.

Légal presum ptions and their authentification in the criminal

ev idence.

1955 20
Email : dou dourahal@gmail.com

Abstract

Légal presumptions have a great certainty and trust-full in

terms of criminal evidence that restricts the judge’s freedom to
convince himself. Moreover it impose on him a sovt of certainty
which we can call it judicial certainty. In addition to that, proving
using judicial evidences hinders innocence presumption in advance.
Finally, certainty of presumption can be seen clearly and
effect ively in the way where it can be in shifting and moving of
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proving burden to the accused.

Keywords: légal presumptions, Criminal evidence, Personal
Conviction, Innocence presumption, Burden of proof .
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‫ﺗﻜﺘﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻈ ﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﻞ‬،‫ ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻨﺎﻉ‬،‫ﻗﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬.(‫ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻴ ﻧ ﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘ )ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻘﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧ ﱐ‬
‫ ﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﺠﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﻳ ﺪﻣ ﺎ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧ ﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﻄﹼﻞ ﻣﻔﻌ ﻝ ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺿﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘ ﻢ‬
. ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺑﺼ ﺭﺓ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻠ ﺎ ﻟﻌﺐﺀ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ ﺍﳌﺘ ﻢ‬
‫ ﻋﺐﺀ‬،‫ ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺓ‬،‫ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬،‫ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧ ﻧﻴﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬
.‫ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬

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‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣــﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ ﺍﳌ ﺿ ﻋﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺮﺋ ﺴ ﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻌﺪ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ‬
‫ﺿ ﻉ ﺃﺑﺪ ﻷ ﺮﺗﺒﻂ ّﻋ ﺍ ﺪ ﺍ ﺑ ﹼ ﺟ ﺪ ﻗﻀﺎﺋ ﺒﺬ ﰲ ﺳﺒ ﺍﻇ ﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻘ ﻘﺔ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌ ﺔ ‪ .‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﳉ ﺪ ﺍ ﺬ ﻻ ﺰﺍ ﳏﺘﻔﻈﺎ ﺑﺄﳘ ﺘ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮ ﺮ ﺼﲑ ﺍ ﺪﻋ‬
‫ﺃﺟ‬ ‫ﺧﺼ ﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﺣ ﺚ ﺇﻗﺎ ﺔ ﺍ ﻌﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍ ﺎﺱ ﺣﺴ ﺎ ﺑ‬
‫ﺍ ﺻ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻘ ﻘﺔ ﺎ ﺰﺍ ﺎ ﺢ ﺍ ﻘﺎﺿ ﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻺﺳﺘﻌﺎ ﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋ ﺔ ﺳ ﺍﺀ ﺎ ﺖ ﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃ ﻏﲑ ﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺘ ﺎﺭ ﺎ ﺆﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻇ ﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺬ ﺍﳊﻘ ﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﺎ ﺃ ﺲ ﺍ ﺴ ﺔ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃ ﺔ ﺟﺮﳝﺔ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋ ؛ ﺣ ﺚ ﺃ ﻏﺎ ﺒﺎ‬
‫ﺎ ﺗﺘ ﺃﺭ ﺎ ﺎ ﺃ ﻋ ﺎﺻﺮ ﺎ ﰲ ﺳﺮ ﺔ ﺗﺎ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌ ﺪﺍ ﻋ ﺍﻷ ﻈﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺘﺨﺬ ﺍ ﺮ ﳊﻈﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺣﺎﻃﺔ ﺃ ﻔﺴ ﺑﺴ ﺎﺝ ﻗ‬ ‫ﺍﳊ ﻄﺔ ﺍﳊﺬﺭ‪ ،‬ﺎ ﳝ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍ ﻋ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍ‬
‫ﺍ ﺘ ﺎ ‪ .‬ﳑﺎ ﺆﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺧ ﻖ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺜﲑﺓ ﻘﻒ ﺃ ﺎ ﺎ ﺍ ﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﺟﺰﺍ ﻋ ﺍ ﻘ ﺎ‬
‫ﺑ ﺍﺟﺒ ﰲ ﲪﺎ ﺔ ﺣﻘ ﻕ ﺣﺮ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍ ﻌﺪﺍ ﺃﺩ ﺔ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺒﻘ ﺃ ﺎ‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﱵ ﺗ ﺧﲑ ﻌﲔ ﺒ ﻍ ﺫ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﻋ ﻋﲔ‪ :‬ﻗﺮﺍﺋ ﻗﻀﺎﺋ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺍﺋ ﻗﺎ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺎ ﺎ ﰲ ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌ ﺿ ﻉ‬
‫ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺴ ﺃﳘ ﺔ ﺑﺎ ﻐﺔ ﻋ‬ ‫ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌ ﻄ ﻖ ﺗﱪﺯ ﻗ ﺔ ﺬﺍ ﺍ ﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺃ‬
‫ﺍ ﻌ ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺣﻘ ﻘﺔ ﺍﻷ ﺮ ﻓﺈ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺼﻌ ﺪ ﺍ ﻌ‬
‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌ ﺍﺩ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻻ ﺗ ﺤﺼﺮ ﺃﳘ ﺘ ﺎ ﰲ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩ ﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺇﳕﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺪ ﺫ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻘ ﻖ ﺃ ﺭ ﺃﺧﺮ ﰲ ﳎﺎ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺎ ﻣﻔ ﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧ ﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌ ﺍﺩ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ؟ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻴﺘ ﺎ؟ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺪ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﺄ ﻢ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺲ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧ ﻧﻴﺔ؟‬
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‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌ ﺿ ﻉ ﻛ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋ ﺬ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎ ﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﺄ ﺎ ﺗﻘﺴ‬

‫ﺃ ﻻ‪ :‬ﻔ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺣﺠ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ ‪ -‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺎ ﺗﻌﺮ ﻔ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺑ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺇ ﹼ ﺍ ﻗ ﻑ ﻋ ﺣﻘ ﻘﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﻘﺘﻀ‬
‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﺃﺭﻛﺎ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺫ ﻚ ﻓﻖ ﺎ ﺄﰐ ﺑ ﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻘﺪ ﺧ ﺖ ﺃﻏ ﺐ ﺍ ﺘﺸﺮ ﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋ ﺔ ﺍﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺗﻌﺮ ﻒ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ؛‬
‫ﺣ ﺚ ﺑﺎ ﺮﺟ ﻉ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋ ﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﳒﺪ ﺧﺎ ﺎ ﺗﻌﺮ ﻒ ﺍ ﻘﺮ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﺎ ﺩ ﺗﻌﺮ ﻔ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺫ ﻚ ﲟ ﺟﺐ‬
‫ﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 337‬ﺍ ﱵ ﺗ ﺺ ﻋ ﺃ ‪ ":‬ﺍ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺗﻐﲏ ﺗﻘﺮﺭﺕ ﳌﺼ ﺤﺘ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﺃ ﳚ ﺯ ﻘﺾ ﺬ ﺍ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺑﺎ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻋ ﺃ ﺔ ﻃﺮ ﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮ‬
‫ﺍ ﻌﻜﺴ ﺎ ﱂ ﺟﺪ ﺺ ﻘﻀ ﺑﻐﲑ ﺫ ﻚ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻼﺣﻆ ﻋ ﺍ ﺘﻌﺮ ﻒ ﺍ ﺬ ﺃ ﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺃ ﺗﻌﺮ ﻒ ﻘﺮ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺣ ﺚ ﺘ ﺠﺘ ﺎ ﻏﺎ ﺘ ﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃ ﺎ ﻋ ﻘ ﺑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺪﻓ ﺎ ﺃ ﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻐﲏ ﺍﳌﺪﻋ ﻋ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋ ﺎ ﺗﻜﺘﻔ ﺑﺈﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﺪ ﺔ ﺃﺳ‬
‫ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺻ ﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪) .‬ﳏ ﺪ ﺻﱪ ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﺴﻌﺪ ‪ . 2011 .‬ﺹ‪(172‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﺍ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺛﺒ ﺕ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻌ ﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﺛﺒ ﺕ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺃﺧﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻌﲏ ﺃ ﹼ ﺍﳌﻜ ﻒ ﺑﺎﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻌﻔ‬
‫ﺍ ﱵ ﺪﻋ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﺪ ﺔ ﺃﺳ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺻ ﺔ؛ ﻓﺎ ﻘﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺸﺮ ﻁ‬ ‫ﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺟ ﺩ ﺃ ﺿﺎﻉ ﻌ ﺔ ﻋ ﻃﺮ ﻖ ﻗﺮﺍﺋ ﻗﺎ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺘﻔ‬
‫ﺍ ﻼﺯ ﺔ ﻘ ﺎ ﺍ ﻘﺮ ﺔ‪ ) .‬ﳏ ﺪ ﺣﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﺼ ﺭ‪ . 1998.‬ﺹ‪(47‬‬

