboratory evaluation
- ASTM C 1078 Standard test methods for determining the cement
content of freshly mixed concrete
- ASTM C 1079 Standard test methods for determining the water
content of freshly mixed concrete
- ASTM C 1260 Test method for potential alkali reactivity of cement
– aggregate combinations (mortar bar method)
- ASTM D 75 Standard practice for sampling aggregates
- ASTM D 512 Standard test method for chloride ion in water
- ASTM D 516 Standard test method for sulphate ion in water
- ASTM D 1293 Standard test methods for pH of water
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3. MATERIALS
All materials, workmanship and testing shall be in accordance with the following
paragraphs. The Subcontractor shall arrange materials and equipment supply.
The following paragraphs shall be used as guidelines. According to the actual work
conditions (e.g. concrete production inside or outside site battery limits) the
Subcontractor shall supervise to ensure that the provisions set forth are followed
during work execution.
Deviations to the quality of materials and their handling as specified in this document
shall be submitted to Main Contractor approval.
3.1. Reinforcement
3.1.1. General
Unless otherwise required by design drawings, concrete reinforcing steel shall be as

follows.
All reinforcement shall be non coated deformed bars of high yield strength conforming
to the requirements of ASTM A 615 Grade 60 (= 413 MPa)
Welded plain wire fabric used for concrete reinforcement shall conform to the
fabrication and quality requirements of ASTM A 185 with yield strength, fy, equal to
65.0 ksi = 448 MPa. Welded deformed wire fabric shall conform to ASTM A 497 with fy
= 72.5 ksi = 500 MPa.
Reinforcement shall be stored on clean areas. Different diameters and grades shall be
separated from each other. Reinforcement shall be protected from any kind of
contamination by matters having detrimental effects on concrete or reinforcement,
The Subcontractor shall provide copies of the manufacturer's certificates of test results
for each batch of reinforcement steel ordered and supplied to the site, Each batch held
at the site shall be identified and traceable to such certificates.
Reinforcing spacers shall be concrete when used to insure the correct spacing of the
reinforcing to the outside edge of the structural designed section. Concrete spacers
shall be made from the same mix as the surrounding concrete.
All concrete block spacers shall be wet cured for 10 days and kept clean prior to
installation in concrete structure. Embedded surfaces of concrete block spacers shall
be prepared as for a construction joint by exposing the aggregate to provide a round
key to the surrounding concrete.
The mix shall be adapted with aggregates jutting the small size of its spaces.
Reinforcing shall be stored under cover on timber over concrete or steel crib support
suitably spaced and of sufficient height to keep the steel above ground level.
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Reinforcement shall be protected from all aggressive elements, including chlorides and
moisture by covering with suitable protection material. It shall be neatly separated in

sizes and clearly marked with its diameter.
Unless otherwise specified in Civil Works Subcontract documents, bar bending

schedules shall be provided by Civil Work Subcontractor in accordance ACI 315,
Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcement.
3.1.2. Testing
MATERIAL AND TEST METHOD TEST FREQUENCY

REQUIREMENT
REINFORCEMENT
Standard physical and Standards : Receipt and review of Manufacturer's Test
chemical properties of ASTM A 615, Certificates for each delivery of rebar or fabric
reinforcing bars and ASTM A 185 to Site.
steel fabric ASTM A 497
Mechanical testing Methods as Specified in the One test for (a) Tensile Strength / Elongation
relevant ASTM Standard and (b) Bend/Rebend on each 500 Tons of
each diameter of rebar.
Chemical testing Methods as Specified in the One test for (a) Carbon, Phosphorous and
relevant ASTM Standard Sulfur per 500 Tons of each diameter of rebar
and (b) Carbon Equivalent per 100 Tons of
each diameter of rebar for all rebar to be
welded on site.
3.2. Cement
3.2.1. General
Cement shall be selected with consideration for durability and low permeability.
Unless noted otherwise, Normal Portland cement Type I according to ASTM C 150
shall be used for all concrete works. Minimum content of cement for structural concrete
shall be 350 kg/m3.
The use of sulphate resisting cement (Type V according to ASTM C 150), if required
by Soil Report or in case that climatic or operating conditions require concrete
protection against chemicals (namely concrete in contact with sulphates, chloride etc.
and retention basins without protecting lining), shall be ruled by specific design
provisions.
Heat of hydration shall be as low as possible in order to limit differential temperature

stresses and thermal cracking.
The Subcontractor shall supply the Main Contractor at the time of delivery to the site of
production, cement manufacturer's test certificates demonstrating compliance with
ASTM C 150.
Cement which has been stored for a significant amount of time shall, as may be
deemed necessary by Main Contractor, be tested to determine if its quality is still in
accordance with this specification.
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Cement manufactured more than 6 months before concrete production shall not be
used.
The cement shall be delivered to the site of production in bulk, or in sound properly
sealed and marked bags. While being loaded or unloaded and during transit to the
concrete mixers, whether conveyed in vehicles or mechanical means, it shall be
efficiently protected from the weather by fully enclosed transfer systems or in the case
of bagged cement by tarpaulins or other effective covering. Approved precautions
must be taken during unloading or ensure that the resulting dust does not constitute a
nuisance.
Subcontractor shall supervise that supply of sufficient quantity of cement is available

such that the continuity of work is maintained.
If the cement is delivered in bags, they shall be stored to provide waterproof and well-
ventilated sheds having a floor or wooden slats, raised above the ground. The sheds
shall be large enough to store sufficient cement to ensure continuity of work and to
enable the checking of the suitability of the cement before use. Each consignment
must be stored separately therein to permit easy access for inspection, testing and
approval. On delivery at the site of production, the cement is at once to be placed in
these sheds and shall be used in strict order of receipt, first in, first out.
Any damaged bag of cement will be rejected. It must not contain lumps that cannot be
crushed between fingers. Any cement with incipient setting or traces of humidity shall
be rejected.
If cement is delivered in bulk, it shall be stored in weatherproofed silos. If more than

one silo is in use, bulk cement shall be used in the order that it is received with.
Different types of cement shall be stored in separate silos and each storage area shall
be clearly identified.
Should any load or delivery be rejected, it is the Subcontractor's responsibility to

ensure that the load is moved away from the site of production.
No cement shall be used in the works until the Main Contractor has approved the
source of supply. The supplier - with minimum of two years production, shall not then
be changed unless further approval from Main Contractor is obtained. Subcontractor
shall check that certificates of cement tests for any shipment of cement directly from
the cement manufacturer are provided.
Cement shall be controlled at site of production (at Subcontractor care and cost) by
means of several tests. These tests shall include:
Systematic sampling at delivery for possible tier tests.

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The test performed regularly by the supplier in its own laboratory. Test reports shall be
made available with the concerned cement.

Tests performed in the laboratory shall be as follows.
3.2.2. Testing
Test to be performed Frequency

- Mechanical tests Every cement delivery or every 3
- Setting time months minimum, whichever is more
- Hydration heat frequent.
- Fineness
- Shrinkage Every cement delivery or every 6
months minimum, whichever is more
frequent.
- Chemical analysis
Note: Main Contractor reserves the right to inspect, test and sample at the source or
at the batch plant all cement that will be used in the project.
3.3. Aggregates
3.3.1. General
Fine and coarse aggregates for normal weight concrete shall conform to ASTM C 33.
Limit of deleterious substances for fine aggregate as per Table 1 of ASTM C 33 shall
be 3 percent for material finer than No. 200 sieve and 0.5 percent for coal and lignite.
When gradation for aggregate needs to be suitable for pumping; 15 to 30 percent shall
pass the No. 50 sieve and 5 to 10 percent shall pass the 100 sieve.
Fine and coarse aggregates from different sources of supply shall not be mixed or
stored in same stockpile. All aggregates used for the same structure shall be obtained
from one source.
All properties of fine and coarse aggregates shall be in accordance with the comments
of Table 1.
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TABLE 1 - LIMITS AND STANDARDS FOR NORMAL WEIGHT AGGREGATES

Property Method of Test & Standards Maximum Limit (% by
weight)
Clay, Silt and Dust Wet Sieving through 75 m sieve Coarse Aggregates 3%
Fine Aggregates 5%
Clay Lumps and ASTM C 142, ASTM C 33 Coarse Aggregate 1%
friable particles Fine Aggregate 1%
Organic Impurities ASTM C87, C 191 and C 266 Setting Time (ASTM C 403) 30 min
Comparative test on mortar cubes should not differ more than
with the subject sample aggregate Compressive Strength
and cubes with washed aggregate should not differ more than 10%
-
Chlorides as Cl Analysis following acid extraction Coarse Aggregate 0.03%
Fine Aggregate 0.06%
Sulphates as SO3 Analysis following acid extraction Coarse Aggregate 0.4%
Fine Aggregate 0.4%
Chemical method ASTM C 289 Innocuous
Alkali Reactivity ASTM C 1260 Less than 0.10%
Accelerated mortar bar test
Cement - ASTM C 227 6 month expansion 0.1%
Aggregate Note : If the result of ASTM C 289 is maximum
Combination potentially deleterious or the ASTM
C 1260 is > 0.10 %, then this test is
to be carried out.
Relative density Weighing in air and in water Mid range of 2.5 and 2.8
(S.S.D)
Water absorption Weighing dry and saturated Coarse 2%
(ASTM C 127) Fine 2%
Soundness Sulphate resistance (ASTM C 88) Loss after 5 cycles in
sulphate solution with 15%
MgSO4 10%
Na3SO4 10 %
3.3.2. Storage
Storage shall prevent contamination of the aggregates by foreign material.
Aggregates delivered to the batch plant shall be stored on a clean, permanent

concrete hard standing laid to a fall for drainage.
The different sizes of aggregates shall be separated form each other in bins or
compartments with rigid dividing walls extending high enough to prevent different
aggregates being mixed.
Sufficient quantities of each type of aggregate shall be maintained to be sufficient to

ensure continuity of work.
If stockpiles are cooled with water, it shall be fresh and clean and of mixing quality.
Water that has been used for washing aggregates shall not be reused in the making or
curing of concrete.
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If aggregate are wet and covered with fines or dust, they shall be washed with mixing
quality water or removed and replaced by clean material.

