INTRODUCTION

The tall building is the most dominating symbol of the cities and a human-made marvel that defies gravity by
reaching to the clouds. It embodies unrelenting human aspirations to build even higher. It conjures a number of
valid questions in our minds.
The fundamental purpose of a high-rise drainage system is the removal of fluid and solid waste to the sewer, while
protecting the inhabitants of the building form cross contamination from sewer gases and pathogens from within
the drainage system, by ensuring water trap seals are maintained. The system should require minimal maintenance,
should be a quite as possible as not to disturb the occupants from noise from discharges above and below them.
Ideally the system should only require minimal resources to do this, in the terms of water usage as well as
materials to achieve the aim of sustainable (green buildings),
The requirements of the drainage system have not changed from what was required back in the late 1800s, the core
principles are the same these being:
• Remove waste from the habitable space via the sanitary appliance
• Retain a physical protection between the drainage pipework and the habitable space
In modern high-rise drainage and ventilation systems with high-occupancy and increased loadings and longer pipe
lengths involved in building the 30, 50 and 100+ storey tall buildings,
the requirement to ensure that not only the waste is removed quickly to the sewer also that the habitable space and
the occupants in the building are protected from cross contamination by ensuring good design principles,

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE BUILDING

Have you ever wondered how water transported to the highest point of the tallest building in the world – The Burj
Khalifa. What kinds of pumps and systems are ‘powerful’ enough to supply water up to a height of 828m vertically
from the ground level? The key is booster.

Figure 1: How does water go up to the tip of tall building

In the early days, a tank was placed on top of the tall buildings and a few constant speed pumps were required
so that the water could be supplied to the upper floors. However, roof tank incurred some challenges, such as the
need of a super huge tank to cater a large population, and hygienic issues in which birds often nest near the tank
although it’s covered up. Eventually, in 1950s, community began to innovate and came up with the idea to replace
the roof tank with a tank on the floor level but still it required some pumps to keep it operated. This system is
costly to install yet consume a large amount of energy in order to provide a required constant pressure. With the
chronological improvements and innovations, booster systems are used in today’s high-rise buildings.

Figure 2: Booster system (Source:Google )

Systems for boosting water pressure 

Pressure- boosting systems can be of several different types:

 Pumping from a ground level or basement gravity tank to a gravity roof tank
 Pumping from a gravity storage tank or public water main into a hydro-pneumatic pressure tank that uses captive
air pressure to provide adequate drinking-water supply pressure
 Installation of booster pump sets consisting of multiple staged pumps or variable speed pumps that draw water
directly from a gravity storage tank or the public water main.

System Configuration 

Figure 3: Single booster system (Source: Google)

1. Single booster system. 

A water tank is placed in front of the pump system and filled with water from the mains. This allows the capacity
of the mains to be lower than the building’s peak demand, ensuring constant pressure even in peak flow situations.
The break tank is filled with water during low consumption periods and ensures a uniform water supply to the
booster pumps at all times.
 Advantages Disadvantage
 No space required for  High static pressure booster
boosters on upper levels. pump system

 Only one (or a few) riser  Pressure relief valves have to

pipe(s) in the building  be fitted.

 High operational costs.

 High pressure-graded pipes an

booster sets

 Sensitivity to electricity fall

out

Figure 4: Zone- divided system (Source: Google)

2. Zone-divided system. 
The supply system is split into several zones supplying a maximum of 12 floors each. This ensures adequate water
pressure on all floors without using pressure relief valves. The minimum pressure on the upper floor in each zone
is kept at 1.5 - 2 bar. The maximum pressure on the lowest floor in each zone does not exceed 4 - 4.5 bar.
 Advantages Disadvantages

 Only the required water pressure  More riser pipes in the building
is supplied  High pressure-graded pipes and
 No space required for boosters on boosters sets
upper levels  Sensitive to electricity fall-outs
 Less vulnerable in the event of
pump failure
 No pressure reduction valves

Figure 5: Roof tanks (Source: Google)

3. Roof tanks 
Roof tanks ensure both water pressure and water supply in case of power failure. This solution requires pressure
reduction valves on each floor in order to avoid undesired high static pressures at the tap, which creates
unacceptable noise while tapping. In this model the upper six floors require a separate booster system in order to
create sufficient pressure. The static pressure there is too low due to the insufficient geometric height to the roof
tank.