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‫ﺃ ﺎ ﺇﻏﻔﺎ ﺍ ﺼ ﺹ ﺍ ﺘﺸﺮ ﻌ ﺔ ﺿﻊ ﺗﻌﺮ ﻒ ﺟﺎ ﻊ ﺎ ﻊ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺼﺪ ﺍ ﻔﻘ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﱐ ﳍﺬ ﺍﳌ ﺔ؛ ﺣ ﺚ ﺍﺷﺘ ﺖ ﺘﺐ ﺍ ﻔﻘ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﱐ ﻋ ﺜﲑ‬
‫ﺍ ﺒﺲ ﺍ ﻐ ﺽ؛ ﺣ ﺚ ﻋﺮﻓ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﱂﲣ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺘﻌﺮ ﻔﺎﺕ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍ ﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺄ ﺎ‪ ":‬ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍ ﱵ ﺗ ﱃ ﻓ ﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻋ ﺍ ﻘﺎﺿ ﺍ ﻘ ﺎ ﺑﻌ ﺔ ﺍﺳﺘ ﺎﺝ ﺃ ﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺋ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻋ ﺳﺒ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ ﻓﺮﺿ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻌﲔ ﺛﺒ ﺕ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻌ ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍ ﻘﺎﺿ ﺍﳋﺼ "‪) .‬ﺃﺑ ﺍ ﻌﻼ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﺮ ‪.1991 .‬ﺹ‪(127‬‬ ‫ﻋ‬
‫ﺎ ﻋﺮﻓ ﺎ ﺍ ﺒﻌﺾ ﲟﺎ ‪ ":‬ﺍ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﻋ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺣﺪ ؛ ﻓ‬
‫ﺍ ﺬ ﳚﺮ ﻋ ﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘ ﺒﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳚ ﺯ ﻘﺎﺿ ﺃ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺬ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺫ "‪) .‬ﺑﺪﺭ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌ ﻌ ﺣﺴ ﺔ ‪ . 2000 .‬ﺹ‪(143‬‬
‫ﺎ ﺆﺧﺬ ﻋ ﺍ ﺘﻌﺮ ﻔﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺴﺎ ﻔﺔ ﺍ ﺬ ﺮ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﹼ ﺍ ﺒﻌﺾ ﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺳ ﺴ ﺎ ﻋ ﺎ ﺭﺍﺟﺢ‬ ‫ﺃﻏﻔ ﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍ ﺬ ﺗﻘ ﻋ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺑﺸ ﻋﺎ‬
‫ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺍﳌﺘ ﺜ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻗ ﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋ ﺃ ﺑﻌﻀ ﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻏﻔ ﺖ ﺍ ﺮ ﺍﳌﻌ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘ ﺒﺎﻁ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍ ﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋ ﺇﻏﻔﺎ ﺍ ﺒﻌﺾ ﺎ ﺠ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘ ﺒﺎﻁ ﰲ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﺗﻘﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﺍ ﺘﻌﺮ ﻒ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺟﺢ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺃ ﺎ‪ ":‬ﺍﺳﺘ ﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻌ ﺔ ﲝ ﺍ ﻀﺮ ﺭﺓ ﺍ ﺰ ﺍ ﻌﻘ "‪) .‬ﻋ ﺎﺩ ﳏ ﺪ‪ ،‬ﺃﲪﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﳎ ﺔ‬
‫ﺭﺑ ﻊ ‪ . 1995 .‬ﺹ ‪(114‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻌ ﺔ ﳛﺪﺩ ﺎ ﺪﻻ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ ﺴﺘ ﺒﻄ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ‬ ‫"ﺍ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ‬
‫ﺺ ﻋ "‪) .‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ ﺩ ﺩ‪ ،‬ﳛ ‪ . 1987 .‬ﺹ‪ .(147‬ﲰ ﺖ ﻗﺎ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋ ﺃﺮﳎ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﲣﺘ ﻒ ﻋ ﺍ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﻀﺎﺋ ﺔ ﺍ ﱵ‬ ‫ﻷ ﺎ ﺍﺑﺘ ﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ‬

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‫ﺍ ﺬ ﳚﻌ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺗ ﻔﺮﺩ ﲞﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﳝ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻘﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬

‫ﺍﲨﺎﳍﺎ ﻓ ﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇ ﺍ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺳ ﺔ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﺍ ﺪﻗ ﻖ ﺎ ﻋ ﺍﳊﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﻀﺎﺋ ﺔ ﺍ ﱵ ﳚـﺮ ﺍﺳﺘ ﺒﺎﻃ ﺎ ﺧﻼ ﻇﺮ ﻑ ﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﺍ ﺪﻋ‬
‫ﺣﺎ ﺔ ﻋ ﺣﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺫ ﺃ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻗﺖ ﺇ ﺸﺎﺋ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺒﲔ ﺍﻷ ﺭ ﺍ ﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻷ ﺭ ﺍ ﱵ ﺟﻌ ﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋ ﺎ ﻗ ﺎ ﺬ ﺍ ﻘﺮ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻻﺳﺘ ﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻷ ﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺍ ﺜﺎﺑﺖ؛ ﺣ ﺚ ﺘﺰ ﺍ ﻘﺎﺿ ﺑﺎﻷﺧﺬ ﺬ ﺍ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﰲ ﲨ ﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍ ﱵ ﺗﺘ ﺍﻓﺮ ﻓ ﺎ ﺷﺮ ﻁ ﺍ ﻄﺒﺎﻗ ﺎ ﻋ ﺍ ﺪﻋ ﺍﳌﻌﺮ ﺿﺔ ﻋ ‪) .‬ﻋ ﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺯﻋ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻌﺎﻓﺮﺓ ‪ .2001 .‬ﺹ‪ .(35‬ﻻ ﳚ ﺯ ﻘﺎﺿ ﺃ ﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻓ ﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﻋﺪ ﺻﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒ ﻘ ﺎ ﻋ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋ ﺔ ﺍ ﱵ ﻈﺮ ﻓ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺫ ﻷ ﺬ ﺍ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻻ ﻘ ﰲ ﺣ ‪ :‬ﺃ ﺣ ﺑ ﺎﺀ ﻋ ﻗﺮ ﺔ ﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺇﳕﺎ ﻘ ﺃ‬ ‫ﺑ ﺺ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑ ﺎﺀ ﻋ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺬﺍ ‪) .‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﺇﺑﺮﺍ ‪ ،‬ﺑ ‪ . 1985 .‬ﺹ‪(439‬‬ ‫ﺣ‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻘ ﻘﺔ ﻗﺎ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﺎ ﻘﺮﺭﺓ ﺑ ﺺ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﻔﺮﺿ ﺎ ﻋ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻘ ﻘﺔ ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻘ ﻘﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﻘﺮﺭﺓ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻘﺎﺿ ﻋ ﺍﳋﺼ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗ‬
‫ﺍ ﻘﺎﺿ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍ ﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺒ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻌ ﺲ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺬ ﺍﳊﺎ ﺔ‬
‫ﺰ ﺎ ﺑﺄ ﳛ ﺑﺘ ﺍ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺑ ﻔﺲ ﻗ ﺎ ﺍ ﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﱴ ﺗ ﺍﻓﺮﺕ ﺷﺮ ﻃ ﺎ ﺍ ﱵ ﺺ‬
‫ﺎ ﺖ ﳐﺎ ﻔﺔ ﳍﺎ ‪) .‬ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺳ ﺍﺀ ﺎ ﺖ ﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺤﻘ ﻘﺔ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌ ﺔ ﺃ‬ ‫ﻋ ﺎ ﺍ ﻘﺎ‬
‫ﺍ ﻐﺰﺍﱄ ‪ . 2009 .‬ﺹ‪(58‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊ ‪ ،‬ﺫ‬

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‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜ ﺗ ﻚ ﺍﳊﻘ ﻘﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺮﺣ ﺔ) ﺆﻗﺘﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺣ ﺚ ﳝﻜ ﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﺍ ﺸﺄ ﺃ‬

‫ﺎ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﺗ ﻚ ﺍﳊﻘ ﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻘ ﺑﺈﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻌﻜﺲ ﻛ ﺎ ﰲ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺍ ﺒﺴ ﻄﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺎ ﰲ ﺗ ﻚ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ‪) .‬ﻋ ﺎﺩ ﳏ ﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺍﳊﻘ ﻘﺔ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌ ﺔ ﺑﺼ ﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺃﲪﺪ ﺭﺑ ﻊ ‪. 1995 .‬ﺹ‪(123‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﺬ ﺍﳋﺎﺻ ﺔ ﺃ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﻓ ﺗ ﻘ ﳏ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﶈ ﺍﻷﺻ ‪ -‬ﺰﺣﺰﺡ‬ ‫ﳏ ﺍﻷﺻ ﺇﱃ ﳏ ﹼ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺇﺛﺒﺎ ﺎ‬
‫ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﻋ ﺎ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﳛ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺃﺧﺮ ﻗﺮ ﺒﺔ ﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺬ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻷ ﱃ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻗﺎ ﺎ‪).‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ ﺮﺯﺍﻕ ﺃﲪﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﺴ ﺭ ‪ . 2000 .‬ﺹ‪(604‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻊ ﺍ ﻌ ﺴﻌ ﺍ ﻘﺎﺿ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺻ ﺔ ﺑ ﺳﺎﺋ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺘ ﺪﺓ ﻗﺎ ﺎ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺻ ﻜ ﻗﺪ ﺘﻌﺬﹼﺭ ﺃ ﺴﺘﺤ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺬ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺻ ﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻ ﺔ ﺬ ﺍ ﻄﺮ ﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺘﺪﺧ ﻘ ﳏ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮ ﺑﺪ ﺔ ﺗﺆﺩ ﺇ ﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻀﺮ ﺭﺓ ﲝﻜ ﺍ ﺰ ﺍ ﻌﻘ ﺍﳌ ﻄﻘ ﳏﻘﻘﺎ ﺑﺬ ﻚ ﺃ ﺪﺍﻓﺎ‬
‫ﻏﺎ ﺎﺕ ﺇﺟﺘ ﺎﻋ ﺔ ﻌ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗ ﻓﲑ ﺍ ﻗﺖ ﺍﳉ ﺪ ﺬ ﺍﳌﻼﺀ ﺔ ﺍ ﻌ ﺔ ﺍ ﱵ ﳛﻘﻘ ﺎ‬
‫ﺍ ﻐﺰﺍﱄ ‪.2009 .‬‬ ‫ﻘ ﻋﺐﺀ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌ ﺍﺩ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪) .‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳊﻜ ‪ ،‬ﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ‬
‫ﺹ‪(55‬‬
‫‪ - 4‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻘﺼﺪ ﺬ ﺍﳋﺎﺻ ﺔ ﺃ ﺘﻌﲔ ﻋ ﺍ ﻘﺎﺿ ﺃ ﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﺎ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃ‬
‫ﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻷ ﺮ ﺍ ﺬ ﺼﺖ ﻋ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﺗ ﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻷ ﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ ﺍ ﱵ ﺑﲎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻋ ﺎ‬
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺟ ﺩ ﺬ ﺍ ﻘﺮ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺲ ﰲ ﺫ ﻚ ﺷ ﺀ ﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺍ ﺘﻘﺪ ﺮ ﺍ ﱵ ﺗﻜ‬
‫ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﻀﺎﺋ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﺻﺮﻑ ﺍ ﻘﺎﺿ ﺍ ﻈﺮ ﻋ ﺍ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﹼﻒ ﺷﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﺃﺧﺮ ﻛﺎ ﺣﻜ ﳐﺎ ﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﳌﺼ ﺤﺘ ﺑﺈﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷ ﺮ ﺍ ﺬ ﺍﺳﺘ ﺒﻄ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ‬
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‫ﻘﺎ ؛ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺟ ﺏ ﻘﻀ ‪) .‬ﺳ ﻴ ﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺮﻗﺲ ‪ .1986 .‬ﺹ‪ .(104‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ‬