3.4. Water
Water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of oils,
acids, alkalis, organic materials or impurities that may be deleterious to concrete or
steel.
The following limits shall apply:
Form of contamination Max recommended concentration

(ppm) %
Dissolved solids excluding those listed below : 2000 0.20
Sulphates, alkalis carbonates or bicarbonates 500 0.05
Chlorides 350 0.05
Suspended solids 2000 0.20
Water shall have a pH value between 7 and 9.
Test for water used in making concrete shall be made by the testing laboratory
whenever a delivery to the reservoir (tank) located at the concrete batch plant is made.
The test needed to control water or ice quality shall be performed when doing the trial
mixes and every two weeks in concrete production phase.
Suitable means shall be provided to ensure that the temperature of the concrete when
deposited does not exceed 30 degrees C
Sea water shall not be used in any concrete related work or mixed with approved
potable water designated for the making of concrete.
3.5. Admixtures
Admixtures such as air entraining agents, hardeners, plasticizers and waterproofing

agents may be used only after obtaining specific approval from the Main Contractor.
Test certificates shall be provided by manufacturer for every batch of shipment.
Admixtures shall be in conformity, with ASTM C 494, C 1017
Admixtures/additives may be used in mix design to improve the workability, reduce

segregation, reduce the initial setting time, maintain the water/cement ratio, improve
durability and improve other long term characteristics of the hardened concrete.
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Admixtures/Additives shall adhere to the following requirements:

• Be compatible with the type of cement used

• Have no adverse effect on the durability, shrinkage and water tightness

properties of finished concrete.
• Contain less than 0.05% chlorides
The Subcontractor shall provide the Main Contractor the following Manufacturer data
for proper use of admixtures on mix design such as :
• The long and short term effects of the admixture on the hardened concrete.
• The effects of under and over dosage
• The addition of or effect on entrained air content and other admixtures used in
the concrete.
• Safety precautions in handling and shelf life for storage
• Water content of admixture
• Content of chlorides or other agents that may cause corrosion.
• Special instructions such as agitation of admixture prior to adding into concrete
mix, time for adding into mix, etc.
3.5.1. Retarding Admixtures
Retarding and water reducing admixtures used to reduce the initial setting time or to
maintain the water/cement ratio shall meet the requirements of ASTM C 494 A, B and
D. These proposed admixtures shall not affect the strength of the concrete. The
Subcontractor shall take into account that adequate curing and protection will be
required.
3.5.2. Plasticizer Admixtures (Accelerating, Workability...)
Chemical admixtures such as naphthalene sulphonate superplasticizing admixtures or

hydroxy-carboxylic acid based plasticizers may be used to increase the workability or
reduce the water/cement ratio. They shall comply with the requirements of ASTM
C 494 F&G.
3.5.3. Super-Plasticizer Admixtures (High Range Water Reducing Agent - HRWRA)
High Range Water Reducing Agents (HRWRA) chemical admixtures used for the
purpose of producing flowing concrete shall comply with the requirements of ASTM C
1017.
3.5.4. Expansion joints
Joint filler shall be premolded asphalt impregnated fiberboard per ASTM D 994, or
premolded non-extruding type material per ASTM D1751.
Joint sealer for paving and other horizontal applications shall be elastic type material
conforming to ASTM C920 Grade P, Class 25, Use T. Primer to be applied as
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recommended by the Manufacturer. Sealer and primer, shall be installed in strict

accordance with the "Manufacturer‘s instructions".

Joint sealer for vertical of overhead joints shall be elastic type material conforming to
ASTM C 920 Grade NS, Class 25, Use NT. Primer to be applied as recommended by
the Manufacturer. Sealer and primer, shall be installed in strict accordance with the
“Manufacturer’s instructions”.
3.6. Forms
Materials for forms shall be in accordance with ACI 301, ACI 318 and ACI 347. As a
general rule, the following minimum requirements shall be respected.
Form faces shall be made of marine plywood, steel or GRP. Plywood materials shall
be new when brought to the construction site and shall be properly coated, protected
and maintained throughout their use. Materials that are damaged, cracked, weathered,
or otherwise unsuited for producing smooth, uniformly textured-formed surfaces shall
be rejected.
For all foundations concrete, formworks shall have smooth finished surfaces.
The internal side of forms shall be coated with mould oil or other material (approved by
Main Contractor) in order to prevent adhesion of concrete. Such release-promoting
agent shall be applied prior to rebar and insert setting and mounting.
External corners of above grade concrete shall be formed with 25 mm (1”) chamfer;
All concrete exposed to view shall be cast in plywood or steel forms. Wood planks are
not allowed.
Internal form ties shall be permanently embedded metal non cavity type and shall have
removable ends. Outer ends of the permanently embedded portions of form ties shall
be at least 75 mm from adjacent outer concrete faces.
Requirement for insulated formwork to control concrete temperature differentials in

thick sections shall be investigated by Subcontractor.
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3.7. Embedded Parts

3.7.1. Metal Inserts (steel plates, pipes and steel profiles)

Metal inserts within concrete works shown on construction drawings shall be furnished
and installed in accordance with ACI 301.
Material for steel plates and steel shapes for insert shall be A 36 according to ASTM,
or equivalent European, with minimum yield strength fy = 235 N/mm².
Material for anchor bolts shall conform to:
• ASTM A 307 Grade A for bolts

• ASTM A 563 Grade A for nuts
• ASTM F 436 Circular type for washers
• ANSI B 1.1 2B Coarse for threading
As a general rule all steel embedded items (equipment sliding plate and anchor bolts
excluded) shall be primed and painted before installation and in conformance with
project coating specifications.
3.7.2. Waterstops
Unless otherwise indicated on design drawings, embedded waterstops for construction

and expansion joints shall be of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Splices shall be done by hot
welding and as recommended by manufacturer.
Bentonite strip waterstops can be used in case of liquids free from hydrocarbon.
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4. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

4.1. Grades of Concrete

Grade of concrete shall be of the characteristic strength at 28 days as shown in table

here below:
TABLE 1
Grade f’c Maximum Minimum Cement
N/mm² Application Free Water/ Content
(1)(2) Cement kg/m3
Ratio
15 Lean concrete 0.50 250
18 Duct banks, thrust blocks, 0.45 300
fireproofing
25 Cast-in-situ piles, foundation 0,40 350
concrete, elevation concrete
(cast-in-situ), paving.
30 Prefabricated concrete, basins 0,40 350
and water retaining structures.
35 Prefabricated piles 0,40 370
Notes:
(1)All concrete mixes to be designed for pumping.
(2)Grade is included only to provide a strength basis for design. It is not intended to
identify durability levels.
Grade 15 and 18 shall have a maximum aggregate size of 10 mm. Other grades shall
have a maximum aggregate size of 20 mm.
4.2. Concrete Characteristics
The characteristic compression strengths are those corresponding to the Concrete

grades given in table 1 here above.
The actual compression strengths to be obtained during the various tests (trial mixes.
Production,…) shall take into account the standard deviations as defined in the
applicable codes and the differences measured between the actual characteristics of
the cement used for the concrete and minimum values guaranteed by the supplier.
Concrete plasticity (slump) shall be compatible with:
• The water/cement ratio shall be continuously checked at the mixer allowing for
any water contained in the aggregates.
• The water/cement ratio shall be also checked by tests made on the fresh
concrete at the time of placement and by slump tests as described here below.
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• The addition of water to the fresh concrete between the mixer location and the
location for final placement shall not be permitted.

RECOMMENDED SLUMPS
Slump in inches (mm) *

Types of Construction Working Maximum
(rejection)
Exposed Roof Slabs 3 (75) 4 (100)
Water Retaining Structures 3 (75) 4 (100)
Columns, Beams, Foundations, Reinforced 4 (100) 5 (125)
Walls, and Grade Slabs
* To be confirmed during trial mixes.
Durability of concrete is obtained by a good impermeability. When designing the

concrete mixes and during the trial mixes, the Subcontractor shall:
• minimize the risk of thermal or plastic cracking (maximum cement content, use of
cement with low hydration heat),
• minimize the water/cement ratio.
• establish the maximum cement content and the appropriate amount of cement
with low heat of hydration to minimize the risk of thermal or plastic cracking.
• establish proportions for obtaining a dense, impermeable concrete to resist the
ingress of damaging salts and produce durable concrete having appropriate
workability for the expected use, placement, compaction and temperatures.
The final characteristics to achieve are given in the following table:
TABLE 2
Tests Allowable limits Remarks
Compression strength See preceding table 1
Bleeding (ASTM C 232) < 0.5 %
Air content (ASTM C 172) (1) <1% For air entrained concrete
< 2% For concrete with other admixture
Chloride content < 0.1 % (by weight of
cement)
Sulphate content < 4.0 % (by weight of
cement)
(1) ASTM C 231 - Field Tests, ASTM C 138 - Lab Tests
The concrete mix, including any admixture used, shall be designed to have an initial
setting time of not less than 3 hours and not more than 12 hours.
Initial set shall be deemed to have occurred when the concrete has started to become
stiff, has lost its workability and cannot be fully compacted around the reinforcement.
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4.3. Trial Mixes

4.3.1. Laboratory Trials

After the basic material for concrete are approved by the MAIN CONTRACTOR, the
SUBCONTRACTOR shall carry out preliminary laboratory test to determine the mixes
using the approved materials to satisfy the requirements of this specification.
• Trial mixes shall be tested to determine the following properties for initial field
tests.
• Durability parameters at trial mix stage to be in accordance with this
specification.
• Bleeding in accordance with ASTM C 232.
• Free water/cement ratio in accordance with ASTM C 1078 and C 1079 by
calculation from the water content and cement content actually used in the trial
mixes.
• Workability in accordance with ASTM C 143.
• Admixtures, super plasticiser or retarding super plasticiser with ASTM C 494.
If the values obtained are unacceptable, the mix shall be redesigned until satisfactory
results are obtained.
Curing of the samples shall be :
• One half of each number to be fully water cured for 28 days in accordance with
the Standard Test Method.
• The other half of each number to be water cured for 14 days and then exposed
to the external environment until tested, so as to replicate site conditions.
4.4. Field Trials
Field trial mixes shall be prepared and cured under full-scale site conditions and using
the batch plant and materials provided for the project and tested in accordance with
this specification and applicable codes.
Field trial mixes are to be performed early enough to obtain 28 days durability test.
Field trial mixes shall be tested to determine the proper mix and proportions selected
from the results of the laboratory trials. The following characteristics shall be
considered for this selection:
• the requirements of above table 2 of paragraph 4.2.5