Advantages Disadvantages
 Mature technology    Water is pumped past where it’s required.

 Only one discharge from  booster set to top  Insufficient pressure on the uppermost floors.

 Space saving  Excessive pressure on the lowest floors

 Less sensitive to electricity fall outs  Pressure reduction valves have to be fitted

 Need for higher pressure grade of pipe work

 Space requirement for tank

 Risk of microbiological growth in roof tank       

4. Series-connected systems 
This system with intermediate break tanks draw on several other systems, utilizing centrally-placed break tanks to
supply both the taps in its own boosting zone and all the zones above it. With this system, a building is divided into
smaller and more manageable pressure zones of 12 floors each. Every zone is then served by its own booster
set. No pressure reduction valves are required and in case of electrical breakdown the tanks will be able to supply
pressure and water for up to 12 hours. However, the tanks take up valuable space within the building, reducing the
room available for revenue generation.

  Advantages Disadvantages
 Low cost operation  High initial investment

 Low pressure in each zone            Booster sets and tanks require space on service

 Manageable pressure zones floors

 High resilience   Lost potential revenue generating space

 Low power consumption of pumps and reduced

load power grid

 Less sensitive to electricity fall out

Example – Burj kalifa – https://youtu.be/PgxSD6H799Q (video will run)

Dubai's explosive growth but it's no longer enough to quench the thirst of this expanding metropolis
today the city relies on huge desalination plants that turns seawater into fresh water but pumping the
water around the city and into skyscrapers like the Burj Khalifa is a formidable challenge. The
installation of water networks into many of the city's towers we're on able to just look at the water
distribution infrastructure one would see a myriad almost like a spaghetti bowl of pipes water is
distributed to every corner at every floor at every level using a single giant pump to pipe water right to
the top of a building as tall as the Burj Khalifa would be dangerous would be dangerous forcing water
this high up takes extreme pressure which could make the pipes explode so engineers pump the water up
in stages first to a huge reservoir on the 40th floor then to a series of 200 thousand gallon tanks until it
reaches the top of the building then the water simply flows back down under its own weight almost a
quarter million gallons of water a day pass through the building enough to keep its inhabitants happy

COMMON PIPING AND PLUMBING FITTINGS

Elbow

An elbow is installed between two lengths of piping to allow a change of direction. 90° or 45° elbows are available
and common in use.
 Short-radius 45° elbow     Long-radius 90° elbow

(Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting)

Coupling
A coupling connects two pipes. If their sizes differ, the fitting is known as a reducing coupling, reducer, or an
adapter.

(Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting)

Union
A union, similar to a coupling, allows the convenient future disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture
replacement.

(Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting)

Tee
A tee, the most common pipe fitting, is used to combine fluid flow. Tees can connect pipes of different diameters
or change the direction of a pipe run, or both.
 (Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting) 

Cap
A cap attaches to the exterior of a pipe, and may have a solvent-weld socket end or a female-threaded interior.

(Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting)

Nipple
A nipple is a short stub of pipe, usually male-threaded steel, brass, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), or
copper (occasionally unthreaded copper), which connects two other fittings.

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting)
Crimped fittings
Crimped or pressed connections use special fittings which are permanently attached to tubing with a powered
crimper. The fittings, manufactured with a pre-installed sealant, slide over the tubing to be connected. High
pressure is used to deform the fitting and compress the sealant against the inner tubing, creating a leak proof seal.

(Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting)

Flange fittings

Flange fittings are generally used for connections to valves, inline instruments or equipment nozzles.

(Sources: goggle)

Valves

A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid such like liquids by opening, closing, or
partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate
category. Valves used in water supply systems can be subdivided into two function groups: Shut-off valves and
control valves.

(Sources: Wikipedia)
Components of valve:
1. Body 
2. Ports
3. Seat
4. Stem
5. Disc when valve is open
6. Handle or hand wheel when valve is open
7. Bonnet
8. Packing
9. Gland nut
10. Fluid flow when valve is open
11. Position of disc if valve were shut
12. Position of handle or hand wheel if valve were shut

Types of valves

Sluice Valves / Gate Valves

A sluice valve also known as a gate valve, is a valve which opens by lifting a round or rectangular gate/wedge out
of the path of the fluid.