‫ﻛﺬ ﻚ ﺃ ﻻ ﳝﻜ ﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍ ﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋ ﻰ ﺍ ﻘﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺍ ﺘ ﺳﻊ ﻓﻴ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﺎ ﺗﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻋ ﻰ ﺳﺒﻴ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ )ﺃﲪﺪ ﳏ ﺪ‪ ،‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﺑﺮﺍ ﻴ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ ﺮﲪ ‪ . 2004 .‬ﺹ‪.(341‬‬
‫ﺝ ‪ -‬ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻘ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﻴﺔ ﻋ ﻰ ﺭﻛ ﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ‪ :‬ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻳﺘ ﺜ ﰲ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍ ﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍ ﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺬﺍ ﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ )ﺑﺎ ﺮﻛ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ(‪ ،‬ﺍ ﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺬﺍ ﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ )ﺑﺎ ﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﻋ ﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺘ ﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌ ﻱ(‪ ،‬ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺬ ﺍﻷﺭﻛﺎ ﺳ ﻑ ﺘ ﺎ ﳍﺎ ﺯﺍ ﻳﺘﲔ‪ :‬ﺍﻷ ﱃ ﳔﺼﺼ ﺎ ﺮﻛ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﻘﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﺜﺎ ﻴﺔ ﺘﺮﻛ ﺎ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍ ﺮﻛ ﺍﳌﻌ ﻱ ﻘﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘ ﺜ ﺍ ﺮﻛ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍ ﱵ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘ ﺒﺎﻁ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺇﺛﺒﺎ ﺎ ﺬ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻌﺘﺪ ﺎ ﰲ ﻋ ﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺘ ﺒﺎﻁ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺛﺒ ﺗﺎ ﻳﻘﻴ ﻴﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜ ﺍﻹﺳﺘ ﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻋ ﻴ ﺎ ﺳ ﻴ ﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻳﻘ ﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺷﺄ ﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺎ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺃ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺳﺒﻘ ﺇ ﻴ ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑ ﺎﺀ ﻋ ﻰ ﺫ ﻚ ﻓﺈ ﺭﻛ ﺍ ﻘﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﻴﺔ ﻳﻜ ﻗﺪ ﺍﳓﺼﺮ ﰎﹼ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺺ‬
‫ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺍ ﺬﻱ ﺿﻌ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺫﺍﺗ ‪) .‬ﺃ ﻴﺲ ﺼ ﺭ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎ ﺪ ﺍﳌ ﺼ ﺭ ‪ .2003 .‬ﺹ‪(68‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋ ﻰ ﺫ ﻚ ﺃ ﱴ ﺟﺪ ﺍ ﺺ ﻋ ﻰ ﺍ ﻘﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗ ﺍﻓﺮﺕ ﺷﺮ ﻃ ﺎ‬
‫ﻘ ﺎ ﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎ ﺔ ﻌﻴ ﺔ ﲤﺴﻚ ﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﺭﺕ ﳌﺼ ﺤﺘ ﻓﺈ ﺎ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺼ ﺻﺎ ﻗﺎ ﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃ ﺮﺓ ﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍ ﺬﻱ ﻳﺘ ﺟﺐ ﻋ ﻴ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳚ ﺯ ﺃ ﳚﺘ ﺪ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻘﺮﺍﺋ‬
‫ﻗﺎ ﻴﺔ ﱂ ﻳ ﺺ ﻋ ﻴ ﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺣﱴ ﻛﺎ ﺫ ﻚ ﻗﺒﻴ ﺍ ﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻋﺘ ﺎﺩﺍ ﻋ ﻰ ﺍﳌ ﺎﺛ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷ ﻳﺔ؛ ﺑ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺺ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺃ ﳎ ﻋﺔ ﺍ ﺼ ﺹ ﻜ ﹼ ﻗﺮﻳ ﺔ ﻗﺎ ﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ - 2‬ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ ﰲ ﻋ ﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺘ ﺒﺎﻁ ﺍ ﱵ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﹼ ﺍ ﺮ ﺍﳌﻌ‬
‫ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺍ ﻌﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍ ﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼ ﺍ ﺍ ﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍ ﱵ ﺘ ﺍ ﺘ ﺻ‬
‫ﺑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﳚﺮ ﻋ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺎ ﺭﺍﺟﺢ ﺍ ﻉ ﺣ ﺚ‬ ‫ﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺳﺘ ﺒﺎﻁ ﺍ ﺬ‬
‫ﺮﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺃ ﺎ ﺩﺍ ﺖ ﺎ ﺍ ﻌﺔ ﺪ ﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻓﺈ ﺍ ﻌﺔ ﺃﺧﺮ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺜﺒ ﺕ ﺬ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺄ ﺬﺍ ﺍ ﺺ ﺘﻀ ﺮ ﺔ ﺎ ﺔ ‪ -‬ﺃ‬ ‫ﻋ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﳚﺐ – ﺣﱴ ﳝ ﺍ‬
‫ﺸﺘ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻋ ﺎﺗﲔ ﺍ ﺍ ﻌﺘﲔ ﻌﺎ ) ﺍ ﺍ ﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌ ﺔ ﺍ ﺍ ﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘ ﺒﻄﺔ ﺎ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﺯﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺃ ﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺷﺘ ﺍ ﺺ ﻋ ﺍ ﻌﺔ ﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓ ﻂ ﰒ ﺭﺗﺐ ﻋ ﺎ ﺍﳊ ﻓﻼ‬
‫ﺘﻀ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺮ ﺔ ﺎ ﺔ ﺑ ﺃ ﺎ ﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺿ ﻋ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﺍ ﺺ ﰲ ﺬ ﺍﳊﺎ ﺔ ﻻ‬
‫ﺩ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻌﺔ ﺃﺧﺮ ‪) .‬ﺃ ﺲ ﺼ ﺭ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎ ﺪ ﺍﳌ ﺼ ﺭ‪ . 2003 .‬ﺹ‪. (69‬‬
‫ﺺ ﺍ ﺎ ﻓ ﺪ ﺍﺳﺘ ﺰ ﺫ ﺃ ﺒﲔ ﺎ‬ ‫ﳌﺎ ﺎ ﺭ ﺍ ﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ‬
‫ﺬﺍ ﺍ ﺺ ﺪ ﺣﺠ ﺔ ﺬ ﺍ ﺮ ﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺎ ﺖ ﺬ ﺍ ﺮ ﺔ‬
‫ﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻻ ﺗ ﺒ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻌ ﺲ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﺃ ﺎ ﺑﺴ ﻄﺔ ﺗ ﺒ ﺫ ‪ .‬ﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃ ﺒﲔ ﺍ ﺺ‬
‫ﺬ ﺍ ﺮ ﺔ ‪) .‬ﳏ ﺩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ ﻌﺰ ﺰ‪ ،‬ﺧ ﻔﺔ ‪ . 1987 .‬ﺹ‪(268‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﺸﺮ ﻁ ﺍ ﻼﺯ ﺔ ﺘﻄﺒ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ -‬ﺣﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺘﺴ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ ﺣﺠ ﺔ ﺑﺎ ﻐﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ﺫ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺎ ﰲ ﺗ ﺪ ﺣﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﺎﺿ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ‪ ،‬ﺪ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ ﻷ ﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺎ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺿﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘ ؛ ﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﺪﺭﺓ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ‬
‫ﻓ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺐﺀ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋ ﻋﺎﺗ ﺍ ﺎﺑﺔ ﺍ ﻌﺎ ﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺘ ‪ ،‬ﺬﺍ ﺎ ﺳ ﺘ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬
‫‪:‬‬

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‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﻨﺎﻉ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎﹼ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺴ ﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪) .‬ﻧﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺻﺎﱀ ‪.1990 .‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺹ‪ .(173‬ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺪﻑ ﺃﲰﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻜﻤ ﺳ ﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﻹﺩﺍﻧﺔ ﺃ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﺍﺀﺓ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺮﺭ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻴ ﺎ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﻨﻊ ﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻤ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜ ﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻜ ﻥ ﻟﺪﻳ ﻳﻘﲔ ﲝﺪ ﺛ ﺎ ﺬﺍ ﻋﻤﻼ ﲟﺒﺪﺃ )ﺍﻹﻗﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻜﻢ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ‪) .‬ﻣﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ ﳍﻲ ‪.2010 .‬‬
‫ﺹ‪(19‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺸﻜﹼﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺃ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻗﺘﻨﺎﻉ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻃ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺣﺮ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟ ﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﺍ ﺎ ﺃﻣﺎﻣ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻨ ﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺸﺌ ﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻘ ﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻨﺼ ﺹ ﻋﻠﻴ ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜ ﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺃ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺼ ﻡ ﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﺍﺭﺩ ﺎ؛ ﺇﺫ‬
‫ﳚ ﺯ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻜﺴ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻓ ﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺸﻜﹼﻞ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺃ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ؛ ﺍﺫ ﻟ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨ ﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧ ﻧﻴﺔ‪) .‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﺮﺍ ﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﻣﻨﺼ ﺭ ‪. 2012 .‬ﺹ‪(530‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻗﺪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻋﺐﺀ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﲟ ﺟﺐ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨ ﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺠﻌﻠ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ ﺍﳌﺘ ﻢ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜ ﻥ ﻋﻠﻴ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﺮﺿ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺃﺩ ﺔ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌ ﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃ ﳝ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ ﺍ ﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺩ‬

‫ﻋ ﺪﺗ ؛ ﺑ ﺍﻷ ﺜﺮ ﺫ ﻓ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻋ ﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﳊﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﺎﺿ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ﰲ ﺗ‬
‫ﺍ ﻐ ﺒﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍ ﲔ ﺍ ﺬ ﳝ ﺗﺴ ﺘ )ﺑﺎ ﲔ ﺍ ﺎ ﱐ(‪ .‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﺗ‬
‫ﺻ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ ﺎﲡﺎ ﻋ ﺮ ﺔ ﺎ ﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺳ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺘﺮﺟ ﺢ ﺑﺈﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣ ﺍ ﺍﳋﺮ ﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻹ ﺘ ﺎﻉ ﺍ ﺎﻓ ﺔ ﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊ ﺑ ﺎﺀ ﻋ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳝ ﺑﺄ ﺣﺎ‬
‫ﺃ ﺮ ﺧﻄﲑ؛ ﺍﺫ ﺃ ﺒﲏ ﺍﻷﺣ ﺎ ﻋ ﺍ ﺘ ﺎﻉ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﻋ ﺃ ﲡﺎ ﺯ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺎ ﳜﺎ ﻔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺫ ﺻﻔﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ‪ -‬ﺲ ﻋ ﺍ ﺘ ﺎﻉ ﺎﺿ ﺍﳌ ﺿ ﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ ﺎ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻷ ﺮ ﳒﺪ ﺃ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ ﺍ ﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑ ﺟ ﺃ ﺑﺂﺧﺮ ﻔ‬
‫ﺪ ﺍ ﺎﺿ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ؛ ﺣ ﺚ ﺃ ﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻹ ﺘ ﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻼﺯ ﺗ‬ ‫ﺍﻹ ﺘ ﺎﻉ ﺍﳊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩ ﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘ ﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻈﺮ ﺔ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎ ﺔ ﺑ ﺼ ﺹ ﺻﺮﳛﺔ ﺺ ﻋ ﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈ ﺬﺍ ﺍ ﻈﺎ ﰲ ﺟ ﺮ ﺍ ﺎﺋ ﻋ ﲢ ﺍ ﲔ ﺍ ﻀﺎﺋ ﺑﺈﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺮﺣ ﺔ‬
‫ﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ ﺇﺷ ﺎ ﺔ ﺗﺼ ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺒ ﻍ ﺍ ﺬ ﲏ ﺍ ﻔﺴ ﺼ ﺎ ﺍ ﺎﺿ‬
‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎ ﺎ ﺄ ﺮﺍ ﺎ ﺃﺩ ﺔ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘ ﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍ ﺪﻋ ‪ ،‬ﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻊ ﺍ ﺺ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺮﺍﺋ ﺎ ﺔ ﻻﺳ ﺎ ﺍ ﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺎ ﺍ ﱵ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺘ ﺍﳊﺮ ﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹ ﺘ ﺎﻉ ﲟﺎ ﺸ‬
‫ﻋ ﺍ ﺎﺿ ﺣﺎ ﺔ ﻔﺴ ﺔ ﺑ ﻍ ﺫ ﲏ ﺪ ﻔ ﺿ ﲑ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺴﺘ ﺰ ﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻔﺲ ﺍ ﺒﺸﺮ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻒ ﺎ ﺃ ﺘﺼ ﺭ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺜ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻷ ﺮ‬
‫ﺍ ﺒ ﺍﻋﺚ ﺍ ﺪ ﺍﻓﻊ ﺍ ﺬﺍﺗ ﺔ ﺎ ﺮﺭ ﺬﺍ ﺍ ﻔﺮﺽ ﺃ ﻔ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩ ﺃ‬
‫ﺬﺍ ﺎ ﻌﱪ ﻋ ﺑﺎ ﻌ ﺔ ﺍ ﺬ ﺔ ﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻻ ﺘ ﺎﻉ ﺍ ﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺃ ﺗﺼ ﺇﱃ ﺴﺘ‬
‫ﺍ ﲔ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺖ ﰲ ﻔﺲ ﺍ ﺎﺿ ﺑﺎﻹ ﺴﺠﺎ ﻊ ﺎ ﺪ ﺭ ﰲ ﺧ ﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺎ ﺴﺘﺮﺿ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﺩ ﺍ ﲔ ﺍ ﻀﺎﺋ ‪ ،‬ﺫ‬ ‫ﺿ ﲑ ﻓ ﺎ ﺻ ﺖ ﺇ ﺃﺩ ﺔ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃ ﺍ ﻔ‬
‫ﺩ ﺃ ﺔ ﺇ ﻼﺀﺍﺕ ﻋ ﺗ ﺍ ﻌ ﺔ ﺼ ﺹ ﺎ ﺔ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺗ ﺍﻓﺮ ﺎ ﺪ ﺍ ﺎﺿ ‪.‬‬
‫) ﻌﺘﺰ ﺃﲪﺪ‪ ،‬ﳏ ﺪ ﺍﻷﻏﺎ ‪ . 2007 .‬ﺹ‪(344‬‬
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‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺿﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻬﻢ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺃ ﻌﺮﻑ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﱵ ﺗﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻗ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺆ ﺔ ﺍﳌﺪ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﺗ ﻘ ﻋﺐﺀ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣ ﺎ ﻋ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻋ ﻋ ﰲ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋ ﺍﳌﺪ ﺔ ﻓﺈ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻷ ﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ ﰲ ﳎﺎ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ‬
‫ﺃﺻ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﺟ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺬ ﺘﻌﺎﺭﺿ ﻊ ﺭ ﺰﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳ ﺔ ﺗﻘ ﻋ ﺎ ﺍ ﻌﺪﺍ ﺔ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬
‫ﺟ ﺔ ﺃﺧﺮ ‪) .‬ﺭﺅ ﻑ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒ ﺪ‪.1984 .‬‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼ ﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺆ ﺔ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺹ‪(271‬‬
‫ﺇ ﺍﳌﺘ ﻌ ﰲ ﳐﺘ ﻒ ﺍ ﻘ ﺍ ﲔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋ ﺔ ﳚﺪ ﺃ ﺃﻏ ﺒ ﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺘﻌﺮ ﻒ ﻗﺮ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﻓﺎﺳﺤﺔ ﺍ ﺎ ﻻﺟﺘ ﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻔﻘ ﺎﺀ ﺍ ﱵ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺗﻌﺮ ﻔﺎ ﺘﺸﺎ ﺔ ﺘ ﺎﺛ ﺔ ﺇ ﱂ‬
‫ﻘ ﺑﺄ ﺎ ﺘ ﺎﺛ ﺔ ﻌﲎ ﺒﲎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻌ ﺍ ﺘﻌﺮ ﻒ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺟﺢ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﺍ ﺘﻌﺮ ﻒ ﺍ ﺘﺎﱄ‪ ":‬ﺃﺻ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﻌﲏ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻌﺎ ﺔ ﺍ ﺸﺨﺺ – ﺸﺘﺒ ﺎ ﻓ ﺎ ﺃ ﺘ ﺎ ‪ -‬ﰲ ﲨ ﻊ ﺮﺍﺣ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺎ ﺖ ﺟﺴﺎ ﺔ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺍ ﱵ ﺴﺒﺖ ﺇ ﻋ ﺃ ﺑﺮ ﺀ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺇﺩﺍ ﺘ ﲝ ﻗﻀﺎﺋ‬
‫ﺮﺍﺣ " ‪) .‬ﳏ ﺪ‪ ،‬ﳏﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺸﺨﺺ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎ ﻀ ﺎ ﺎﺕ ﺍ ﱵ ﻗﺮﺭ ﺎ ﺍ ﻘﺎ‬
‫‪ .1991‬ﺹ‪(225‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﻗﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍ ﺪﺳﺘ ﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻀ ﺎ ﺣﺮ ﺔ ﺍﳌﺘ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﻋ‬
‫ﺍ ﺎﺑﺔ ﺍ ﻌﺎ ﺔ ﺿﺪ ‪ .‬ﺪﻑ ﺑﺎ ﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷ ﱃ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻗﻔ ﺃ ﺎ ﻗ ﺓ ﺍﻹ ﺎ ﺍﳌ ﺟ‬
‫ﺍ ﻄﺮﻓﲔ‪ ،‬ﺫ ﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻀﻌﻒ ﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺘ ﺍﺯ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻌﻘ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘ ﰲ ﺍ ﺪﻋ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﺎ ﺑ ﻐﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺧﻄ ﺭﺗ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍ ﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺟ ﺔ ﺍ ﺴ ﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺃﲪﺪ ﺿ ﺎﺀ ﺍ ﺪ ‪ ،‬ﳏ ﺪ ﺧ ‪ .2010 .‬ﺹ‪(169‬‬
‫ﺑ ﺎﺀ ﻋ ﺫ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﺍﻷﺻ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘ ﺃ ﺑﺮ ﺀ ﺣﱴ ﻘ ﺍ ﺪ ﻋ ﺇﺩﺍ ﺘ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻘﺪ ﺍ ﻘﺎﺿ ﺍ ﺪ ﺍ ﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻋ ﺍﻹﺩﺍ ﺔ ﺟﺐ ﻋ ﺃ ﻘﻀ ﺑﺎ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﻷ‬

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‫ﺍﺸ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﺎ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﻓ ﺠ ﺯ ﺃ ﺗﺒﲎ ﻋ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍ ﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺒﲎ ﺇﻻ ﻋ‬