• free water/cement ratio (by measuring water content on fresh concrete),
• workability (ASTM C 143)
• density (ASTM C 642)
• durability of workability (for duration of 90 minutes)
• measurement of temperature of fresh concrete for a duration of 90 minutes.
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The batching plant shall be gauged during the field trial mixes.
The optimum mixing duration shall be also determined during these filed trial mixes.
Trial mixes shall be prepared for all grades of reinforced concrete and prestressed
concrete to be incorporated in the works before any structural concrete is placed.
Each trial shall be carried out using the same materials, type of plant and equipment
as will be used in the Works.
The sampling and testing of the preliminary test samples shall be carried out in
accordance with requirements of applicable codes.
Making and curing of test specimens shall be in accordance with ASTM C 31.
The tests shall comply with the following:
• Strength
- Not more than 5% of the test results may fall below the 28 day specified
strength.
- The mean strength shall exceed the characteristic strength by a margin of
1.64 times the standard deviation excepted from the batching plant.
However no deviation less than 3.5 N/mn2 shall be used as a basis for
designing a mix.
- The average strength shall exceed the characteristic strength by a value
equal to the actual strength of the cement minus the maximum value
guaranteed by the cement supplier.
All tests results will have to comply before approval can be given.
The trial mix proportions may be provisionally approved on the basis of the 7 days
design strength results.
However, it remains the responsibility of the Subcontractor to ensure that the minimum
specified strength for each type of mix at 28 days will be achieved.
When the mix for each grade of concrete has been approved, no variation shall be
made in the proportions, the original source of cement or aggregate, or in the type,
size and grading of the latter, without the agreement of the Main Contractor who may
require further trial mixes to be prepared.
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5. QUALITY CONTROL OF CONCRETE

5.1. Concrete Testing and Frequency

The Laboratory of the Subcontractor shall perform the following concrete related tests
at the frequency shown below:
The aggregate supplier quality control system shall be provided
The supplier quality control testing data shall be required for comparison against the
QC Construction testing.
MATERIAL AND TEST FREQUENCY

TEST METHOD
REQUIREMENT COARSE AGGREGATE FINE AGGREGATE
AGGREGATES Each Single Size Coarse Each Fine Aggregate (2
Aggregate (2N°) N°)
Sampling As required by individual test As required by individual
test
Clay, Silt and Dust Each 2 weeks or 2,000 M3 of Each 1 month or 1,000
concrete, which ever is the more M3 of concrete,
frequent. (Class 2) whichever is the more
frequent. (Class 1)
Clay Lumps and friable ASTM C 142 Each 4 weeks or 5,000 M3 of (Test not applicable to
particles concrete, which ever is the more fine Aggregate)
frequent. (Class 3)
Organic impurities ASTM C 40 (Test not applicable to coarse Each 1 month or 5,000
Aggregate) M3 of concrete, which
ever is the more
frequent. (Class 3)
Chlorides as Cl Each 1 week or 1,000 M3 of Each 1 month or 1,000
concrete, which ever is the more M3 of concrete, which
frequent. (Class 1) ever is the more
frequent. (Class 1)
Sulphates as SO3 Each 1 week or 1,000 M3 of Each 1 month or 1,000
frequent (Class1) ever is the more
frequent. (Class 1)
Alkali Reactivity a)ASTM C 289 At the start of the project and
b)ASTM C 1260 whenever there is a change in
the source of supply
Alkali Reactivity ASTM C 227 At the start of the project and
whenever there is a change in
the source of supply, as
necessary depending on the
results of ASTM C289 & C1260,
above.
Grading Each 4 weeks or 5,000 M3 of Each 2 weeks or 2,000
frequent. (Class 2)
Relative density (S.S.D) Each 4 weeks or 5,000 M3 of Each 1 month or 5,000
frequent.
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MATERIAL AND TEST FREQUENCY

TEST METHOD
REQUIREMENT COARSE AGGREGATE FINE AGGREGATE
Soundness ASTM C 88 (19.0 to Each 8 weeks or 10,000 M3 of (See below)
9.5)mm and (9.5 to concrete, which ever is the most

4.75)mm. (5 frequent. (Class 4)
cycles : Sodium
Sulphate)
Soundness ASTM C 88 (9.5 to (See above) Each 8 weeks or 10,000
0.3)mm. (5 cycles M3 of concrete, which
: Sodium Sulphate) ever is the most
frequent. (Class 4)
Flakiness index Each 4 weeks or 5,000 M3 of (Test not applicable to
concrete, which ever is the more fine Aggregate)
frequent. (Class 3)
Elongation index Each 4 weeks or 5,000 M3 of (Test not applicable to
frequent. (Class 3)
10 % Fines value Each 8 weeks or 10,000 M3 of (Test not applicable to
frequent. (Class 4)
Los Angeles Abrasion ASTM C 131 Each 8 weeks or 10,000 M3 of (Test not applicable to
(standard grading B concrete, which ever is the more fine Aggregate)
and C). frequent. (Class 4)
The quality control shall take into account the main characteristic to control the
durability of Concrete is the water content.
The frequencies of the various test shall be as indicated in table 3
TABLE 3
Test Frequency Remarks
ADMIXTURES
Standard physical and chemical Standard: Receipt and review of Manufacturer's Test
properties of admixtures ASTM C 494 Certificates for each delivery of admixture to
Site.
FRESH CONCRETE
Sampling As required by individual test.
Slump The first two (2) truck loads in each pour and
then every 3 truck loads. Not more than 1 test
/ truck load but additional test if any truck
(whether tested or not) is unduly delayed.
Temperature The first two (2) truck loads in each pour and
then every 3 truck loads. Not more than 1 test
/ truck load but additional test if any truck
(whether tested or not) is unduly delayed.
Cement content ASTM C 1078 Every 300 M3 of concrete.
Note : Main Contractor may request test, to
check calibration of batch plant controls
Water content ASTM C 1079 Every 300 M3 of concrete.
Note : Main Contractor may request test, to
check calibration of batch plant controls
Chlorides As for Chlorides in Hardened Concrete.
Sample to be taken from the same batch as
will be used for the test on the hardened
concrete.
HARDENED CONCRETE
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TABLE 3
Test Frequency Remarks

Sampling As per individual test.
Strength (cubes) 3 cubes for every 100 M3 Min. or 1 set per

day that concrete is placed, one tested at 7
days and two tested at 28 days.
Strength (drilled cores) As required if cube tests do not meet
acceptance criteria.
Total chlorides Three tests every month for the first three
months of production then every three
months.
Total sulphates Three tests every month for the first three
months.
Air voids ASTM C 457 Three tests every month for the first three
months.
Note : This Test is applicable to Air Entrained
Concrete only.
When concrete has been identified as of potential non-compliant quality, for each
concerned area, Subcontractor shall take core samples and perform the following
tests, strength density, porosity, water penetration, permeability, . .).
After correlation has been demonstrated with non-destructive testing methods, these
ones may be used by Subcontractor.
6. FORMWORKS
6.1. General
The Subcontractor shall provide details of the methods and materials proposed for
formwork for each section of the work. Details of formwork to produce special finishes
are to be submitted for approval in writing to the Main Contractor before any materials
are brought on to the site.
Forms shall be constructed from sound material of sufficient strength, properly braced,
strutted and shored to ensure rigidity throughout the placing and compacting of the
concrete without visible deflection. All formworks shall be water tight to prevent grout
loss.
Formwork shall be constructed to provide the correct shape, lines and dimensions of
the concrete shown on the drawings. Due allowance shall be made for any deflection
which will occur during the placing of concrete within the forms.
Forms shall be so constructed that they can be removed without shock or vibration to
the concrete.
Chamfer strips 25 mm x 25 mm shall be placed in forms to bevel all salient edges and
corners except bottom edges of foundations.
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Temporary openings shall be provided when necessary to drain away water and to
assist in the removal of rubbish.
Before concrete is placed, all formwork and supports shall be thoroughly cleaned.
The formwork shall be coated with approved chloride free form release oil and all
excess shall be carefully removed. Form release oil shall not be allowed to come into
contact with concrete already placed, with reinforcement or other embedded items.
Concrete shall not be placed until the relevant formwork has been inspected and
approved. This shall not relieve the Subcontractor from the requirements as to
soundness, finish and accuracy specified elsewhere.
Formwork shall be constructed so that the concrete surface will conform to the
tolerance limits specified in this standard.
Under no circumstances shall concrete cover be reduced below the minimum given in
this specification
7. PLACING REINFORCEMENT
7.1. Fabrication
Reinforcement shall be bent cold to shapes indicated on design drawings with proper
consideration for ensuring that the minimum concrete cover required for the particular
application is obtained.
Cutting and bending of bars shall conform with normal practice and by approved
machine methods. Bars shall be bent slowly and evenly and shall not be rebent when
bars have been bent incorrectly.
Bar bends, lap splices and installation shall be done in accordance with applicable
codes.
7.2. Placing
The reinforcement shall be positioned as indicated on the drawings. Spacers of

suitable size shall be used to hold the reinforcement in position and provide the
specified covers.
Corner bars in columns and beams shall be tied for the entire length of the lap so that
the minimum cover requirements are achieved and the true alignment of the
reinforcement is maintained.
Reinforcement shall be securely tied together at intersections by ties made with 1.0
mm to 1.4 mm soft annealed galvanised wire and held in position during placing of
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concrete by spacers, chairs, or other supports made of concrete to prevent

displacement by construction loads or by placing of wet concrete.