(Sources:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_valve)

Globe Valves
Globe valve is different from ball valve, is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of
movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in generally spherical body.
 (Sources:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_valve)

Air Valves
Air valve used to release this free air is known as an air release valve.

(Sources:Air Valves | 36 Series Combination Air Valve)

Relief Valves   
A relief valve is a type of safety valve used to control or limit the pressure in a system.

(Sources: Safety Relief Valves)

Float Valves
Float valves is a mechanism or machine for filling water tanks, such as those found in flush toilets.

(Sources:Solenoid Valve World)

Butterfly Valves 
Butterfly valves allows for quick shut off. The disc is positioned in the centre of the pipe. A rod passes through the
disc to an actuator on the outside of the valve. Butterfly valves are generally favored because they cost less than
other valve designs, and are lighter weight so they need less support.
 (Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_valve)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES OF WATER SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE

STORAGE OF WATER
 To provide against interruption of the supply by repairs to the mains,
 To tide over the intermittent supply from the source, and to maintain a storage for firefighting.
 The water may be stored in the overhead tanks (OHT) and/or in underground tanks (UGT).

QUANTITY OF WATER TO BE STORED

It depends upon the following factors:

 Hours of supply from the source,

 Rate and regularity of distribution to the consumers, and
 Consequences of exhausting storage

Capacity of Storage Tank

 The storage of water can be done either in OHT or underground tank (UGT) or in both
 33.3 to 50% of one day's requirement in case only OHT is provided;
 50 to 150% in case only UGT is provided; and
 66.7% in the UGT and 33.3% in the OHT in case the storage is provided both in UGT and OHT.

Requirements of Storage Tank

 Adequate number of manholes
 Corrosion resistant catch rings or ladders to reach the bottom of the tank
 an overflow pipe above the ground or terrace level
 a vent pipe to prevent vacuum condition
 a scour pipe for emptying tank
 Overflow and vent pipes with a mosquito proof brass grating
 a top of the tank suitably sloped away
 a provision for draining of the UGT
 UGT shall not be located near pollution source
 bottom of the OHT shall be placed at a minimum of 2.0m above the terrace slab

Methods of distribution of water

  Direct supply from municipal mains,
 Direct pumping with hydro-pneumatic system,
 Overhead tank's distribution

Direct supply from municipal mains

This system is adopted when adequate pressure is available in the municipal mains laid in the street to
feed water to the top most floor in the building throughout day.

Hydro- pneumatic system

 In this system an air vessel with air at top is installed on the pumping main to regulate the pump
operation;
 the pumped water in to the vessel compresses air at the top; a pressure switch switches off the
pumps when a specified pressure is reached;
 As water is drawn and pressure falls to the preset pressure, the switch starts the pump.
 An air compressor is necessary to feed air into the vessel and maintain the air-water ratio.
 The system shall require a reliable power supply
 Alternate option is the providing of variable speed drive pump with a large variation in the
pressure-discharge and speed of the pump to deliver water at the required rates;
 In the variable drive pump by varying the speed of the motor from 960 to 3000 rpm with an
electronic device the rate of flow is reduced.
 The same pump shall able to deliver water as required at different times of the day.
 The system consumes energy in proportion to the work done and save considerable power
compared to the constant speed pumps.
 Hydro-pneumatic system generally eliminate the need for an overhead storage tank
 It may supply water at a much higher pressure in the upper floors than available from overhead
tanks, resulting in equitable distribution water in all the floors.

Overhead tank's Distribution

 This is the most common method of distribution system adopted in various types of buildings.
 The water is pumped to the overhead tanks placed at the top of the building.
 Water from the overhead tank is distributed through the down take pipes to various fixtures at the
different parts of the building.
 Water from the UGT shall be pumped to the OHT’s and from there supply shall be effected to
different fixtures in different floors.
 Water going to overhead tank and then the water is supplied to different floors by gravity.
 In order to maintain equitable distribution in all the floors, it is necessary to fix pressure reducing
valves (PRVs) in the branch pipes to the lower floors; PRVS maintain uniform pressures in all the
branch pipes so as to deliver uniform discharges to all the floors.