‫ﺍ ﺘﺮﺟ ﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺪ ﺗ ﺍﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﺇ ﺍﻹﺷ ﺎ ﺍﳌﻄﺮ ﺡ ﺑﺎ ﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﺴﺄ ﺔ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ‬
‫ﻊ ﻗﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺿﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘ ؟ ﰲ ﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﺼ ﺹ ﺭﺃﺕ ﺍ ﺠ ﺔ ﺍﻷ ﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﺪ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍ ﻀﺮ ﺭ ﺇ ﻐﺎﺀ ﺍ ﻘ ﺍﻋﺪ ﺍ ﱵ ﺗﺴ ﺢ ﺑﺘ ﻒ ﺍﻹ ﺎ ﺑﺎﺭﺗ ﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﳊﻘ ﻕ ﺍﻹ ﺴﺎ ﺃ‬
‫ﻓﻌ ﺟ ﺎﺋ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺘ ﺎﺩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋ ﺍﻹﺷﺘﺒﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﻋ ﺟ ﺩ ﺻﻼﺕ؛ ﺣ ﺚ ﺃ ﺎ ﺗ ﻘ‬
‫ﻋﺐﺀ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋ ﺍﳌﺘ ﺑﺪﻻ ﺍﻹﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﳑﺎ ﳝﺜ ﺍ ﺘ ﺎ ﺎ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺃﺕ ﺍ ﺠ ﺔ ﺍﻷ ﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﺪ ﺔ ﺃ ﺍﶈﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺎﺭﺍﻏ ﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺍ ﺘ ﺖ‬
‫ﺃﺻ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ؛ ﺣ ﺚ ﺃ ﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﺃ ﺇ ﺘ ﺎﺀ ﺘ ﻘ ﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺱ ﺍ ﻃﲏ ﺃ ﳍ ﺌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗ ﺩ ﱪﺭ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃ ﺬ ﺐ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﺠ ﺔ ﻓﺈ ﺍﶈﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺼ ﺔ ﺑ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺘﺤﻘ ﻖ ﺑ ﺎﺀ ﻋ ﺃ ﲨ ﻊ ﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺘ ﲔ ﺬ ﺒﲔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺃ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﺀ ‪) .‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌ ﻌ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﱂ ﺷﺮﻑ ﺍ ﺸ ﺒﺎﱐ‪ .2006 .‬ﺹ‪(552‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﻘ ﻘﺔ ﺍﻷ ﺮ ﺃﺟﺎﺑﺖ ﻋ ﺍ ﺘﺴﺎﺅ ﺳﺎ ﻒ ﺍ ﺬ ﺮ ﺍﶈ ﺔ ﺍﻷ ﺭ ﺑ ﺔ ﳊﻘ ﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻻ ﺴﺎ ﰲ )ﻗﻀ ﺔ ﺳﺎﻻﺑ ﺎ ( ﺑﺎ ﻘ ‪ ":‬ﺃ ﻈﺎ ﻗﺎ ﱐ ﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﺎ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ‬
‫ﺣ ﺚ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺗﻔﺎﻗ ﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻋﺎﺋﻘﺎ ﺃ ﺎ ﺬﺍ ﺍ ﻉ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺗﻔﺎﻗ ﺔ ﲡﱪ ﺍ ﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﻋ ﻋﺪ ﲡﺎ ﺯ ﺣﺪ ﻌﲔ ﻋ ﺪ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺎ ﳌﺜ ﺬ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋ ﺔ"‪) .‬ﳏ ﺪ ﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻔ ﺍﻋﺮﺓ ‪ . 2012 .‬ﺹ‪(350‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﺍ ﻘ ﺃ ﺍﶈ ﺔ ﺍﻷ ﺭ ﺑ ﺔ ﳊﻘ ﻕ ﺍﻹ ﺴﺎ ﺃ ﺪﺕ ﻋ ﺃ ﺍ ﺺ‬
‫ﻋ ﻗﺮ ﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍ ﺔ ﰲ ﺍ ﺘﺸﺮ ﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋ ﺔ ﻻ ﺸ ﳐﺎ ﻔﺔ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌ ﺼ ﺹ‬
‫ﺣ ﺚ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﻋ ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 02 - 06‬ﺍﻹﺗﻔﺎﻗ ﺔ ﺍﻷ ﺭ ﺑ ﺔ ﳊﻘ ﻕ ﺍﻹ ﺴﺎ‬
‫ﺃ ﺎ ﺿﻌﺖ ﻌ ﺎﺭﺍ ﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑ ﻋ ﺪ ﻋﺪ ﲡﺎ ﺯ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﻘ ﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻹﻋﺘ ﺎﺩ ﻋ ﺬﺍ ﺍ ﻉ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺗﺎﺭ ﺔ ﺪ ﺣﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﺺ ﻋ ﺜ‬
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‫ﻊ ﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﲝﺪ ﺩ ﻌﻘ ﺔ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺟﺴﺎ ﺔ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗ ﺒﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺬ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺘ ﺔ ﺍﳌ ﺟ ﺔ ﺍ ﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺧﻼ ﲝﻘ ﻕ ﺍﳌﺘ ﰲ ﺍ ﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋ ﻔﺴ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺇﺭﺗ ﺎﺑ ﳍﺎ ‪) .‬ﳏ ﺪ ﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻔ ﺍﻋﺮﺓ ‪ . 2012 .‬ﺹ‪(352‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺟ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺭﺟﺎ ﺍ ﻔﻘ ﺍ ﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍ ﳌﺴ ﺍﶈ ﺔ ﺍﻷ ﺭﺑ ﺔ ﳊﻘ ﻕ ﺍﻹ ﺴﺎ‬
‫ﺍ ﺲ ﺍ ﺪﺳﺘ ﺭ ﺍ ﻔﺮ ﺴ ﺣ ﺚ ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﺃ ﺬ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺗ ﻘ ﻋﺐﺀ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﻘﺎ ﺍ ﺮﺩ ﻋ‬ ‫ﻋ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ ﺍﳌﺘ ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﻗﻀ ﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍ ﺣﻘ ﻕ ﺍ ﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻻ‬
‫ﺎ ﺸ ﹼ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﺴﺎﺳﺎ ﺧﺮﻗﺎ ﺻﺎﺭﺧﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺩ ﺔ ﺍﻹ ﺎ ﻻ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ‪،‬‬
‫ﻷﺻ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ‪) .‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﻓﺘﺤ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮ ﺭ‪ . 2002 .‬ﺹ‪(306‬‬
‫ﻓﺤ ﺍ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺪ ﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﻗﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﳚﺮﺩ ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟ ﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺧﺼ ﺻﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺴﺒﺔ ﺮﺍﺣ ﺍﻷ ﱃ ﺍﳌﺘﻌ ﻘﺔ ﺑﺎ ﺪﻋ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﰲ ﺜﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳊ ﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩ ﺔ ﺍ ﱵ ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﱰﺍ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍ ﺒﺎﺩ ﺀ ﺣﻘ ﻕ ﺍﻹ ﺴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍ ﻀﺮﺏ ﺃ ﺍ ﺴﺐ ﺃ ﺍ ﺸﺘ ﻻﺳ ﺎ ﰲ ﺮﺣ ﺔ ﺍ ﺘﺤﻘ ﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘ ﻷ ﺍﻉ ﳐﺘ ﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺪﺍ ﺎ ﻓﻌﻼ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺎ ﲟﺎ ﺳ ﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺇ ﺟﺪ ﺩ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺎ ﱐ ﻌﺪ ﺳ ﻔﺎ‬
‫ﺿﺪ ؟‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺳ ﺔ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺷﺄ ﺃ ﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺘ ﺑﺬ ﻺﺩﺍ ﺔ‬
‫ﺃ ﺮ ﳜﺎ ﻒ ﺍ ﺼ ﺹ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺒﺎ ﻗ ﺓ ﺍﻷ ﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻀ ﺑ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻗﺒ ﺻﺪ ﺭ ﺣ ﻗﻀﺎﺋ‬
‫ﺍ ﺘﺸﺮ ﻌ ﺔ ﺍ ﺼﺮﳛﺔ ﰲ ﺷﺄ ﻋﺪ ﺇﺩﺍ ﺔ ﺃ ﺷﺨﺺ ﱂ ﺘ ﺍﻓﺮ ﰲ ﺣﻘ ﺣ ﻗﻀﺎﺋ ﺣﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻗ ﺗ ﺍﺳﺘ ﻔﺬ ﺮﺍﺣ ﻃﻌ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺎ ﺃ ﺇﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺩ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺷﺄ ﺃ ﻌﺮﺽ ﻗﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺬ ﺮ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻋ‬ ‫ﻺ ﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻋ ﺎ ﻻﺳ ﺎ ﰲ ﺮﺍﺣ ﺍ ﺪﻋ ﺍﻷ ﱃ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﺮ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺮﺍ ﺘ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﱃ ﺫ ﻓﺈ ‪ -‬ﺇﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺳ ﺔ‬
‫ﻗ ﺍﻋﺪ ﻗﺎ ﺍ ﻌﻘ ﺑﺎﺕ ﻘﺘﻀ ﺎﺗ ؛ ﺣ ﺚ ﺴ ﺢ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﳜﺎ ﻒ ﺑﺸ‬

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‫ﺑﺎ ﺮﺍﺋ ﺇ ﺎ ﺔ ﺎﺱ ﺍ ﻌ ﺑﺔ ﺟﺮﳝﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮ ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺬﺍ ﺍ ﺼﺪﺩ ﻀﺖ ﺍﶈ ﺔ‬

‫ﰒﺣ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻌ ﺎ ﺍﳌﺼﺮ ﺔ "ﺍ ﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ ﲤﺜ ﺪ ﺪﺍ ﺧﻄﲑﺍ ﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍ ﺪ ﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﺫ ﺃ ﺬ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺋ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻊ ﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﻷ ﺍﻹﺩﺍ ﺔ ﺗ ﲟ ﺘﻀ ﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺿ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻌﺪﺍ ﺔ ﺗ ﺘﻀ ﺃ ﳛ ﺍ ﺎﺿ ﺑﺎ ﲔ ﺍ ﺬ ﺗ‬ ‫ﺍﻹ ﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍ ﺬ‬
‫ﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺴ " ‪ ) .‬ﻌﺘﺰ ﺃﲪﺪ‪ ،‬ﳏ ﺪ ﺍﻷﻏﺎ‪ . 2007 .‬ﺹ‪.(348‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺪ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﲡﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺸ ﺔ ﺇ ﺎ ﺔ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ‪،‬‬
‫ﲢ ﺍﳌﺘ ﻋﺐﺀ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋ ﺴ ﺎ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻈﺮﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺤﺎﺯﺓ ﻷﺻ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘ ؛ ﺣ ﺚ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺳﺦ ﺃ ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﻌﺪ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺮ ﺔ ﺎ ﺔ ﺑﺴ ﻄﺔ ﺎﺑ ﺔ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺪﺃ ﺩﺳﺘ ﺭ ﺎ ﺘﻄ ﺒ ﺍ ﺪﺳﺘ ﺭ ﺼ ﺍﳊﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﺸﺨﺼ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻌ ﺲ‪ ،‬ﺲ‬
‫ﺘﺤ ﺃﺻ ﺷﺮﻋ ﺎﺩ ﺃ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﰲ ﺍ ﻌ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﲪﺎ ﺔ ﺍﳌﺬ ﺒﲔ‬
‫ﺍﺘ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺮﺩ ﺗ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﰲ ﺍ ﻌ ﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﺍ ﻌ ﺑﺔ ﺘﻌﲔ ﺩﺭﺃ ﺎ ﻋ‬ ‫ﺧﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌ ﺟ ﺔ ﺇ ﺸ ﺎ ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺎ ﺃ ﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌ ﺘﺮﺿﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘ ﻻ ﻀ ﺎ ﺳ ﺍﳊ ﺍﳉﺎﺯ ﺍ ﺬ ﻻ‬
‫ﺭﺟﻌﺔ ﻋ ﺿ ﺀ ﺍﻷﺩ ﺔ ﺍ ﱵ ﺗ ﺪ ﺎ ﺍ ﺎﺑﺔ ﺍ ﻌﺎ ﺔ ﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺎ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺍ ﱵ ﺴﺒﺘ ﺎ ﺇ‬
‫ﺃﺭ ﺎ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫ ﺍ ﺼﺪ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ﺑ ﻋ ﺍ ﻌﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪ .‬ﺑﻐﲑ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩ ﺔ ﺍ ﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺪﻉ ﳎﺎﻻ ﻌ ﻻ ﺸ ﻻ ﺪ ﺃﺻ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ‪ ،‬ﺒ ﺍﳊﺎ ﻋ ﺎ‬
‫ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﺻ ﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺇ ﺣﺼ ﺧﻄﺄ ﰲ ﺗ ﺮ ﺮ ﺫ ﻷ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﰲ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﻋ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍ ﺔ ﺑﺮ ﺀ ‪) .‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌ ﻌ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﱂ ﺷﺮﻑ ﺍ ﺸ ﺒﺎﱐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﺪﺍ ﺧﲑ‬
‫‪ . 2006‬ﺹ‪(554‬‬
‫ﺝ ‪ -‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺐﺀ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺇ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ ﺍ ﱵ ﺿﻌ ﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺼﺎﱀ ﺍ ﺎﺑﺔ ﺍ ﻌﺎ ﺔ ﺴ ﻄﺔ ﺍ ﺎ‬
‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﺎﺩ "‪،‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻷ ﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍ ﺎﺋ ‪ ":‬ﻻ ﺟﺮﳝﺔ ﺑﺪ ﺸﺎﻁ ﺑﺴ‬
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‫ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍﳌ ﺿ ﻋﺔ ﺼﺎﱀ ﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺍﻹ ﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺑﺄﻛ ﺎ؛ ﺑ ﺃ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ‬