Welding of reinforcement is prohibited unless noted on the drawings and approved by

the Main Contractor. Reinforcement with unauthorised welds shall be removed and
replaced. Where indicated and approved the welds shall meet the requirements of
AWS/QWS-D1-4 or equivalent code and shall be tested to confirm adequacy.
Reinforcing spacers shall be concrete except in the following situations, where

approved robust plastic spacers may be used.
• Walls
• Elevated Slabs
• Beams
• Columns
Unless noted otherwise in project specifications and drawings, the concrete cover to
the reinforcement shall be as specified in ACI 318. Cover is to the outside of all
reinforcement.
Where any individual structural element falls within two or more categories then the
most stringent criteria shall apply for the entire element.
Required covers shall not be reduced by provision of protective coating, membranes or

by membrane protective screed.
The reinforcement steel shall be maintained in bright conditions until the time of
placement of concrete. If the steel does develop any rust due to delay in placement of
concrete it shall be sweep blasted using grit until it is free from loose mill scale or rust,
oil, grease and-other harmful matter immediately before inclusion in the works. The
steel after cleaning shall remain with in the limits of over and under weight allowed in
applicable codes.
After installation all reinforcement exposed for more than 7 days shall be protected
from contamination before and between pours by wrapping the formwork with suitable
sheeting.
All reinforcement shall be washed clean, using water suitable for producing concrete,
prior to placement of concrete.
All fabric shall be lapped for a minimum length of 300 mm unless otherwise stated on
the drawings and tied together on both the longitudinal and transverse wires. All
lapping shall be sufficient for the steel to develop its full strength.
If for any reason reinforcing bars are to be stored on site for long periods of time, a
protective sacrificial coating or spray of corrosion inhibitor shall be used. If the coating
will reduce the reinforcing/concrete bond, the coating shall be entirely removed prior to
installation in the formwork.
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8. FIXING OF MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS AND EMBEDMENTS

8.1. Anchor Bolts
Anchor bolts shall be placed as indicated in the drawings before concreting.
A template shall always be used to hold the anchor bolts in their correct position. The
template shall be of rigid construction arid fabricated from a suitable robust material.
Welding of anchor bolts to reinforcing steel shall not be permitted. Forging of anchor
bolts is not allowed.
Before installation, anchor bolts shall be de-greased by soaking them in triclo ethylene
at least 4-6 hours. Use wire brush to remove grease and scale.
Unless otherwise specified by equipment supplier, anchor bolts shall be installed as

shown on design drawings and to the following tolerances:
All anchor bolts shall be installed to +/- 2 mm of their design position.
Anchor bolts shall be installed plumb to +/- 1: 100.
Anchor bolt projection shall be + 6/-0 mm.
8.2. Waterstops
The method of joining waterstops shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s

recommendations and shall be performed in a controlled manner.
8.3. Embedments and Expansion Joints
All sleeves, inserts, anchors, expansion or isolation joint material waterstops, anchor
bolts, conduit, piping, nose angles, ladder rungs, and other embedded items shall be
positioned accurately and supported against displacement. Voids in sleeves, inserts,
and anchor slots shall be filled temporarily with readily removable material to prevent
the entry of concrete into voids.
Insert plates shall be of the material and size as indicated on the design drawings and
shall be installed to the following tolerances.
Insert plates in the horizontal plane shall be installed so as to insure that the variation
from level does not exceed 1.5 mm per 300 mm in either direction, and that the center
of the surface of the insert is within 0.75 mm of the elevation shown on the drawings.
Insert plates whose least dimension is greater than 300 mm shall have sufficient
weepholes to insure full bearing.
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The center of the surface of the insert shall be 1.5 mm of the vertical surface and
within 3 mm of the location and elevation as shown on the drawings. Plumbness from
top to bottom shall be 5 mm maximum.
9. BATCHING, MIXING AND TRANSPORT OF CONCRETE
9.1. Ready Mix / On site batch plant
All concrete shall be produced from a controlled fully automatic computerised central
Ready Mix or on site plant.
Mixing at a central plant shall conform to the applicable requirements of the Standard
Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete of ASTM C 94.
The Batch Plant shall included the following :
• Full computerisation
• Full segregation of materials
• Materials to be shaded and covered to prevent contamination by air borne
chlorides, dust and other contaminates.
• Automatic compensation for moisture in fine aggregate
• Adequate capacity
• Fully automated
• Calibration every 3 months for aggregate
• Calibration every 6 weeks for water, cement and admixtures
• Print out of mix design together with actual mix
• Calculation and print out actual water/cement ratio
• Watt-meter
The mixing machines (scales / meters, etc.) capacity shall be selected to ensure the
required maximum production can be comfortably achieved.
The mixing machines (scales, meters, etc.) shall be tested and calibrated for their
accuracy by a specialist at regular interval of at most three months or such periods as
required by Main Contractor. Test certificates shall be provided before the
commencement of works and after each test.
The mixing machines shall be tested in accordance with the appropriate codes.
The accuracy of the measuring equipment shall be with 3%. The measuring equipment
shall be maintained in a clean, serviceable condition.
The quantities of all materials for concrete shall be charged to the pan by weight.
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The weight of fine and coarse aggregates shall be automatically adjusted to allow for
any free water contained in them. Accordingly the amount of water to be added shall
be reduced by this amount of free water contained in the aggregates.
Admixtures that have been approved as part of the design mix shall be added by
approved automatic dosing equipment.
Mixing shall ensure a uniform distribution of materials and a uniformity of consistency

and colour. The mixing shall be continued until the mix is homogeneous. The time
required to produce a homogeneous mix shall be determined in accordance with
ASTM C 94 Annex A1.
The Subcontractor shall ensure that materials used for each batch in the mixer do not
exceed the manufacturers rated capacity for the machine.
The machine shall be kept clean, tie from any residual material after depositing each
batch of concrete and the mixer pan drum shall be washed and cleaned out
immediately following the completion of each concreting operation or when changing to
a mix using a different type of cement.
Hand mixed concrete shall not be used.
The batch plant shall be able to provide a computer printout of the following for each
truck:
• Grade of concrete
• Cement type
• Admixture type
• Actual measurement of all components of water in the mix
• Actual batched weights of cement, aggregates (separately), water and
admixtures
• Date and time of batching
• Calculation of the actual water/cement ratio
The free water/cement ratio shall also be checked based on measurement of the water
content at the time of placement in accordance with ASTM C 1079.
Prior to commencement of the work the Subcontractor shall furnish the following
details to the Main Contractor:
• Name and qualification of Supplier(s).

• Certification of quality assurance.
• Quality control facilities/procedures.
• Certificate and test reports on concrete production and products.
• Sources(s) of aggregate, cement, etc.
• Quality of water, aggregates and cement.
• Production capacities.
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• Description of Plant Equipment and Facilities.

• Supplier’s test certified giving results of tests on aggregates for durability,

strength and chloride content shall be submitted by the Subcontractor to the
Main Contractor at weekly intervals.

• Any other relevant data such as workability of concrete, admixtures, etc.. . .
• Qualification of personnel earmarked for the Project; (approved personnel shall
not be changed without prior approval of Main Contractor.
The Subcontractor Quality Manager will be responsible for the control of the quality of
all batch plant operations.
The arrangements for inspection, testing, reporting and verification shall be approved
by the Main Contractor. As a minimum the controls system implemented shall address
the following :
• Liaison with the engaged laboratory so as to ensure that the test status of
materials is known.
• Supervision and recording of receipt, storage, handling and production of
materials.
• Supervision and recording of batching and mixing, including verification of batch
computer printouts before trucks are released.
• Control of moisture adjustments.
• Initial and routine batch plant calibration and maintenance procedure.
• Regular reporting formats.
The Main Contractor will verify that the control system is being implemented and verify
the documentation raised, in accordance with an approved system.
9.2. Truck Mixers
Truck mixers and their manner of operation shall conform to the applicable
requirements of ASTM C 94.
Truck mixers shall be of a size, design, and required number to accommodate the
anticipated placement rates.
Truck mixers shall be the revolving drum type, watertight, and so constructed that the
concrete can be conveyed and discharged at the site maintaining the uniform
distribution of material throughout mass.
The maximum size of batch in truck mixers shall not exceed the maximum rated
capacity of the mixer as stated by the manufacturer and stamped in metal on the
mixer.
On no account shall water from the concrete truck be used in the mix. Water truck
must be disconnected.
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Concrete, after being discharged from the plant, shall be transported as rapidly as
possible to its final position in the works and shall prevent from adulteration,
segregation, loss or contamination of the ingredients. Scheduling and dispatching of
trucks shall be such that they arrive at the work site just before the concrete is
required.
Equipment shall be cleaned at the end of each operation or workday.
9.3. Weather, Temperature and Concrete Records
According to A.C.I. 301, records of weather and temperature shall be kept by Main
Contractor and submitted if requested. Methods to be used and locations for recording
weather and temperature conditions shall be submitted to and approved by Field
Management prior to placing any concrete.
In case of use of ready mixed concrete from an outside batch, it shall be qualified to
Field Management as per ASTM C 94.
Subcontractor may provide batch plants inside work areas. In such a case the proper
measures for material storing and handling shall be adopted and supervised at
Subcontractor’s care and duty.
If ready-mixed concrete is used, a written record for each batch of concrete delivered
shall be maintained by Subcontractor and submitted if requested.
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Each batch of concrete delivered, shall have a written record including the following:
• Ticket number
• Date and truck number
• Name of ready-mix batch plant
• Name of purchaser
• Job designation
• Class or designation of concrete in conformance with that employed in this
specification
• Cubic meter of concrete
• Time and amount of water introduced into mix and reading of revolution counter
at first addition
• Nominal maximum size coarse aggregate
• Exact location of placing of concrete
• Temperature of mix at point of delivery
• High range water reducing admixture (superplasticizer), when used type and
amount
• Time and reading of revolution counter when concrete is placed
9.4. Concrete Placing
Suitable means shall be provided to ensure that the temperature of the concrete, when
deposited, does not exceed 30 °C. For mass concrete, the temperature shall not
exceed 32 °C. Mass concrete shall be defined as a placement having a volume to
surface area ratio (V/S) greater than or equal to 600 mm.
Concrete shall be placed before initial set has occurred and in no event after it has
contained water for more than 60 minutes.
When ambient temperature is 30°C or above, the time limit for placing shall be 45
minutes. This limit may be extended to 60 minutes (upon written approval of Main
Contractor) for special mixes, such as pump mixes or other mixes containing a high
range water-reducing admixture (superplasticizer).
Construction debris and extraneous materials shall be removed from within the forms.
Concrete shall never be placed upon soft mud or dry porous earth.
Concrete shall not be placed in any part of the structure until the framework, wind
shielding, sun shading, cooling water, staging, reinforcement, embedded items and all
curing materials are in place and have been inspected. Concrete shall not be placed
during rain or when rain is forecasted.
Concrete shall not be placed when the temperature of reinforcement or forms exceed
35 C, then items shall be sprayed with potable water prior to placing concrete.
24 hours notice shall be given to the Main Contractor before placing concrete.
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The sequence of pours shall be agreed by the Main Contractor. Chequered board
pattern shall be used for slabs on grade.
Concrete shall be placed in the positions and sequences indicated on the drawings. All
concrete shall be placed in forms.
The containers that convey the concrete shall at all times be kept clean and free from
hardened or partially hardened concrete. Placing equipment shall be thoroughly
cleaned at the end of each operation.
Before concrete placing operations, the following minimum checks shall be performed:
• steel reinforcement has to be in accordance with construction drawings and