Communication Pipe
 The communication pipe is the pipe connection between the street water main of municipal water
supply and the stop cock in the supply pipe at the boundary of the premise.
  Connections up to 50 mm diameter may be made by screwed ferrules in the water main;
 In all other cases, the connection shall be made by a T-branch off the water main.

Suitable pipes for internal plumbing

Pipes generally used for internal plumbing are:

 Galvanized Iron (GI) pipes,

 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes and
 Medium density poly ethylene (MDPE) pipes
 Gl pipes are likely to be corroded;
 PVC pipes are likely to lose its strength when exposed to sun (when fixed on the external walls)
 MDPE pipes are flexible, heat resistant, with leak free joints and do not require bends
 Hence MDPE pipes are the most preferable pipe material.

Direct plumbing system with hydro pneumatic system

 Water is pumped directly from the source well or UGT into the distribution system.
 Pump operation is controlled by a pressure switch or timer switch installed on the line.
 A jockey pump of smaller capacity is used to meet the lean demand
 The main pump starts during the peak demand
 The availability of reliable power is essential.
 SANITARY SYSTEM
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM

Figure 1: Flushing water closet (Source: google )

The most contact we have with the sanitary system is simply flushing a water closet or pulling out a plug in a wash hand basin.
However, we tend to always forget the existence of sanitary system in our buildings despite its importance to ensure that the
environment we live in is safe and clean.

Figure 2: Sanitary Sewer System in a building (Source: DS Plumbing)

A sanitary sewer system refers to a complex network of pipes and pumps that is both provided in a building and buried
beneath the street. This system is designed to collect and convey the wastewater or waterborne wastes out of the buildings and
transport them from homes, shop houses offices or industries to the treatment facility. Don’t get confused with the following
terminology!

 Sewer – a pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and other liquid waste.
 Sewerage – the works required to collect, treat and dispose sewage including the sewer system, pumping
stations, and treatment work.
 Sewage – any liquid-borne waste (include liquids containing chemicals in solution, ground surface or storm
water) is admitted into or passes through sewers.
 Sewage disposal system – a system for disposing of sewage, by means of a septic tank, or by mechanical
treatment, which is designed to serve a single building or a group of buildings independently of the public
sewer.
 Figure 3: Sewer, Sewerage, Sewage
The purposes of sanitary and sewer systems are as follow:

 To maintain clean and healthy conditions within a building.

 To collect and dispose waste materials as fast and early as possible in a systematic way.
 To avoid the entry of foul gases from the sewer of the septic tank.
There are two types of drainage system for sanitary and sewerage, namely the drainage system above ground and below
ground.

ABOVE GROUND DRAINAGE

*A stack is the main vertical pipe that carries away discharge from water closets and urinals (soil water) or other clear water
waste from equipment and non- sanitary fixtures (waste stack). The design of the stack depending on the volume of the
sanitary fittings the rate of flow out of the drain into the stack, the diameter of the stack and the type of stack fitting.

Discharge pipes consist of single stack, branching the vent pipe. Single stack pipe is installed vertically to ease the discharge
of soil and waste water. Branching pipe is connected to sanitary fitting with single stack pipe. Vent pipe releases compressed
air.

There are 3 types of above ground drainage systems employed in the installation of soil and waste water discharge pipes:

1. Single stack system

System where only single pipe (can act as BOTH soil pipe and ventilation pipe) is required. Stack is located inside or outside
the external wall of the property and terminates roof eaves level with a cage or perforated cover. Discharge in branching pipes
from sanitary fittings are transferred to single stack pipe where it is then drained into the drainage pipe. There is no
ventilation pipe needed because stack itself is large enough to prevent
pressure fluctuation (it itself can function as a vent pipe). This system is so far
the most commonly used in domestic buildings as it is easy to install besides
its significance in reducing the cost of soil and waste systems. However, the
sanitary fitting should be installed near the single stack pipe separately to
reduce the length of the branching pipe and minimize the sound of the flow in
the pipe.

2. One pipe system @ Single pipe system

Figure 4: Single stack system (Source: goggle )
One pipe system means 2 stacks in a system. In this system, all soil water
(excreta) and waste water (sullage) discharge into one common
pipe instead of using two separate pipes, meaning that all sanitary fittings are
connected to only one pipe. Ventilation pipes are fitted to each discharge
branch (but not each appliance) near to the bend to remove compressed air at
this point.  All branch ventilating pipes drain into one main ventilating pipe.
This system largely replaces the two pipes system and let itself very well to the use in multi-storey developments. It is far
more economical than the two pipes system for a large number of sanitary appliances in ranges. All sanitary fittings should be
installed near a main pipe.