‫ﻗﺼﺮ ﺎ ﻋ ﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺭﻛﺎ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﺎﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻗﻴﺎ ﺍ ﺮﻛ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﺃ ﺍﳌﻌ ﻱ‬
‫ﺠﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺬﺍ ﺎ ﺳ ﻌﺎﳉ ﻓﻴ ﺎ ﻳ ﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬ﻗﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﻧﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮﳝﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎ ﺍﻷﺻ ﺃ ﺗ ﺘﺰ ﺍ ﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﺍ ﻌﺎ ﺔ ‪ -‬ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻗﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ‪ -‬ﺑﻌﺐﺀ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺬﺍ ﺍ ﻌﺐﺀ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎ ﺍ ﻐﺎ ﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺈ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺪﺧ ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻌﻴ ﺔ ﻹﻋﻔﺎﺋ ﺎ‬
‫ﺃ ﺗﺘﻌ ﻖ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﺑﺎ ﺮﻛ ﺍﳌﻌ ﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﲦﺔ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻓﻴ ﺎ ﺍ ﻘﺎ‬
‫ﰒ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﺐﺀ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺍﻓﺮ ﺍ ﺮﻛ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﺠﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﻔﻰ ﺍ ﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﺍ ﻌﺎ ﺔ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺗ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺬ ﺍ ﻘﺮﻳ ﺔ ﻋ ﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ ﺍﳌﺘ ‪) .‬ﺍ ﺴﻴﺪ ﳏ ﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴ ﺍ ﺸﺮﻳﻒ‪.2002 .‬‬
‫ﺹ‪(546‬‬
‫ﺍ ﺎﺩﺭ ﺃ ﻳﻘﻴ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ "ﻗﺮﻳ ﺔ ﻗﺎ ﻴﺔ" ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺎ ﺟ ﺩ ﺍ ﺮﻛ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﺃ‬
‫ﺗ ﺍﻓﺮ ﻋ ﺼﺮ ﻋ ﺎﺻﺮ ﻋ ﻰ ﳓ ﻳﻌﻔﻲ ﺍ ﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﺍ ﻌﺎ ﺔ ﺇﻗﺎ ﺔ ﺍ ﺪ ﻴ ﻋ ﻰ ﻗﻴﺎ ﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍ ﺮﻛ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃ ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻌﻴ ﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﻘ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻳﺘﺪﺧ ﻳﻀﻊ ﺜ ﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍ ﻉ ﺍﻹﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ‪ . (Jean, larguier. 1999. P241).‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﻗﻴ ﲝﻖ ﺃ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺮﻛ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﺠﺮﳝﺔ ﺇﳕﺎ ﻗﺮﻳ ﺔ ﻗﺎ ﻴﺔ ﺿ ﻋﺔ ﺼﺎﱀ ﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺍﻹ ﺎ ‪ .‬ﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻘﺎ‬
‫ﺍ ﻉ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﰎﹼ ﺍ ﺺ ﻋ ﻴ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺼ ﺹ ﻗﺎ ﺍ ﻌﻘ ﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﺬﺍ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍ ﻘ ﺍ ﲔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺎ ﻳ ﺒﻐﻲ ﺍ ﺘ ﻳ ﺑ ﰲ ﺬﺍ ﺍ ﺼﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﺬ ﺍ ﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻻ ﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺋ ﺍﻹﺩﺍ ﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﱐ ﰲ ﻗﺎ ﺍ ﻌﻘ ﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍ ﻘ ﺍ ﲔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﳕﺎ ﻏﺎﻳﺘ ﺎ ﺗﻜ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻗﺮﺍﺋ ﺍﻹﺩﺍ ﺔ ﺍ ﱵ ﺩﻓﻌﺖ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﻲ‬

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‫ﺃ ﺜ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﱵ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ؛‬ ‫ﻹﻇ ﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺍ ﻌ ﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺬﺍ ﺍ ﻉ‬

‫ﺗﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻗﻴﺎ ﺍ ﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﺠﺮﳝﺔ ﺬ ﺮ ﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - 1.1‬ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳ ﺘﲔ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺲ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 343‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻉ‪.‬ﺝ ﻋ ﻰ ﺃ ‪ ":‬ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﺑﺎﳊﺒﺲ‬
‫ﺍ ﻔﻌ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺳ ﺍﺕ ﺑﻐﺮﺍ ﺔ ‪20.000‬ﺩﺝ ﺇﱃ ‪ 100 .000‬ﺩﺝ‪ ،‬ﺎ ﱂ ﻳ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗ ﺐ ﻋ ﺪﺍ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪. ..:‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﳝﺔ ﺃﺷﺪ‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﻋﺎﺵ ﺷﺨﺺ ﳛﺘﺮﻑ ﺍ ﺪﻋﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 4‬ﻋﺠﺰ ﻋ ﺗﱪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌ ﺍﺭﺩ ﺍ ﱵ ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻌﻴﺸﺘ ﺣﺎ ﺔ ﺃ ﻋ ﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﻊ‬
‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﺃ ﺃ ﺜﺮ ﺍ ﺬﻳ ﳛﺘﺮﻓ ﺍ ﺪﻋﺎﺭﺓ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻼ ﺺ ﺬ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺿﻊ ﻗﺮﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀﺢ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺩ ﺍ ﺪﻋﺎﺭﺓ ﺎ ﱂ ﻳﱪﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺃ ﺍ ﺸﺨﺺ ﺍ ﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻗﺎ ﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺍﺭﺗ ﺐ ﺟ ﺤﺔ ﺴﺎ ﺔ ﺍ ﺒﻐﻲ ‪ .‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃ ﺍﳌﺘ ﻻ ﻳ ﺠ‬ ‫ﺪﺍﺧﻴ ﺍ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻳ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍ ﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺃ ﺎ ﺍ ﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺧﻴ ﺍ ﱵ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﳍﺬ ﺍ ﻘﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺍ ﺼﻌ ﺑﺔ ﺍ ﱵ ﺗﺘ ﻘﺎ ﺎ ﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺍﻹ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻌﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺧﻴ ﺍ ﱵ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﺎ ﺍ ﺸﺨﺺ ﺍ ﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻊ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺃﺧﺮ‬
‫ﳛﺘﺮﻑ ﺍ ﺪﻋﺎﺭﺓ ‪) .‬ﳏ ﺪ‪ ،‬ﺮ ﺍ ‪ . 1999 .‬ﺹ‪(196‬‬
‫‪ - 2.1‬ﻗﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﺭﻙ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻷ ﺜ ﺔ ﻋ ﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺋ ﺍﻹﺩﺍ ﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﱐ ﰲ ﻗﺎ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺇ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﺘ ﺮﻳﺐ ﺍ ﱵ ﺗﺸ ﺍ ﺎ ﺍﳋﺼﺐ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍ ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉ ﺮ ﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌ ﻘﺔ ﻋ ﻰ ﺟ ﺍﳋﺼ ﺹ ﺑﺄﻓﻌﺎ ﺍ ﻘ ﺃ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﳏ ﺍ ﻐﺶ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧ ﺍ ﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳉ ﺮ ﻲ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺃ ﺜ ﺔ ﺫ ﺎ ﺃ ﺮﺗ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 221‬ﺎ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺍ ﱵ ﺗ ﺰ ﺎ‬

‫ﺍ ﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺘ ﺟ ﺍ ﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﺮﺧﺼﺔ ﺍ ﺘ ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﺗ ﺔ ﺩﺍﺧ ﺍﻹ ﺍﳉ ﺮ‬
‫ﺘﺼﺮ ﺢ ﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﱵ ﺗﺪﺧ ﺍﳌ ﻄ ﺔ ﺍ ﱪ ﺔ ﺍ ﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳉ ﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﺮﺏ ﺘﺐ ﲨﺮ‬
‫ﺗ ﺰ ﺍ ﺎ ﲔ ﳍﺬ ﺍ ﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﻓ ﺭ ﺩﺧ ﳍ ﺇﱃ ﺍ ﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳉ ﺮ ﺃ ﺪ ﺍ ﻋ ﺪ ﺃ‬
‫ﻃ ﺐ ﻷﻋ ﺍ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺭ ﺳ ﺪﺍﺕ ﺍ ﺃ ﺃ ﺔ ﺛ ﺔ ﺃﺧﺮ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺍ ﺿﻌ ﺔ ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍ ﺘﺸﺮ ﻊ ﺍﳉ ﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻀﺢ ﺧﻼ ﺬ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃ ﺎ ﺗﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺎ ﺍ ﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩ ﺠﺮﳝﺔ ﲟ ﺟﺐ‬
‫ﺮ ﺔ ﺎ ﺔ ﺎﻃﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﻄ ﺔ ﻻ ﳝ ﺍ ﻄﻌ ﰲ ﺍﺟ ﺘ ﺎ ﺑﺄ ﺩ ﻋ ﺴ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ ﺍ ﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋ ﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﺘ ﺮ ﺐ ﺑﻔﻌ ﺍ ﺘ ﻏﲑ ﺍ ﺎ ﱐ ﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬
‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃ ﺍ ﺒﻀﺎﻋﺔ ﺪ ﻋﱪﺕ ﺃ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧ ﺍ ﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳉ ﺮ ﺃ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﻔ‬
‫ﺎ ﺖ ﺳﺘﻌﱪ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺩ ) ﺍ ﻌ ﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﺎﺩ ﺔ‪ . 2006.‬ﺹ‪(147‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﻗﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﻧﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮﳝﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇ ﺍ ﺴ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍ ﺳ ﺍﺀ ﺎ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺃ ﺗﺮ ﺎ ﻻ ﻔ ﺎ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑ ﻻﺑﺪ‬
‫‪.( Jean‬‬ ‫ﺃ ﺘ ﺍﻓﺮ ﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﱐ ﺭ ﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺧ ﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎ ﺮ ﺍﳌﻌ‬
‫) ‪ Claude, Soyer. 1995. P99‬ﺑﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﺎ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺗﺘﻄ ﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎ ﺐ ﺭ ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩ ﺭ ﺎ ﻌ ﺎ )‪ .(Merle, R. 1978. PP 693 et SS‬ﻌﺪ ﺍ ﺮ ﺍﳌﻌ‬
‫ﺎ ﻋ ﺑﺔ ﺑﻐﲑ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻋ ﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﺔ ﺁﲦﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺒﺪﺃ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺃ ﻋ ﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﲝ ﺚ ﻻ ﺗ‬
‫ﺟﺮﳝﺔ ﺩ ﺇﰒ ﺃ ﺩ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﺔ ﰲ ﺍ ﺘﺸﺮ ﻊ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫)ﻋ ﺮ ﺍ ﺴﻌ ﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭ ﻀﺎ ‪ .1959.‬ﺹ‪.(04‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﻕ ﺎ ﺗ ﺑ ﺟ ﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﻋﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃ ﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﺴﺄ ﺔ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺮ ﺍﳌﻌ ﻓ‬
‫ﻋ ﺍ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﺔ ﺃ ﺮ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍ ﺪﻋ ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺑ ﺎ ﺍ ﺼﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﺼﺪ‬
‫ﰒ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧ ﺒﻄ ﺎ ﺍﳉﺎﱐ ﻀ ﺮ ﺎ ﰲ ﻔﺴ ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌ ﺇﺛﺒﺎ ﺎ ﺃ ﺮ ﺻﻌﺐ ﻐﺎ ﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻓﺈ ﻻ ﳝ ﺗﻌﺮ ﻒ ﺍ ﺼﺪ ﺃ ﺍ ﺔ ﺇﻻ ﲟﻈﺎ ﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟ ﺔ ﺷﺄ ﺎ ﺃ ﺗ ﺸﻒ ﻋ‬

‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻈﺎ ﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟ ﺔ ﺍ ﺴ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍ ﺍ ﺬ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺼﺪ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ﺗﻈ ﺮ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍ ﺸﺨﺺ ‪ -‬ﳎﺎ ﺍ ﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩ ‪ -‬ﺎ ﺒﻐ ﺍ ﺮﺟ ﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺬﺍ ﺍ ﺴ ﻺﺳﺘﺪﻻ ﻋ‬
‫ﺟ ﺩ ﺍ ﺔ ‪ ) .‬ﺼﺮ ﺍ ﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺮ ‪ . 2003 .‬ﺹ‪ . (278‬ﻓ ﺎ ﺳ ﺒﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍ ﱵ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﻓ ﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺍ ﺮ ﺍﳌﻌ ﺑ ﺮ ﺔ ﺎ ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 1.2‬ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺟﺮﳝﺔ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻛﻦ ﻭﻣﻠﺤﻘﺎ ﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻼ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺪ ﺍﳌﺘ ﰲ ﺟﺮﳝﺔ ﺩﺧ ﺍﳌﺴﺎ ﺃ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺤ ﺎ ﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍ ﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺟﺎﺯ ﺠﲏ ﻋ ﺃ ﺪﻓﻊ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﺍ ﺍ ﻊ ﻋ ﺣﺮ ﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺫ ﺪ ﺼ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺪﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺎ ﳜﺸ‬ ‫ﺴ ﺃ ﺤ ﺎ ﺎ ﳌﺎ ﻄ ﻋ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗ ﺎﺏ ﺃﺷﺪ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋ ﻋ ﺣ ﺎﺓ ﺍ ﺸﺨﺺ ﺃ ﺳﻼ ﺔ ﺟﺴ ‪ .‬ﺬﺍ ﺎ ﺼﺖ ﻋ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 40‬ﺎ ﺍ ﻌ ﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺪ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﲟ ﺟﺐ ﺬﺍ ﺍ ﺺ ﺮ ﺔ ﺎ ﺔ ﺗﺪ ﻋ ﺍﳋﻄ ﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ ﰲ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﺘ ﺍ ﺬ ﺘﺴ ﺭ ﺃ ﺪﺧ ﺍﳌ ﺎﺯ ﺃ ﺤ ﺎ ﺎ ﻼ ‪) .‬ﻋﺒﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳍﺎﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﺑﺪ‪ .1991 .‬ﺹ‪(674‬‬
‫‪ - 2.2‬ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺟﺮﳝﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺶ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻲ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﺎﺭﻙ‪:‬‬
‫ﺎ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ ﺍﳌﻄ ﺔ ﺎ ﺼﺖ ﻋ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪303‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺑﺄ ‪ ":‬ﻌﺘﱪ ﺴﺆ ﻻ ﻋ ﺍ ﻐﺶ ﺷﺨﺺ ﳛ ﺯ ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﳏ ﻏﺶ"‪.‬‬
‫ﳎﺮﺩ ﺍﻹﺣﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﳌﺎﺩ ﺍ ﺬ ﺘﺤ‬ ‫ﺍﳌ ﺼ ﺩ ﺑﺎﳊ ﺎﺯﺓ ﰲ ﺎ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺭ‬
‫ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﺍ ﺴ ﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩ ﺔ ﻋ ﺍ ﺸ ﺀ ﳏ ﺍ ﻐﺶ ﺩ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺗ ﺍﻓﺮ ﺍ ﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣ ﺍ ﻻ ﳝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌ ﺃ ﺃ ﺔ ﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍ ﱵ ﺗﺘﻄ ﺒ ﺎ ﺍﳊ ﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﳌﺪ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺆ ﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋ ﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺈﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺓ ﺍ ﺎ ﺮﺓ ﺃ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺍ ﺬ ﻻ ﳝ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺋﺰ ﺍ ﺘﺤ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻻ ﺷ ﻓ ﺃ ﺬ ﺍ ﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ ﻔﺮﻃﺔ ﰲ ﺍ ﺴﺎ ﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋ‬
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‫ﺎ ﺗﺸ ﺍ ﺘ ﺎ ﺎ ﺻﺎﺭﺧﺎ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﺍ ﺪﺳﺘ ﺭ ﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻋ ﺣﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎﺿ ﰲ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻗﺘ ﺎﻉ ‪) .‬ﺃﺣﺴ ‪ ،‬ﺑ ﺳﻘ ﻌﺔ‪ .2001.‬ﺹ‪(31‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﲤــﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘ ﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﲔ ﺧﻼ ﺍ ﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍ ﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺃ ﺍ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻌ ﺔ ﲝ ﺍ ﻀﺮ ﺭﺓ ﺍ ﺰ ﺍ ﻌﻘ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘ ﺰ ﺬ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﳎ ﺔ‬
‫ﺣ ﺚ ﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﲜ ﺔ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻋ ﻏﲑ ﺎ ﺍﳌﻔﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺎ ﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﺫ‬
‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺴﺖ ﺳ ﺔ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻋ ﺍ ﺎ ﺤﻘ ﻘﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﻓﺈ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ‬ ‫ﻓﺈ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺗ ﻘ ﳏ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺣ ﺚ ﺟ ﺏ ﺗﻘ ﺪ ﺍ ﻘﺎﺿ ﺎ ﺩ ﺍﺟﺘ ﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺇ ﺰﺍ‬
‫ﲞﺼ ﺻ ﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﻋ ﺭ ﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳ ﲔ‪ :‬ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎ ﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍ ﺜﺎﱐ ﻋ ﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺘ ﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺔ ﺍ ﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺬﺍ ﺎ ﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎ ﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺘﺴ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺣﺠ ﺔ ﺑﺎ ﻐﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ‬
‫ﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻗ ﺪﺍ ﻋ ﺣﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎﺿ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘ ﺎﻉ ﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺎ ﺃ ﺎ ﺗﻌﻄ‬
‫ﻔﻌ ﺍﻷﺻ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘ ﺍ ﺬ ﻄ ﻖ ﻋ ﻗﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ‪ .‬ﺿﻒ ﺇﱃ ﺫ ﻓﺈ‬
‫ﻗ ﺓ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺗﺘﺠ ﺑﺼ ﺭﺓ ﻓﻌﺎ ﺔ ﰲ ﻘ ﺎ ﻌﺐﺀ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺟﻌ ﻋ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺭﺩ ﲨ ﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪ ﺮﺓ ﺑﺎ ﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺑ ﺎﺀ ﻋ ﺎ ﺗﻘﺪ‬
‫ﲞﺼ ﺹ ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌ ﺿ ﻉ ﺍﳌﺘ ﺜ ﺔ ﻓ ﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫* ﺍ ﺴ ﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻋ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﺴﺆ ﺔ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﺘ ﲟ ﺟﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺔ ﺗﺸ ﺍ ﺘ ﺎ ﺎ ﺻﺎﺭﺧﺎ ﻘﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺿﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘ ‪ ،‬ﺎ‬

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‫ﰲ ﺍ ﺼ ﺖ‪ .‬ﺬ ﺘﻌﲔ ﻋ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺇ ﻐﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﲤﺲ ﲝ ﺍ ﺪ ﺎﻉ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺣ ﺍﳌﺘ‬