fastened to ensure correct position during concreting; wire in excess shall be cut
or bent inward;
• spacers type and location;
• forms shall be clean and any debris or foreign matter has to be removed;
• bolts and any other steel insert shall be installed as per construction drawings;
• waterstops shall be properly fastened and secured to rebars. Intersections, tees
and bend shall be premolded before setting inside forms.
• all necessary equipment to be used during concreting must be available and
properly installed;
• if large pours are expected with daily limit to be scheduled, construction joints
shall be in the most appropriate location depending on the type of structure. In
such case a pouring procedure shall be prepared by Subcontractor and
approved by the Main Contractor.
Concrete, after being discharged from the mixer, shall be transported as rapidly as
possible to its final position in the works by means, which shall prevent adulteration,
segregation, loss or contamination of the ingredients.
Concrete placing shall be completed as quickly and efficiently as possible. Curing of

exposed concrete surfaces shall be immediately carried out as specified herein.
Concrete shall be deposited as nearly as practicable in its final position to avoid

segregation due to re handling or flowing. Concrete shall not be subjected to any
procedure that will cause segregation.
A competent steel fixer shall be in continuous attendance to adjust and correct the
position of any reinforcement or metal item which may be displaced during concreting,
Free fall of concrete dumped or chuted into place shall not be greater than 2 m. but
may be less if necessary to avoid segregation.
Spreading of concrete by means of hoes or shovels in mass concrete of footing and

the like shall be permitted for a distance not greater than 2 m; for floors and walls, for a
distance greater than 1.5 m from the location at which concrete is deposited, unless it
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contains a superplasticizer where concrete may be flowed into place. Placing of

concrete shall be continuous between construction joints.

Re-tempering and further mixing shall not be permitted.
Concrete shall be placed in horizontal layers of not more than 450 mm thickness each.
If a section can not be placed continuously construction joints shall be located as
indicated on drawings or as permitted. Placing shall be carried out on at such a rate
that the concrete in place is still plastic when integrated with free concrete.
When a lift of concrete is interrupted and delayed for more than one hour, the surface
of the unfinished concrete shall be thoroughly cleaned before fresh concrete is added.
The first layer of new concrete placed shall no exceed 150 mm in depth and particular
care shall be taken with compacting of this layer to ensure a good bond.
If an interruption of more than one hour occurs, or is anticipated, during the concreting
of a long horizontal member, a stop-end shall be installed at a location approved by the
Main Contractor to provide a clean vertical surface of the joint. Concreting within the
stop-end shall be continued as far as possible to terminate with a horizontal surface at
a suitable level or, preferably, to complete the full height of the pour.
With vertical sections, the unfinished concrete shall be finished off with a clean surface
and left for 24 hours to set before any further concrete is placed. The surface shall
then be thoroughly cleaned of all loose and foreign matter and laitance which may
necessitate the temporary removal of the formwork before placing the remaining
concrete.
In the case of an accidental interruption not specified in the drawings, the

Subcontractor must advise the Main Contractor immediately. Such a situation may
require partial or complete demolition.
The majority of concrete shall be placed by pumping unless prevented by access

requirements. Individual pours less than 2 m3 may be placed by alternative means.
Pumping or pneumatic conveying equipment shall be suitable kind with adequate

pumping capacity. Pneumatic placement shall be controlled so that segregation does
not occur during the discharge concrete. Concrete shall not be conveyed through pipe
made of aluminium or aluminium alloy.
The Subcontractor shall submit a method statement indicating full details of the
pneumatic conveying equipment and operating system. Subcontractor shall ensure
that pumping shocks shall not be transferred from the pipeline to the formwork,
previously laid concrete or the structure.
The Subcontractor shall demonstrate suitability of each concrete pump and system by
submitting the following information for Main Contractor approval.
• Description of equipment:
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• Concrete mix design, including slumps at pump entry to pipe and at exit from
pipe;
• Concrete temperature at exit from pipe;
• Stand-by arrangements;
• List of spare parts kept at Site.
Each pump shall deliver a continuous flow of concrete to the job without air pockets
and other voids. Prior to use of a pump for construction activities Subcontractor shall
carry out a full-scale test.
The initial discharge of any pumped concrete shall be discarded and not be
incorporated in the permanent works.
Riser and fixed pipe sections of the pneumatic conveying equipment shall be
effectively insulated. After each operation the entire equipment shall be thoroughly
cleaned.
When concrete is conveyed by chute or tremie, the size and design of the plant and
pipes should be so selected to ensure continuous flow in the chute or tremie. The
slope of the chute or the pressure of the pump shall allow the concrete to flow without
the use of any water to produce the required consistency and without causing
segregation of the ingredients. The delivery end of the chute or tremie shall be close to
the point of deposit.
The chute or tremie shall be thoroughly flushed with water before and after each
working period and kept clean. The water used for this purpose shall be discharged
outside and away from any permanent works.
Where chutes are used to convey the concrete their slopes shall not be such as to
cause segregation.
Precautions are to be taken to protect any projecting portions of the waterstop from
damage during the progress of the works and, in the case of rubber and plastic, from
light and heat.
Great care shall be taken to prevent any foreign matter from being introduced into the
concrete from the workmen's boots or any other source.
Laying of thin sections such as floor slabs in two courses shall not be permitted.
Spilled concrete shall not be reused.
Mixing and placing shall be carefully coordinated with finishing. Concrete shall not be
placed more rapidly than it can be spread, consolidated, straight edged, and garbed or
bull-floated. These operation must be performed before bleeding water has an
opportunity to collect on the surface.
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To obtain good surfaces and avoid cold joints, the size of finishing crews shall be
planned with due regard for the effects of concrete temperature and atmospheric
conditions on the rate of hardening of the concrete.
Joints in slabs on grade shall be located and constructed as indicated in the drawings.
When saw-cut joints are required or permitted, cutting shall be timed properly with the
set of concrete. Cutting shall be started when the concrete has hardened sufficiently to
prevent aggregates being dislodged by the saw (within 24 hours of casting). Cutting
shall be completed before shrinkage stresses become sufficient to produce cracking.
The depth of the saw cut shall be between 1/4 and 1/3 of slab thickness as indicated
on drawings.
Slabs and paving shall be laid in an approved sequential fashion. Concrete shall not be
placed in adjacent paving until 3 days from pouring have elapsed.
9.4.1. Concrete Consolidation
Concrete shall be compacted during placing by approved pattern internals vibrators.

The vibrators shall operate at a frequency ranging between 8.000 and 12.000 vibration
per minute for continuous operation.
The performance of vibrators shall be such to suit the working conditions and they
shall be selected accordingly. For normal use they shall not be more than 75 mm
diameter and will be subject to scrutiny by the Main Contractor. The radius of influence
shall be at least 300 mm. The vibrators shall be disposed in such a manner that the
whole of the mass under treatment shall be adequately compacted at a speed
commensurate with the supply of concrete from the mixers and to the satisfaction of
the Main Contractor.
In confined areas, smaller vibrators shall be used.
Internal vibrators should penetrate the full depth of the layer of concrete placed and
compacting of newly placed concrete layer shall extend to upper 100 mm of the
underlying layer to ensure a proper mixing.
Vibration is not to be applied directly or indirectly to concrete after the initial set has
taken place.
External vibrators shall not be used without the permission of the Main Contractor.
Immersion vibrators shall be withdrawn slowly to prevent the formation of voids.