Figure 5: Single pipe system (Source:

goggle)

3. Two pipes system @ Dual pipe system

This is the oldest system of plumbing. Two sets of vertical pipes, one for soil water as soil pipe (soil discharge pipe) and
another for waste water as waste pipes (waste discharge pipe). The soil pipes receive the discharges from soil appliance (soil
water from WC and urinals) and deliver it direct to the underground drainage system; The waste pipes collect the wastewater
from shower tray, WB and bathtub then convey this to the ground level where it is delivered above the water seal in a trapped
gully connected to the drainage system. The soil water and waste did not combine until reach the below ground drainage.
The soil pipes as well as the waste pipes are separately ventilated (individual ventilation system), by providing, separate vent
pipe or anti-siphon age pipe. It has 4 stacks in a system. This system is suitable when the waste fitting is located far from the
waste water fitting.
 Figure 6: Dual pipe system (Source: Inazarina Ady- Sanitary
Pipework)

BELOW GROUND DRAINAGE

1. Separate drainage system

System in which the waste water and storm water are always kept separated. Two separate sets of sewers are installed, one
for collection and conveyance of sanitary sewage and other for storm water. When a separate system is used, the sewerage
treatment plant will not get overloaded in periods of wet weather. It is comparatively favorable by the local authorities as the
installation and running costs of the sewerage treatment plant can be reduced.

Figure 7: Separate drainage system (Source: goggle)

Advantages of separate drainage system:

 Size of sewers required is smaller
 Since the waste water and the storm water flows in separate pipes, the quantity of sewage to be treated is
lesser.
 As the sewers are smaller in sections, they can be easily ventilated.
 During disposal, if the sewage is to be pumped, the separate system is cheaper.
 Rain water can be discharged to the streams without any treatment.
Disadvantages of separate drainage system:
 Since the sewers are of smaller size, it’s more difficult to clean them.
 They are likely to get chocked.
 Initial cost is high, when two separate set are used.
 Maintenance cost of the sewers is also high.
 Generally self-cleaning velocity is not available due to small quantity of sewage therefore, flushing is
required at various point.

 2.  Combined drainage system

System in which some or all the storm water joins the waste water drainage system. This means that both surface water
and foul water will be discharged into the sewerage treatment plant. In order to avoid the treatment plant being overloaded, it
may be possibility to extract some foul water at various points in the drainage network. This can be achieved if the surface
water is less dense than the foul water and tends to flow on the top in a drain. A separating device can be used to diver the
surface water into a storm water channel or drain.

Figure 8: Combined drainage system (Source: Winnipeg)

Advantages of combined drainage system:

 Both domestic sewage and storm water are carried in a single sewer, so construction cost is minimized.
 The strength of domestic sewage is reduced because of the dilution of storm water.
 The sewers are of larger size, therefore the chances of their chocking are rare, it is easy to clean them.

Disadvantages of combined drainage system

 Initial cost is high due to the larger dimensions of sewers.

 Due to larger dimensions of sewers, handling and transportation is comparatively harder.
 Due to inclusion of storm water, the load on treatment plant increases.
 During heavy rain the sewer may be overflow and may thus create unhygienic conditions.
 It is uneconomical if the whole sewage is to be disposed by pumping.

PIPE GRADIENT
 All above ground and below ground horizontal drainage pipes should be laid to an adequate gradient.
 The fall in a pipe may be defined as the vertical amount by which the pipe drops over a distance.
 Gradient = Fall / Distance
 Gradients from 1 in 40 to 1 in 110 will normally give adequate flow velocities.
 A gradient of 1 in 80 is suitable for commencing calculations for pipe schemes. 
 If the gradient is not less than 1 in 40, then the pipe could block, as the liquidated waste flow out too fast
leaving the solids slow down and become stranded.
 Figure 9: Fall & Gradient in drainage pipe (Source: Drainage Consultant Ltd)
TRAP

Figure 10: Typical trap (Source: Wikipedia)

All appliances connected to the drainage system must have a trap on them to prevent the entry and penetration of any foul
gases into the buildings. Basically, the materials used for trap are plastics and metals. There are different types and shapes of
the traps matching their own functions.

