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Movement
Nishan Wanasinghe
Force, mass & acceleration
Newton’s 1st law
If there is no unbalanced force, the stationary objects will
remain stationary and moving objects will move with a steady
speed on a straight path.
Newton’s 2nd law
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the
unbalanced force and inversely proportional to the mass of the
object.
𝟏
𝒂∝𝑭 𝒂∝
𝒎
𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂
Newton’s 3rd law
Every action has an equal and an opposite reaction.
Unbalanced force,
mass and acceleration
The acceleration of an object directly
proportional to the unbalanced force.
𝒂
𝒂∝𝑭
𝒂
F
m
𝒂 F
F
If mass remain constant;
(m=Constant mass)
The acceleration of an object inversely
proportional to the mass of the object.
𝒂
(F=Constant Force) 𝟏
𝒂∝
𝒎
𝒂
m F
m
𝒂 If force remain constant;
Large acceleration → small mass
M F Small acceleration→ large mass
𝟏 𝒂
𝒂∝
𝒎
1
𝑥=
𝑚
𝟏
𝒂∝𝒙 𝒎
Concept learning questions
The direction of the acceleration and
Find the acceleration. the unbalanced force are the same.
𝑎
200 N F= ma
200 = 5a
5 kg a= 40 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑎 F= ma
500-200 = 10a
500 N 300 = 10a
200 N
10 kg a= 30 𝑚/𝑠 2
Weight(W)
• The gravitational pull acting on the object towards the earth center is
called the weight.
2 𝑚/𝑠 2 5 kg
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
F = ma
50 = 5 × a 𝑊
a= 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 = g
F = ma
50-D = 5 × 2
g= Gravitational acceleration. D = 50- 10 = 40 N
Concept learning questions
R Find the Normal reaction (R) force acting
i) F=ma on the person who is in the moving lift, if
W - R = ma the acceleration of the lift is,
800 – R = 80× 5 (g=10 N/kg)
R = 800 – 400 i) 5 m/𝑠 2 down
𝑎
R = 400 N ii) 10 m/𝑠 2 down
iii) 5 m/𝑠 2 up
ii) F = ma
800 – R = 80 × 10 W
R=0
iii) F = ma A lift
𝑎
R – W = ma
R – 800 = 80 × 5
R = 400 + 800 80 kg
R = 1200 N
Lab Practical:
Investigating Newton’s second law
Experiment 1: Investigating the relationship between acceleration and
unbalanced force.
Step 1:
Measure the mass of
the trolley.
Step 2:
Arrange the setup.
use light gates and
data logger to
measure time taken to
pass known length at
two points.
Step 3:
Calculate acceleration
for each applied force.
Take at least 6
readings.
Step 4:
Plot a graph between
acceleration and force
Alternative: A video camera can be used instead of light gates and data loggers.
Why is an inclined plane used for the practical?
Then the weight can minimize the effect of the friction on the trolley.
(A component of weight balances the friction force)
Hence the only unbalanced force acting on the trolley is the applied force by the weights.
𝑹
𝑻
R 𝑭
𝑭 𝑻 𝑾
W
When investigating the relationship between acceleration and unbalanced
force, the mass should remain constant. Explain how to keep the mass
constant?
Ex: Mass of the trolley = 300 g
Ans: Force is increased by transferring one of the masses from trolley to the mass hanger.
Measurements and Calculations-Experiment -1
How to find
acceleration?