Vibrators shall not be used to work the concrete along the forms, or in such a way to
damage formwork or other parts of the work, or displace the reinforcement.
Vibrators shall be inserted and removed slowly, at a speed between 80 to 100 mm per
second, to prevent the formation of voids inside the concrete.
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Contact between vibrators and any reinforcing rods shall be avoided. Depth of each
layer to be vibrated shall not exceed 400 mm, which shall include 100 mm of the
previous layer. Vibration shall be carried out so that the whole mass is homogeneously
vibrated, and shall finish as soon as cement grout appears on the surface. If closely
spaced reinforcing rods occur, blade shall be used and the blade shall be 200 mm or
fewer long.
Sufficient vibrators in serviceable condition shall be on site so that spare equipment is

always available in the event of breakdowns.
Competent workers adequately supervised shall only operate vibrators. Use vibrators
to transport concrete within forms shall not be allowed.
Specific care shall be taken to ensure that the concrete is well-worked around
embedments, most notable waterstops, and that the area is free of honey combing.
Concrete in slabs shall be thoroughly consolidated. Internal vibration shall be used in

beams and girders of framed slabs, and along the bulkheads of slab on grade.
Consolidation of slabs shall be obtained with vibrating screeds, roller pipe screeds,
internal vibrators, or other acceptable means.
10. FINISHING
10.1. Unformed Surfaces
Unless otherwise specified in the contract documents, the following finishes shall be
used as applicable.
10.1.1. Scratch Finish
For surfaces intended to receive bonded applied cementitious applications.
10.1.2. Float Finish
For surfaces intended to receive roofing, waterproofing membranes, or sand bed

terrazzo.
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10.1.3. Trowel Finish

For floor intended as walking surfaces or for reception of floor coverings.
10.1.4. Broom or Belt Finish
10.1.5. Non slip Finish
For exterior platforms, steps, and landings; and for exterior and interior pedestrian
ramps.
10.2. Finishes description
The specified finishes for unformed surfaces shall confirm to the following:
10.2.1. Scratch Finish
After the concrete has been placed, consolidated, struck off, and levelled to a Class C
tolerance, the surface shall be roughened with stiff brushes or rakes before the final
set.
10.2.2. Float Finish
After the concrete has been placed, consolidated, struck off, and levelled, the concrete
shall not be worked further until ready for floating. Floating with a hand float or with a
bladed power trowel equipped with float shoes, or with a powered disc float shall begin
when the water sheen has disappeared and when the surface has stiffened sufficiently
to permit the operation. During or after the first floating, planeness of surface shall be
checked with a 3000 mm straight-edge applied at not less than two different angles.
All high spots shall be cut down and all low spots filled during this procedure to
produce a surface within Class B tolerance throughout. The slab shall then be
refloated immediately to a uniform sandy texture.
10.2.3. Trowel Finish
The surface shall first be float-finished as specified in Section 10.2.2. It shall next be
power troweled, and finally hand troweled. The first troweling after power floating shall
produce a smooth surface that is somewhat free of defects but which may still show
some trowel marks. Additional trowelings shall be done by hand after the surface has
hardened sufficiently. The final troweling shall be done when a ringing sound is
produced as the trowel is moved over the surface. The surface shall be thoroughly
consolidated by the hand troweling operations. The finished surface shall be
essentially free of trowel marks, uniform in texture and appearance and shall be plane
to a Class A tolerance, except tolerance for concrete on metal deck shall be Class B.
On surfaces intended to support floor coverings, any defects of sufficient magnitude to
show through the floor covering shall be removed by grinding.
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10.2.4. Broom or Belt Finish

Immediately after the concrete has received a float finish as specified in Section
10.2.2, it shall be given a coarse transverse scored texture by drawing a broom or

burlap belt across the surface.
10.2.5. Non-slip "Dry Shake" Finish
If a Non-Slip "dry shake" application of a selected metallic or mineral aggregate is

called for on the contract documents, the aggregate, selected or acceptable to the
Designer, shall be blended with Portland cement in the proportions recommended by
the manufacturer of the aggregate. The surface shall be given a float finish in
accordance with Section 10.2.2.
Approximately two-thirds of the blended material for required coverage shall be applied
to the surface by a method that insures even coverage without segregation. Floating
shall begin immediately after application of the first "dry shake". After this material has
been embedded by floating, the remainder of the blended material shall be applied to
the surface at right angles to the previous application.
The second application shall be heavier in any areas not sufficiently covered by the
first application. A second floating shall follow immediately. After the selected material
has been embedded by the two floatings, the operation shall be completed with a
broomed, floated, or troweled finish, as designated in the contract documents.
Concrete to receive the dry shake shall be non air entrained.
10.2.6. Non slip Finish
Where the contract documents required a non slip finish, the surface shall be given a
"dry shake" application, as specified above, of crushed ceramically bonded aluminium
oxide or other specified selected abrasive particles. The rate of application of such
material shall be not less than 1.25 Kg per m2.
10.3. Tolerances for Unformed Surfaces
Finishes with Class A tolerances shall be true planes within 5 mm in 3000 mm as

determined by a 3000 mm straightedge place anywhere on the slab in any direction.
Finishes with Class B tolerances shall be true planes within 8 mm in 3000 mm as

determined by a 3000 mm straightedge placed anywhere on the slab in any direction.
Finishes with Class C tolerances shall be true planes within 6 mm in 600 mm as

determined by a 600 mm straightedge placed anywhere on the slab in any direction.
When indicated on the drawings, the finish tolerance for special floors where material
handling equipment is used shall be 3 mm in 3000 mm as determined by a 3000 mm
straightedge placed anywhere on the slab in any direction including across
construction joints.
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10.4. Related Unformed Surfaces

Tops of walls or buttresses, horizontal offsets, and similar unformed surfaces occurring
adjacent to formed surfaces shall be struck smooth after concrete is placed and shall
be floated to a texture consistent with that of formed surfaces. Final treatment on
formed surfaces shall continue uniformly across the unformed surfaces.
Water shall not be added to the concrete surface during finishing operations.
11. CURING
All concrete surfaces shall be kept wet at least seven days after placing; except high
early strength concrete that shall be protected with curing compound, approved type.
All concrete surfaces shall be covered with burlap, cotton fabric, or other suitable
material immediately after finishing the surface of fresh concrete.
The covering material shall remain in place during the full curing period. The covering
material may be removed when the concrete has hardened sufficiently, provided that
the surface is immediately covered with sand, straw, or other similar materials.
In either case, the material shall be kept thoroughly wet during the full curing period.
Curing compound may be used after Field Management’s approval.
Wood forms allowed to remain in place during the curing period shall be kept moist at
all times to
prevent the joints from opening and in accordance with ACI 301 requirements.
Water used for concrete curing shall be the same as for concrete mixing.
12. FORM REMOVAL
Centres and props may be removed when the member being supported has gained
sufficient strength to carry itself and the load to be imposed on it with an acceptable
factor of safety.
The following Table provides the minimum periods which must elapsed between the
completion of the concreting operations and the removal of formwork.
The following minimum periods before striking shall be adhered to,
• Vertical sides of beams, walls, columns -

- Lift not exceeding 1.2 m 24 hrs
- Construction joints 24 hrs
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- Vertical sides of beams, walls, lift

- Exceeding 1.2 m 36 hrs

- Tank walls . 48 hrs
• Soffits of main slabs

- (Props left under) 6 days
• Soffits of main beams

- (Prop left under) 14 days
• Beams and main slabs
- (Removal of props - depending on back

propping arrangement and calculations) . 21 days
After removal of formwork no remedial works shall be attempted until the work has
been inspected by the Main Contractor.
Providing the concrete strength is confirmed by test on cubes, cured and stored under
the same environmental conditions, formwork supporting cast in-situ concrete may be
struck when the cube strength is 25 MPa or twice the stress to which it will be
subjected, whichever is the greater, provided that such earlier striking will not result in
unacceptable deflections due to shrinkage, creep, etc....
For thick sections, formwork shall be left in place for the required period determined by
trial and/or calculation.
13. PATCHING
The finished faces of all concrete work shall be sound, solid and free from defects. All
comers (except underside of foundation) shall have a 25 x 25 mm chamfer. No
rendering of imperfect concrete faces will be allowed and any concrete that is defective
in any way (including color) is to be cut out and replaced to such depths or be made
good in such manner as the Main Contractor may direct.
Any concrete that is damaged or unsound shall be demolished if necessary and shall
be repaired and re-instated.
No repair work shall be undertaken before the Main Contractor has inspected the
defective work.
Repair shall not proceed until concrete has been fully cured.
Repair procedures and materials shall be submitted for Main Contractor approval.
Only the highest quality materials compatible with the parent concrete shall be used for
the repair.
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Tie holes shall be filled with waterproofing materials.

Cracks widths in concrete which exceed the limiting values as follows, shall be subject
to further review by Main Contractor.
Crack widths shall be < 0.15 mm for all buried, submerged and exposed concrete.
Crack widths shall be < 0.30 mm for all concrete located in an air conditioned and
sealed internal environment
Crack width shall be < 0.10 mm for all liquid retaining structures.
14. JOINING AN EXISTING CONCRETE WORK
New concrete to be cast upon an existing one, which is being partly removed and
replaced, shall be placed after the following operations:
• cleaning of projecting re-bars if any from debris or extraneous material;

• contact face cleaning by chipping, blasting or other suitable procedure till it
results in a uniformly textured and structurally sound adjoining;
• applying a bonding agent.
15. PREFABRICATED CONCRETE
Either constructability reasons or schedule improvement may require some works

being precast-design.
Concrete prefabrication either precast at jobsite or at shop shall be governed by the

previous sections.
The additional requirements are herein given for prefabricated columns, beams and
frames.
Side forms shall not be slipped off before 24 hours since pour.
Handling: precast members shall be lifted and disposed as soon as the specified
strength is achieved. 18 N/mm² shall be the specified strength for member handling.
Results of cylinder breaks must demonstrate that the required strength is achieved
prior to execute any handling or lifting.
Erection shall take place as specified compressive strength is achieved. Members

supposedly being erected earlier than 28 days: extra specimens shall be drawn to
have cylinder breaks at 7, 14 and 21 days (No. 6 extra specimens). Furthermore, the
members shall be inspected with hardness test to evaluate actual strength. Schmidt
hammer test can be used as reference.
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Erection of elevated structures shall be supported by erection plans taken from design
drawings where the members are shown and marked-up.
Precast members shall be erected taking precautions to prevent from damages.