Figure 11: Types of trap according to shapes (Source: goggle)

SANITARY FITTINGS

Various types of pipe fittings are available in plumbing systems for different purposes and functions. A pipe fitting is used in
plumbing system to join multiple pipes of same size or different sizes, to regulate the flow or to measure the flow. They are made up
of different materials like copper, iron, brass, PVC etc.

1. Shower    2. Basins
                   
Figure 12: Shower (Source: Google) Figure 13: Basin (Source: Google)

3. Urinal Bowl 4. Water closets (WC) 

Figure 15: Urinal Bowl (Google) Figure 16; Water closets (Source: Saudi Ceramics)

5. Bidet 6. Sinks

Figure 17: Bidet (Source: Groupon) Figure 18: Sinks (Source: The Home Depot)           
ESSENTIAL OF GOOD APPLIANCES
 Cleanliness- strong, smooth, non-absorbent and non-corroding surfaces, largely self-
cleansing and permitting easy cleaning.
 Simplicity- for design and construction.
 Accessibility- can function for many work
 Durability- will stand wear and tear
 Economical- in terms of initial and maintenance cost
  Appearance – satisfactory

COMPARISON

Difference Between WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM and SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM

Water Supply System Sanitary Sewer System

Treated water is transferred using water pipes To drain the water that has been used

Serves to delivers clean water supply To collect and remove waste matter
systematically

 To access all water supply at place who need To avoid the entry of foul gases from the sewer
clean water especially in house, hospital, school, or the septic tank
office and etc.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES OF SANITARY PLUMBING:

 The waste water generated from bath and kitchen is called sullage.
 The waste water from toilet is called excreta.
 Sanitary plumbing can be the pipe lines and fixtures or appliances installed in a building to collect
the sullage and excreta.

SANITARY APPLIANCES
 Sanitary appliances are the fixtures installed in commercial and residential buildings to
receive waste water.
 They shall be two types viz soil appliances and waste appliances
 Soil appliance are the fixtures connected to soil pipe which carries toilet wastes (excreta) from the
building.
 Example of soil appliances are
 Water closet, bidet, urinals

Waste water appliances are the fixtures connected to a waste pipeline which carries sullage from the
building

Examples of soil appliances are wash basin, bath tub and kitchen sinks.

It is necessary to collect the waste and soil separately, because the excreta has the pathogens , the human
waste contains the micro-organism particularly disease causing pathogens to be properly collected and
the waste is also likely to degraded anabeoric and gas to be genetrated within the system , it is prefable
to collect the soil through a soil pipe and waste through waste pipe .
Traps:
The important fixture for the sanitary appliances is trap .

The trap is consists of u tube which retains water,

Good trap should be

 provided with sufficient water seal.

 With smooth interior so as not to obstruct the flow,
 provided with an access door for cleaning, and
 It is made of some non-absorbent material

Types of Traps

The three types of traps are P-trap, Q-trap and S-trap.

Depending upon their use the traps are classified into following three types.

 Floor traps,
 Gully trap, and
 Intercepting trap.

Types of traps: Floor traps

 These traps are generally used to admit sullage from floors of kitchen and bathrooms.
 These are invariably provided with Cl or GI or stainless steel gratings at the top so as to prevent
the entry of solid matter into drainpipe

Types of traps: Gully traps

 A gully trap is provided at the junction of a room or a roof drain and other drain coming from
bath,
 kitchen etc.
 The sullage from bath will enter through side inlet and the washings from room or rainwate
 from roof will enter from top
 Gully trap may either have a S-trap or P-trap.

Types of traps: Intercepting traps

An intercepting trap is often provided at the junction of a house sewer and a municipal sewer, so as to
prevent entry of foul gases of the municipal sewer into the house drainage system.

It has a high water seal of 100mm depth.