‫ﺍﻹ ﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ ﺍ ﺎﻃﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺫ ﺘ ﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺬ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺜ ﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻻﺳ ﺎ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺋ ﺃ‬
‫ﺎﺣ ﺔ ﺃﺧﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ ﺍﳉﺴ ﳊ ﺍﳌﺘ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺘ ﺎﺀ ﺃ ﱪﺭ ﳍﺎ ﺎﺣ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﺘ ﺎ‬
‫ﺔ ﺍ ﺒﺴ ﻄﺔ ﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺔ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻌ ﺲ ﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﺎ‬ ‫*ﻋ ﺍ ﺮﻏ‬
‫ﺘﻌﲔ ﻋ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﻻﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴ ﻋ ﺔ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ﺇﻻ ﺃ‬
‫ﺍ ﺎﺑﺔ ﺍ ﻌﺎ ﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺘ ﰲ ﺬﺍ ﺃ ﻀﺎ ﺍ ﺘ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ ﺗ ﻋﺐﺀ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺿﻌ ﺎ‬
‫ﺮ ﺔ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﺣ ﺍ ﺪ ﺎﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫* ﺬﺍ ﺍ ﻉ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ ﺍﳌ ﺿ ﻋﺔ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻻ ﺘﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﺬﺍ ﺎ ﻻ ﺗ ﺒ ﺍ ﻌﺪﺍ ﺔ ﺍﳊ ﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌ ﺒ ﺇﻃﻼ ﺎ ﺗﱪ ﺮ ﺟ ﺩ ﺜ‬
‫ﺬ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ ﺑﺎ ﺼﻌ ﺑﺔ ﺍ ﱵ ﺗ ﺍﺟ ﺎ ﺍ ﺎﺑﺔ ﺍ ﻌﺎ ﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣ ﺚ ﺗ ﺮ ﺮ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺋ‬ ‫*ﺑﺎ ﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺸﺮ ﻊ ﺍﳉ ﺮ ﺒﺪ ﺃ ﺎ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﻑ ﺟﺴ‬
‫ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ ﺑ ﺜﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣ ﺖ ﺃﺿﺤﺖ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺋ ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ ﺍ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻋ ﺍ ﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺎ ﺍ ﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻ ‪ ،‬ﲢ ﺟ ﺔ ﺍﻹ ﺎ ﻋﺐﺀ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺠﺮﳝﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌ‬
‫ﺍ ﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺬﺍ ﺗﻀﺤ ﺔ ﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﲟﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌ ﺮ ﺽ ﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺜ ﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﺬ‬
‫ﺴ ﺑﺎﶈﺎ ﺔ ﺍ ﻌﺎﺩ ﺔ ﺍ ﱵ ﺗ ﺎﺩ ﺎ ﺟ ﺍ ﺪﺳﺎﺗﲑ ﺍ ﺍ ﲔ ﺍ ﺪﺍﺧ ﺔ ﺬﺍ ﺃﻏ ﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌ ﺍﺛ ﺍﻹﺗ ﺎ ﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺪ ﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬ﺃﺑ ﺍ ﻌﻼ ﺍ ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺩ ﺔ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺿ ﺀ ﺍ ﻔﻘ ﺃﺣ ﺎ ﺍ ﻘﺾ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻲ ‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢ ﻴ ﻴﺔ ﺪ ﻴ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻘ ﺎ‬
‫ﻋ ﻼ ‪ ، -‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍ ﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﺸﺮ ﺍ ﺘ ﺯﻳﻊ ‪.1991‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﺃﺣﺴ ﺑ ﺳﻘﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌ ﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳉ ﺮ ﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍ ﺨ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺜﺎ ﻴﺔ‪.2001 ،‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﺑﺮﺍ ﻴ ﺑ ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍ ﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍ ﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼ ﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻘﺴ ﺍ ﺜﺎﱐ ‪ -‬ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ‪ ، -‬ﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺼﺮ‪.1985 ،‬‬
‫‪ - 4‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﺿﻴﺎﺀ ﺍ ﺪﻳ ﳏ ﺪ ﺧ ﻴ ‪ ،‬ﺸﺮ ﻋﻴﺔ ﺍ ﺪ ﻴ ﰲ ﺍﳌ ﺍﺩ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍ ﻀﺔ ﺍ ﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺮﺓ‪.2010 ،‬‬
‫‪ - 5‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﻓﺘﺤﻲ ﺳﺮ ﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻲ ﺍ ﺪﺳﺘ ﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍ ﺸﺮ ﻕ‪ ،‬ﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪.2002 ،02‬‬
‫‪ - 6‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﳏ ﺪ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﺑﺮﺍ ﻴ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ ﺮﲪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺒﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺣ ﺎ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢ ﻴ ﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺻﻴ ﻴﺔ ‪ ، -‬ﺭﺳﺎ ﺔ ﺩ ﺘ ﺭﺍ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘ ﻕ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎ ﻌﺔ ﺍﳌ ﺼ ﺭﺓ‪.2004 ،‬‬
‫‪ - 7‬ﺍ ﺴﻴﺪ ﳏ ﺪ ﺣﺴ ﺍ ﺸﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍ ﻌﺎ ﺔ ﻺﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎ ﺔ ﺩ ﺘ ﺭﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘ ﻕ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎ ﻌﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺮﺓ‪،‬‬
‫‪.2002‬‬
‫‪ - 8‬ﺃ ﻴﺲ ﺼ ﺭ ﺧﺎ ﺪ ﺍﳌ ﺼ ﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﰲ ﺍﳌ ﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪ ﻴﺔ ﺍ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻖ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﱐ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎ ﺔ ﻴ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍ ﺪ ﺘ ﺭﺍ ﰲ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎ ﻌﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺮﺓ ‪.2003‬‬
‫‪ - 9‬ﺑﺪﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌ ﻌ ﺣﺴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﺡ ﻗﺎ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻼ ﻲ ﺍ ﺴ ﺩﺍﱐ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗ ﺍ ﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﺎﺩﳝﻴﺔ ﺎﻳﻒ ﺍ ﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻌ ﺍﻷ ﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﺮﻳﺎﺽ‪.2000 ،‬‬
‫‪ - 10‬ﺭﺅ ﻑ ﻋﺒﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍ ﻔﻘ ﺍ ﻘﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢ ﻴ ﻴﺔ ﻘﺎﺭ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍ ﻔ ﺮ ﺍ ﻌﺮﰊ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪.1984 ،04‬‬
‫‪ - 11‬ﺳ ﻴ ﺎ ﺮﻗﺲ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺗ ﰲ ﺍﳌ ﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪ ﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍ ﺜﺎﱐ ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﺩ ﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ‪، -‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻴ ﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﲨ ﺭﻳﺔ ﺼﺮ ﺍ ﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‪.1986 ،‬‬
‫‪ - 12‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍ ﻀﺔ ﺍ ﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺮﺓ‪.1991 ،‬‬
‫‪ - 13‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳊ ﻴ ﺫ ﺍ ﻐﺰﺍﱄ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺩ ﺭ ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻲ ‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻘﺎﺭ ﺔ ‪ ، -‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻄﺒ ﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎ ﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺳ ﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪.2009 ،‬‬
‫‪ - 14‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ ﺮﺯﺍﻕ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍ ﺴ ﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﺳﻴﻂ ﰲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﺃﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻻ ﺘﺰﺍ ‪ ،‬ﺸ ﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊ ﱯ ﺍﳊﻘ ﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﲑ ﺕ‪ ،‬ﺒ ﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺜﺎ ﺜﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.2000 ،‬‬
‫‪ - 15‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌ ﻌ ﺳﺎﱂ ﺷﺮﻑ ﺍ ﺸﻴﺒﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊ ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳊﻖ ﺍﳌﺘ ﰲ ﺃﺻ ﺍ ﱪﺍﺀﺓ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻘﺎﺭ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎ ﺔ ﻴ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍ ﺪ ﺘ ﺭﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘ ﻕ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎ ﻌﺔ ﻋﲔ ﴰﺲ‪.2006 ،‬‬
‫‪ - 16‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ ﺩ ﺩ ﳛﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌ ﺟﺰ ﰲ ﻗﺎ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍ ﻀﺔ ﺍ ﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺮﺓ‪.1987 ،‬‬
‫‪ - 17‬ﻋ ﺎﺩ ﺯﻋ ﺍﳉﻌﺎﻓﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﰲ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻘﺎﺭ ﺔ ‪ ، -‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍ ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺸﺮ ﺍ ﺘ ﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋ ﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷ ﱃ‪.2001،‬‬

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‫‪ - 18‬ﻋ ﺎﺩ ﳏ ﺪ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺭﺑﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﺣﺠﻴﺘ ﺎ ﰲ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺎ ﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺩ ﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋ ﺎ ‪1995. ،‬‬
‫‪ - 19‬ﻋ ﺮ ﺍ ﺴﻌﻴﺪ ﺭ ﻀﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﺮ ﺍﳌﻌ ﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻃﺮ ﺣﺔ ﺩ ﺘ ﺭﺍ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎ ﻌﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺮﺓ‪.1959 ،‬‬
‫‪ - 20‬ﳏ ﺪ ﺍﺑﺮﺍ ﻴ ﳏ ﺪ ﺼ ﺭ‪ ،‬ﺒﺪﺃ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎ ﺔ ﺩ ﺘ ﺭﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘ ﻕ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎ ﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻃ ﻄﺎ‪.2012 ،‬‬
‫‪ - 21‬ﳏ ﺪ ﺣﺴﲔ ﺼ ﺭ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻃﺮﻗ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﺎ ﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺳ ﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪. 1998‬‬
‫‪ - 22‬ﳏ ﺪ ﺻﱪﻱ ﺍ ﺴﻌﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﺍﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌ ﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺪ ﻴﺔ ﺍ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪ ، -‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳍﺪ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﲔ ﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.2011 ،‬‬
‫‪ - 23‬ﳏ ﺪ ﳏﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺿ ﺎ ﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘ ﺃﺛ ﺎﺀ ﺍ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍ ﺜﺎ ﺚ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳍﺪ ﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍ ﺸﺮ ﺍ ﺘ ﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﲔ ﻴ ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷ ﱃ‪.1991 ،‬‬
‫ﺍ ﺿﻌﻲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷ ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳ ﺍ ﺍﳌﻄﺒ ﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ - 24‬ﳏ ﺪ ﺮ ﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻈﺎ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌ ﺍﺩ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍ ﻘﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎ ﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪. 1999 ،‬‬
‫‪ - 25‬ﳏ ﺪ ﺍﻑ ﺍ ﻔ ﺍﻋﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍ ﺔ ﰲ ﺍ ﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻘﺎﺭ ﺔ ‪ ، -‬ﳎ ﺔ ﺍ ﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍ ﻘﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎ ﻌﺔ ﺍﻻ ﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍ ﺴ ﺔ ﺍ ﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﺍ ﻌﺸﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻌﺪﺩ ﺍ ﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌ ‪ ،‬ﻳ ﺎﻳﺮ‪.2012 ،‬‬
‫‪ - 26‬ﳏ ﺩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ ﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺧ ﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍ ﻌﺎ ﺔ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍ ﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎ ﺔ‬
‫ﺩ ﺘ ﺭﺍ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎ ﻌﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺮﺓ‪. 1987 ،‬‬
‫‪ - 27‬ﺮﺍﺩ ﺑ ﳍﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﺪ ﺩ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﻴﺔ ﺴ ﻄﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﺩ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎ ﺔ ﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ‪ ،‬ﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘ ﻕ‬
‫ﺍ ﻌ ﺍ ﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎ ﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺝ ﳋﻀﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺗ ﺔ ‪.2010‬‬
‫‪ - 28‬ﻌﺘﺰ ﺃﲪﺪ ﳏ ﺪ ﺍﻷﻏﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩ ﺭ ﺍ ﻘﺮﺍﺋ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉ ﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍ ﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻼ ﻴﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﺍ ﺿﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻃﺮ ﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻘﺪ ﺔ ﻴ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍ ﺪ ﺘ ﺭﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻌ ﺪ ﺍ ﺒﺤ ﺙ ﺍ ﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴ ﺍ ﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻘﺎ ﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎ ﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺪ‬
‫ﺍ ﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺼﺮ‪.2007 ،‬‬
‫‪ - 29‬ﺎﺋ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ ﺮﲪ ﺻﺎﱀ‪ ،‬ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﺻ ﺍﶈﺎ ﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﱐ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍ ﻔ ﺮ ﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍ ﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺍ ﺘ ﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋ ﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪. 1990 ،01‬‬
‫‪30-Jean Claude Soyer, droit pénal et procédure pénale, 12 éme éditions, laibrairie‬‬
‫‪générale de droit et jurisprudence, E.J.A, paris, 1995.‬‬
‫‪31- Merle (R) et Vêtu (A), traité de droit criminel, tome 01, éditions, cujas, paris,‬‬
‫‪1978.‬‬
‫‪32-Jean Larguier, procédure pénale, Dalloz, 17 édition, 1999.‬‬

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