Collars for guy wires shall be equipped with wooden spacers. Wooden wedges shall be
used to set the columns onto socket foundations. In prefabricated column erection, the
tailing crane shall always be used.
Lifting of beams and frames shall be executed with spreader beams and as shown on
construction drawing details.
Sequence of erection: members shall be safely erected to reflect final structural

arrangement unless the erected portion is set up and kept stable by temporary bracing
systems along the erection phase.
Unless otherwise specified on construction drawings, in-situ joint concreting shall be

done with concrete as specified in ACI 223 with shrinkage-compensated concrete.
Formworks shall give the fair-faced exterior texture.
Filling of socket foundations after column setting shall be done with shrinkage-
compensated concrete as well.
Dowelling through embedded sleeves shall be done with non-shrink flowable grout.
Prefabrication detailing shall consider sleeve venting as necessary to ensure complete
and continuous grouting.
16. GROUTING
All spaces between equipment, machines or steel structures and their concrete
support shall be filled with grout.
Either for leveling and filling, according to the specifications of the next sections and,
however, as specified on construction drawings, grouting shall be executed as shown
in the following general schedule:
GROUT GENERAL SCHEDULE

APPLICATION Portland Non-shrink Epoxy resin NOTES
Cement Grout flowable grout grout
Levelling of base plates for: X 1)
Vessels, exchangers, columns, pumps,
structural and miscellaneous steel, skid-
mounted static equipment
Levelling of base plates for: vibrating X X 2)
machinery such as rotating and reciprocating
compressors, reciprocating pumps, blowers,
turbines, centrifuges, great impact/shock
applications such as gantry crane rails,
operating temperatures above 200°C
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Filling of equipment base frames, anchor bolt X X 3)

pockets, reinforcing rod sleeves

(1) For grouting under tanks or large equipment bases design drawing or
construction standards shall govern. Pumps being not defined as large
machinery.
(2) Type of epoxy to be determined according to thickness and machinery

manufacturer requirements.
(3) As specified on issued for construction drawings and according to the provisions
of chapter 15.
16.1. Portland Cement grout
As a general rule, normal Portland cement mortar shall be used in anchoring/levelling

works for grout of bolts and base plates of steel structures and equipment and for
levelling rough surfaces.
Normal Portland cement mortar shall have the following composition:
sand 1.0 m3
cement 500 Kg
Thickness larger than 25 mm or filling for pockets shall be provided adding fine gravel
to sand.
Pump base plates and frames shall be completely filled with grout. Grout to be used
for filling-up shall have aggregates with maximum 8 mm. Special care shall be taken
by Subcontractor during grouting of pump base plates, frames and sleeves to prevent
from any pocket formations. If necessary, superplasticiser and expanding agent will be
adopted.
Grouting procedure for large base plates shall carefully be set up to ensure proper and
complete filling. Non-shrink, flowable grout may be required in these cases.
Subcontractor shall demonstrate to Main Contractor that the grout produces a
minimum 28-days compressive strength of 40 MPa (ASTM C 109).
16.2. Non-shrink grout
Non-shrink grout shall strictly be non-metallic grout and for machine/equipment

levelling and setting as directed on released for construction drawings.
Non-metallic, factory-mixed, prepackaged, non-shrink , flowable grout shall be used in

accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations and shall conform to ASTM C 1107.
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Levelling of heavy vibrating machinery, such as reciprocating and centrifugal

compressors or as noted on design drawings shall be carried out with non-shrink grout.
The use of non-shrink flowable grout should be tested to ensure how the grout
performs in filling operation and to determine the proper consistency in the single
application.
16.3. Epoxy grout
Epoxy grout for equipment levelling and setting may be required for particular
resistance to chemicals, for high operating temperatures or where impact/shock
absorption is outstanding and cannot be resisted by cementitious grout (gantry cranes,
conveyors, dryers etc.).
Epoxy grout shall be of an approved and it shall be applied according to

manufacturer’s instructions. Grouting details such as grout expansion joints and
anchor pins shall be supplied to ensure the adequate application.
16.4. Work Execution
Surface shall be clean by concrete residue and any foreign material that adversely
affects the adhesion of bedding to the concrete, such as oil or grease. In addition
surface preparation shall include chipping and washing of foundation top.
The bottom of all equipment, column bases and anchor bolts shall be aligned and
levelled in its final position and maintained in that position during grouting, by means of
shims levelling screws, levelling nuts or other approved levelling devices.
Where equipment Manufacturer’s drawings define a grout material and grouting

procedures, said material and procedures shall be followed.
When any cement-based grouts are used , concrete surfaces shall be kept moist with
water 24 hours prior to placing of grout. Excess surface water shall be removed just
prior to grouting.
Mixture shall be prepared dry and water shall be added in such a rate to ensure the
use of mortar within one hour. Mix shall not be reworked with water.
Filling shall be performed pouring mortar or concrete from the edge of from suitable
hole with suitable equipment that produces positive pressure toward inside base. In
such case mixture shall be tamped to achieve adequate filling of raids and the required
level along the whole perimeter of base.
Pouring must be carried out in a time as short as possible and without any interruption.
Mix shall be of constant composition and water content, taking care to make the mortar
and concrete flow towards holes through which air could escape, so as to avoid any
pockets which could form discontinuities in the casting upon subsequent curing.
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When the grout is sufficiently well cured, the edges must be refaced by chipping off the
protecting parts and remaking the visible surfaces with cement grout.
20-mm chamfer, with the side inclined at 45°, shall be formed along the edge of the
base.
Non-shrinking grout and epoxy grout, factory mixed and delivered in bags, shall be
prepared in accordance with the recommendations of product vendor. Subcontractor
shall submit data sheet and trade name of grout he intends to use.
Pre-grouting meeting may be necessary to test that satisfactory procedure and

grouting is settled.
17. FIREPROOFING
Ordinary concrete when used as fire proofing shall generally be applied as follows:
• all steel structures supporting fire potential equipment;

• pipe supports located in fire potential areas;
• structures supporting furnaces;
• skirts (inside and outside), vessel shell bottom and supporting legs, saddles of
heat exchangers handling flammable material;
• All steel surfaces to be in contact with fireproofing shall be cleaned of all oil,
loose rust and other foreign matter and primer touched-up if necessary.
In any circumstances, reference shall be made to the Fireproofing design specification

which defines the extent of fireproofing.
Fireproofing extent shall be in accordance with construction drawings.
Reinforcement shall be a 50x50 mm welded wire fabric 3mm diameter; overlapping of

said wire mesh shall be 50 mm minimum. Supports shall be:
• on structural steel: 1 ∅ 6 Hooks welded as indicated on standard drawings

• on equipment : square ∅ 12 nut welded upon shell every 300mm (by equipment
Vendor).
• the mesh shall be wrapped around the section with the edges tied together with
iron wire and also securely tied to the steel rods welded to steel shapes or
equipment skirts. The correct distance between steel and wire mesh shall be
10÷30mm.
• formwork shall be prefabricated metal or wood type, shall have 25mm chamfer,
shall be cleaned and re-coated for re-use.
Forms shall be properly fastened to structural steel to keep their accurate set-up and
geometry, and after the placement of concrete, shall remain undisturbed for a
minimum of 5 days.
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After form removal, concrete surface shall be inspected for air bubbles and surface
defects, and repaired if necessary. Fresh, semidry cement-sand grout shall be packed
into the honeycombed surfaces, made watertight, and textured to the surrounding
surfaces after the repaired area has been pretreated with rich cement slush or bonding
agent.
Use of shotcrete in fireproofing works shall be governed by ACI 506 for mortar
proportioning, equipment selection and set up as well as nozzleman certification.
Shotcrete for fireproofing shall be made of cement-sand mortar 50 mm minimum
thickness and with 40 MPa minimum strength. Materials for cement and aggregates
shall conform to standards referenced in section 2.4 of this standard.
Edges of shotcrete fireproofing shall be sealed with hydrocarbon resistant mastic or as

shown on design drawings.
18. REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVINGS
This paragraph defines methods of execution and materials requirements for

reinforced concrete pavings.
18.1. Reference documents
The following specifications are to be considered as integral part of these

specifications, as well as all their addenda, updatings and reference documents.
18.1.1. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO):
AASHTO M 145 Classification System for Soils
18.1.2. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM):
ASTM D 1196 Standard Test Method for Non-repetitive Static Plate Load Tests of
Soils and Flexible Pavement Components, for Use in Evaluation and
Design of Airport and Highway Pavements.
ASTM D 1556 Standard Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Sand Cone
Method.
ASTM D 1557 Standard Test Method for Moisture-Density Relations of Soils and
Soil Aggregate Mixtures using 4.54 kg (10 lb) Rammer and a 457 mm
(18 in.) Drop.
ASTM D 1883 Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of Laboratory-
Compacted Soils.
ASTM D 3515 Standard Specifications for Hot-Mixed, Hot-Laid Bituminous Paving

Mixtures.
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18.1.3. Portland Cement Association (PCA):

Concrete Pavement Design
18.2. Types of reinforced concrete paving
Site areas to be paved shall be as defined in paving drawings for the job. The paving
types are specified here below:
• Light duty paving

100mm thk. with 1 layer of welded wire mesh (∅ 6mm, 150mm x 150mm)
• Medium duty paving

150mm thk. with 1 layer of welded wire mesh (∅ 6mm, 150mm x 150mm)
• Heavy duty paving

200mm thk. with 2 layers of welded wire mesh (∅ 6mm, 150mm x 150mm)
In general, a plane surface with as close a surface tolerance as practical shall be

attained for each type floor or finished surface. Finished surface shall be essentially
free of trowel marks and generally uniform in texture.
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The following defines different classes of surface finish tolerances and shall be noted
on design drawings:
a) Class “Very Flat” Surface Finish Tolerance

Depression in floors between high spots shall not be greater than 3 mm below a
3 m long straightedge.
b) Class “Flat” Surface Finish Tolerance

Depression in floors between high spots shall not be greater than 5mm below a 3
m long straightedge.
c) Class “Straightedged” Surface Finish Tolerance

Depression in floors between high spots shall not be greater than 8mm below a 3
m long straightedge.
d) Class “Bullfloated” Surface Finish Tolerance

Depression in floors between high spots shall not be greater than 13mm below a
3 m long straightedge.
Compliance with designated limits in four of five consecutive measurements should

generally be satisfactory unless obvious faults are observed.
As a general rule pavings shall be type b) Class “Flat” Surface Finish.
Contraction, construction, isolation and control joints shall be foreseen according to

“Description of price list items”. The extent of paving and joints will be indicated on
construction drawings.
Concrete paving works shall consist of the following stages:
a) subgrade preparation;
b) aggregate foundation layer preparation;
c) form placing and setting;
d) polyethylene sheet laying, where applicable, and steel placing;
e) concrete placing and finishing;
f) joints installation;
g) wet curing and forms removing;
h) joints sealing.
Concrete ramps over perimetral curbs will be provided for access to plant units and
they shall be considered as foundation concrete.
18.3. Subgrade preparation
Subgrade preparation works and the relevant sampling and testing operations shall be
carried out in compliance with the “General Construction Specification for Earthworks”.
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18.4. Foundation layer