Design principles of sanitary plumbing system

 The sanitary pipes shall be laid into the ground by the side of the building rather than in walls.
 Vertical pipes shall be kept outside and accommodated in shafts,
  Pipes shall be laid straight
 All sharp bends and junctions shall be avoided and made through inspection chambers.
 The entire system shall be ventilated.
 The house sewer shall be connected to the street sewer, keeping the outfall at higher than the
water level of the public sewer;
 It shall contain enough number of traps, to avoid evolution of foul smells;
 Lateral sewers shall be laid at sufficient slope so as to develop self
cleansing velocities.
 The joints of the pipes shall be made watertight.
 The layout of the system shall be such as to permit easy cleaning in
case of blockage.
 High quality sewer pipe shall be used in the system.
 Rainwater from the roofs or open yards should not be allowed to
mix with house sewage

Building Sewerage
 The wastewater from different fixtures in a building is collected and discharged to Building
sewers which conveys and discharges to street sewer
 Minimum size of building sewer is 100mm
 In the sewers minimum self cleansing velocity of 75cm/sec shall be maintained at least once in
day
 Sewers should be laid at the following grades in order to generate self cleansing velocity.
 100mm dia sewer: 1 in 57
 150mm dia. Sewer: 1 in 100

Manholes or Inspection chambers

 They are provided for ready access to the sewer for inspection, cleaning and rodding;
 Maximum spacing between manholes: 30m
 Minimum internal dimensions of manholes:
 Rectangular manholes
For depths less than 0.90m: 900mm x 800mm
For depths from 0.90m to 2.50m: 1200mm x 900mm
 Circular manholes
For depths 0.90m to 1.65m: 900mm diameter
For depths from 1.65m to 2.30m: 1200mm diameter

PROCESSES OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

FROM TAMILNADU COMBINED DEVELOPMENT AND BUILDING RULES 2019
FROM NATIONAL BUILDING CODE 2016 – VOLUME 2
 \

CALCULATION OF SEWAGE OF TREATMENT PLANT:

We know that, 90% of TWD contributes to Water Sewage,

Le. 90% of 1800 KLD-90/100 (1800)

1620 KLD Space requirement for 1620 KLD of sewage water; Total depth of STP is 3.3m, and liquid
depth is 3m Area of the spread = 1620/3=540 sq m (approx.)

20m 27m Hence, Dimensions of the STP is 20m 27m 3m

CALCULATION OF RAIN WATER STORAGE TANK:

Area of terrace 9703 sq. m

Area of the paved path = 1014 sq. m

Total Catchment Area -10,717 sq.m

Annual Rainfall of the region = 1104 mm= 1.104 m

Run-off coefficient -0.9 Annual downpour=10117° 0.9 1.104

=10.648.4 cu.m. =10648000 L

Let us take the region has a monsoon of 4 months, Le 245 days approx. And average requirement of drinking water
for a person per day as 10 L to cater the drinking water requirement of 500 persons (since it is not possible for
15,000 persons)

Amount of water = 245*500* 10 = 12,25,000 L

Hence the storage area required for 1225 KLD:

Average depth of storage tank is 2m (for commercial buildings) Area of the spread <=1225/2 =612.5 sq.m

= 25m x25m (approx.)

Hence the dimensions of rain water storage tank required to cater the drinking an average need of 500 persons is
25m*25m*2m height 

DESIGN BRIEF OF 10 STOREY AND 20 STOREY BUILDING

Two building heights were used: 36 m (equivalent to a 10 story building) and 72 m (equivalent to a 20
story building). The system configurations were simplified so that pipe branches with active water-trap
seals were located only at the bottom, middle, and top of each system. For the 10 story building, these
branches were located on floors 2, 6, and10; and for the 20 story building, the branches were located on
floors 4, 12, and 20. The connections at intermittent floors were either designated as closed ends or
incorporated into the venting arrangements depending on the system configuration.

Table 1 summarizes the pipe dimensions used in each of the system configuration simulations. Most of
the relevant pipes for each system were standardized. The only differences were between the stack pipes
and vent pipes for the 10 story and 20 story, increasing from 3 m to 6 m, and 6 m to 12 m, respectively.
The only other difference was that the 10 story building was simulated with a 100 mm diameter stack and
then a 150 mm diameter stack to look at the effect of stack diameter, while the 20 story building was
simulated with a 150 mm diameter stack only.