Concrete paving foundation layer shall be prepared with the methods and material
requirements prescribed in the “General Construction Specification for Earthworks”.
In particular the following requirements shall be complied:
a) gradation and the proposed mix curve shall be determined in accordance with
ASTM D 2940 and shall be subject to Construction Management approval;
b) plastic index of total fine material passing the No. 200 (0.74 mm) sieve shall not
exceed 6.
c) Material resulting from general excavation, to be conditioned as required, will be

available at site in Subcontractor stock-pile.
18.5. Concrete and reinforcement
Types and characteristics required for the materials forming the concrete slab are
specified above.
18.6. Work execution
a) Fine grading of subgrade shall be performed with suitable equipment. Low areas
shall be filled with adequate aggregate mixtures to achieve the required bearing
capacity and the specified cross and longitudinal profiles.
b) Forms to be used for concrete spreading shall be capable of supporting the

loads transmitted by construction equipment and shall be well oiled and tightly
locked.
Subcontractor shall be responsible of control of good setting, location and
uniform support on foundation of forms. These controls shall be carried out
before concrete is cast.
c) Dowels and reinforcement shall be placed on the prepared sub-base and

securely held in the required position with appropriate devices/spacers.
d) Concrete placing operation shall be carried out as indicated in paragraph 4.7
e) Forms shall be kept installed at least for 2 days after concrete placing.
f) The construction of joint to be built by sawing shall be carried out as soon as

fresh concrete does not ravel and however before random cracking has
occurred.
g) Wet curing shall be provided at least for three days.

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h) Joints sealing materials shall be installed in accordance with construction

drawings. Sealing material shall be polisulphide Sikalastic or equivalent. Joints

sealing shall be scheduled taking into account concrete curing, moisture content
and sealant manufacturer instructions.
i) Subcontractor shall be responsible of protection of paving during concrete

curing. Light traffic shall not be permitted at least for 7 days.
l) On pavings carrying construction equipment traffic, concrete and/or waste

spillages shall be immediately removed and surface shall be maintained clean.
m) Concrete pavings construction shall be subject to Construction Management’s

approval.
Any damage or irregularity, caused by equipment and traffic before approval, shall be
repaired by Subcontractor at his own expense.
19. QUALITY INSPECTION
19.1. General
Material supply and installation as well as work compliance shall be checked with the
procedures set in the relevant project inspection and co-ordination procedures and as
specified in the following sections of this standard.
For prefabrication not executed at jobsite, and unless otherwise indicated in other
subcontract document, the quality inspections shall be carried out whenever the
production is done and with the same procedures. Quality file shall be made available
to Field Management at all times.
19.2. Sampling, Testing and Inspection
During concrete foundation and structure construction, a Quality Assurance Program

shall be followed in order to control the full compliance with the requirements herein
specified. Sampling and testing shall be performed in compliance with ACI 318, ACI
214, ACI 316, ACI 350 and ASTM C 31.
Unless otherwise specified in other Subcontract documents Quality Inspection program

shall be included in Subcontractor’s scope of work.
Subcontractor shall inform about to select a quality inspection agency or laboratory for
work acceptance test, sampling, material testing etc. to perform field quality assurance
program.
Subcontractor shall submit laboratory and on site tests results to the Main Contractor’s
approval.
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Leakage test shall be performed for liquid retaining structures (basins, sulphur pit,
cooling tower etc.) with an acceptable and approved procedure. As for the late testing,
for the major items namely cooling tower and basins Subcontractor shall submit
schedule and procedure to Main Contractor approval.
Backfill of basins and structures to be tested to leakage shall be executed after such
test. Where this procedure does not match field operations, backfilling shall be
executed after written approval of Main Contractor.
Inspection and testing of works and concrete that either showed being faulty at routine
checks or for which the actual strength is unknown are not covered by this standard.
Non-destructive tests and inspections shall be specified on a case-by-case basis and

as appropriate in the judgement of the engineer. The following type of field tests shall
be considered as a minimum reference to evaluate/determine the properties of built
concrete:
• ultrasonic pulse velocity test

• rebound Schmidt hammer
• microcoring
19.3. Tolerances
Referring to ACI 117 for definitions, tolerances of concrete works shall comply with the
limits hereinafter specified.
The values herein specified express either negative or positive components of both
translational and rotational components. If not specified it is to be intended that
variations (V) are symmetrical (+ V).
19.3.1. Structures and Buildings
Unless otherwise specified on construction drawings, tolerances shall be as indicated

in the following table:
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TOLERANCES FOR CONCRETE DIMENSIONS AND LOCATIONS

a) Plumb for columns, wall, piers and in - in any 3.00 m 6 mm
arrises:
- for the total length ≤ 30.00 m 25 mm
b) Plumb for exposed surfaces and - in any 6.00 m 6 mm
conspicuous lines
- for the total length ≤ 30.00 m 25 mm
c) Variations of level or elevations for soffits, - in any 3.00 m 6 mm
and in arrises:
- in any bay ≤ 6.00 m 9 mm
- for the total length 20 mm
d) Variations of linear building lines from the - in any bay 12 mm
basic dimension as per construction
drawings
- in any 6.00 m 12 mm
- maximum for the structure 25 mm
e) Footings - Horizontal variation +50 mm
(formed excavation)
- Horizontal variation -12 mm
(formed excavation)
- Horizontal variation +75 mm
(unformed excavation)
- Eccentricity respect to footing 2% (however ≤
width 50 mm)
f) Cross sectional dimension of columns, - up to 300 mm ± 7 mm
beams, walls and slab thickness: - more than 300 mm ± 10 mm
OPENINGS
Sleeves, floor openings, wall openings 6 mm
19.3.2. Equipment foundations
In addition to prescriptions listed before, deviation from the alignment shall be less that
25 mm.
19.3.3. Precast Members
PRECAST MEMBERS
Length variations a) In any 10.00 m of length 3 mm

b) For the total length 20 mm
Cross sectional variations a) Less than 150 mm 3 mm

b) 150 mm to 450 mm 5 mm
c) 450 mm to 900 mm 6 mm
d) More than 900 mm 9 mm
Variation from straight line a) In any 3.00 mm of length 3 mm

b) Maximum for total length 20 mm
Overall tolerance of prefabricated structures after assembly and jointing shall be

likewise in-situ constructions except as specified below for column first setting onto
socket foundation:
•
•
•
elevation:
plumbness:
± 5 mm.
deviation from plan position: ± 5 mm;
0000
Project N° Unit
FOR CONCRETE WORKS
2 mm in 1. metre;
MS

1700
Document Code
01
Serial N°
0
Rev.
Page
51/51

0000 MS 1700 01 - 0

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Project N° Unit Document Code Serial N° Rev.

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION

cast-in-place or prefabricated) as far as quality of materials, proportioning, forming,

Scope of work, supply conditions, specific Subcontract terms, additional requirements

The following documents have to be considered as an integral part of this standard as

0000 JSD 1700.01 GENERAL DESIGN RULES FOR FOUNDATIONS AND

0000 JSD 1440.01 GENERAL DESIGN RULES FOR EARTHWORKS,

2.2. Construction Standards

0000 STC 1700.01 to .10 REINFORCED CONCRETE WORKS

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION

2.3. Conformance to ACI

Concrete works shall conform to requirements of Specifications for Structural Concrete

for Buildings, ACI 301, American Concrete Institute (ACI),

2.4. Codes, Industry Standards and Specifications

2.4.2. Detailing, fabricating and placing reinforcing steel

ACI Detailing Manual (94) ACI SP-66.

2.4.3. Mixing and placing concrete

ACI 117: Standard Specifications for Tolerances for Concrete Construction

2.4.4. Forms and details of construction

ACI 347R: Recommended Practice for Concrete Formwork

2.4.5. Material and Testing Standards

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION

- ASTM A 36/A 36M Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel

- ASTM A 184 Fabricated deformed steel bar mats for concrete

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION

- ASTM C 109 Test method for compressive strength of hydraulic

cement mortar (using 2-in. or 50-mm cube

- ASTM C 138 Unit weight, yield, and air content (gravimetric) of

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION

paragraphs. The Subcontractor shall arrange materials and equipment supply.

Unless otherwise required by design drawings, concrete reinforcing steel shall be as

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION

moisture by covering with suitable protection material. It shall be neatly separated in

Unless otherwise specified in Civil Works Subcontract documents, bar bending

MATERIAL AND TEST METHOD TEST FREQUENCY

Heat of hydration shall be as low as possible in order to limit differential temperature

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION

Subcontractor shall supervise that supply of sufficient quantity of cement is available

If cement is delivered in bulk, it shall be stored in weatherproofed silos. If more than

Should any load or delivery be rejected, it is the Subcontractor's responsibility to

Systematic sampling at delivery for possible tier tests.

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION

made available with the concerned cement.

Tests performed in the laboratory shall be as follows.

Test to be performed Frequency

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION

TABLE 1 - LIMITS AND STANDARDS FOR NORMAL WEIGHT AGGREGATES

Storage shall prevent contamination of the aggregates by foreign material.

Aggregates delivered to the batch plant shall be stored on a clean, permanent

Sufficient quantities of each type of aggregate shall be maintained to be sufficient to

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION

quality water or removed and replaced by clean material.

The following limits shall apply:

Form of contamination Max recommended concentration

Water shall have a pH value between 7 and 9.

Admixtures such as air entraining agents, hardeners, plasticizers and waterproofing

Admixtures shall be in conformity, with ASTM C 494, C 1017

Admixtures/additives may be used in mix design to improve the workability, reduce

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION

Admixtures/Additives shall adhere to the following requirements:

• Be compatible with the type of cement used

• Have no adverse effect on the durability, shrinkage and water tightness

3.5.1. Retarding Admixtures