Table 1. Pipe lengths and diameters for each system configuration. Values are provided for the 10 story
building Where different for the 20 story building, these are shown in brackets.
In each case, an appliance water discharge flow profile was applied along the height of the stack to
simulate the accumulation of flow from adjoining branch flows. Figure 5 shows the distribution of inflow
for both the 100 mm and 150 mm diameter stacks. The flow increases incrementally towards the base of
the stack, simulating a realistic flow scenario until the maximum flow rate for each stack diameter is
reached: 5.2 L/s for a 100 mm diameter stack and 12.4 L/s for a 150 mm diameter stack . We have chosen
the water profiles given above to represent a maximum flow rate allowed for the pipe dimensions adopted
to measure the response of the system to transient flows. The profile is ramped up to the maximum in
order to represent a compromise between assessing the response of the system to both steady and
unsteady (transient) conditions.

Water discharge flow profile for both the 100mm and 150 mm stack simulations. The single-stack system
is shown in this example; however, these discharge flow profiles apply to each system configuration.

GREEN BUILDING STRATEGIES

Green Building is a term that is constantly garnering attention in the world today. There is a growing
need for sustainable development and Green buildings ensure the efficient use of natural resources that
reduce the harmful impact on the environment. Technologies implemented in these buildings use sensors
that can automatically.

How does one decide whether a Building is "Green”?

There is a predefined set of guidelines that relate to the design, construction and operation of buildings
which determines whether its performance is creating a harmful impact on the environment or not.

There is a certain mandatory criterion that is predefined which would determine whether a building is
certified or not in terms of Green building. They are:

1) Selection of site and its design

2) Energy efficiency

3) Building materials

4) Waste management

5) Water efficiency

6) Quality of indoor air

7) Innovation and other technologies

In India, there are three rating systems which are most often used that have their own set of criteria to be
followed. They are:

1) LEED India 2) GRIHA 3) IGBC  

THE MAINSTREAM NET ZERO WATER BUILDING

A more mainstream net zero water scenario is shown below. This building offsets freshwater with
alternative water and recharges water back to the original water source through green infrastructure
This graphic shows the incoming and outgoing water flows of the building.

 Potable water is supplied from a municipal provider from a freshwater source.

 Alternative non-potable water is supplied and treated on-site from harvested rainwater and grey
water, which is lightly contaminated wastewater generated by lavatory faucets and showers.
 Wastewater is discharged offsite and treated at a local municipal treatment plant.
 Storm water is recharged to the aquifer through on-site green infrastructure features on the
building's landscape.

Each flow has been quantified to show how the building meets the net zero requirement,

DESIGN ELEMENTS OF A NET ZERO WATER BUILDING

The key design elements of a net zero water building, including:

 Reducing demand by employing innovative technologies that consume less water.

 Producing alternative water sources to offset purchased freshwater.
 Treating wastewater on-site and reuse or inject treated wastewater into the original water supply.
 Implementing green infrastructure by infiltrating storm water to the original water supply.
FOR DESIGN PURPOSE – WATER TREAT PLANT (WTP) AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (STP)

THUMB RULES FOR DESIGN PURPOSE AND SPACE ALLOCATION.

STP IS TO BE PROVIDED WHEN THE SITE IS COMING UP WITH A BUILDING FOR

MORE THAN 20 THOUSAND SQUARE FEET.
IT IS COMPULSORY TO HAVE A STP, EVEN WE HAVE A DRAINAGE SYTEM IN THAT
AREA OR LOCATION.

WATER TREATMENT PLANT IS REQUIRED ACCORDING TO REQUIREMENT OF

THAT AREA WATER QUALITY. AS PER CHENNAI WE HAVE TO HAVE A WATER
TREATMENT PLANT.

AS AN ARCHITECT WE HAVE TO ALLOT AN AREA FOR STP AND WTP IN A PROPER

LOCATION IN THE SITE AND WITH APPROXIMATE SIZE FOR THE BOTH SERVICES
WHICH IS THE LIFE LINE OF THE PROJECTAND THAT SHOWS THE PERFORMANCE
OF THE PARTICULAR PROJECT.

SINCE WE ARE GOING TO DESIGN AN HIGH RISE BULDING, I WILL BE EXPLAINING

IN THAT CONTEXT ONLY , AND LOTS OF LITERATURE HAS BEEN MADE AND I WIIL
SHARE AND FAST PRESENTATION WILL BE DONE FOR THE SAME .

FROM TAMILNADU COMBINED DEVELOPMENT AND BUILDING RULES 2019