PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ARE THOSE THAT CAN BE SEEN OR MEASURED WITHOUT

CHANGING THE SUBSTANCE INTO SOMETHING ELSE

EJ. BOILING POINT

BOILING POINT OF PURE WATER IS 100ºC

OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: CONDUCTS ENERGY/NOT, MALLEABLE, COLOR, SMELL

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES TELL HOW THE SUBSTANCE FORMS NEW SUBSTANCES WHEN
IT REACTS WITH SOMETHING ELSE.

EJ. INFLAMMABLE/NOT
WOOD + FIRE = ASHES + GASES
WATER DOES NOT BURN
CHANGES OF STATE
CHANGING STATES OF MATTER INVOLVES ADDING OR TAKING AWAY ENERGY

NAME FROM .. TO .. ADD OR REMOVE ENERGY FOR IT

TO HAPPEN?
MELTING SOLID TO LIQUID ADD
FREEZING LIQUID TO SOLID REMOVE
CONDENSATION GAS TO LIQUID REMOVE
EVAPORATION LIQUID TO GAS ADD
SUBLIMATION SOLID TO GAS ADD
DEPOSITION GAS TO SOLID REMOVE

PLAN 4

ENERGY: ABILITY TO DO WORK. IT A PROPERTY OF ALL MATTER

UNIT: JOULE
ENERGY CAN NEITHER BE DESTROYED NOT CREATED, BUT IT CAN TRASNFORM FROM
ONE FORM TO ANOTHER
FORMS OF ENERGY:
- MECHANICAL ENERGY: IS THE ENERGY AN OBJECT HAS BECAUSE OF ITS MOVEMENT
OR POSITION
MECHANICAL ENERGY CAN BE DIVIDED INTO:
+KINETIC ENERGY: IS THE MECHANICAL ENERGY OF A MOVING OBJECT
EJ. A BALL ROLLING DOWN A HILL HAS KINETIK ENERGY AS LONG AS IT MOVES
+ POTENTIAL ENERGY: IS MECHANICAL ENERGY DUE TO POSITION (ENERGY
STORED INSIDE AN OBJECT)
EJ. AN OBJECT LYING ON THE GROUND HAS POTENTIAL ENERGY (SI LA EMPUJAS,
PUEDE LIBERAR ENERGIA)
-CHEMICAL ENERGY: IS ENERGY CAUSED BY CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
EJ. A CAR´S ENGINE USED CHEMICAL ENERGY FROM GASOLINE
EJ. DURING DIGESTION CHEMICAL ENERGY IS RELEASED WHEN FOOD IS BROKEN
DOWN
- ELECTRICAL ENERGY:
-GRATIVATIONAL ENERGY:
EJ. WHEN OBJECTS FALL DUE TO GRATITATIONAL PULL
-THERMAL ENERGY: IT IS THE TOTAL KINETIC AND POTENTIAL ENERGY OF THE
PARTICLES IN A SUBSTANCE. IT DEFINES HOW WARM A SUBSTANCE FEELS. PARTICLES
IN WARM WATER MOVE FASTER. THEREFORE, IT HAS MORE KINETIC ENERGY.
TEMPERATURE IS THE THERMAL ENERGY THAT CAN MOVE FROM ONE SUBSTANCE TO
ANOTHER. AN INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE MEANS THAT HEAT MOVES INTO A
SUBSTANCE.
CONDUCTION: HEAT TRANSFERRED BETWEEN TWO OBJECTS THAT TOUCH
CONVECTION: IS THE TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY BY THE MOVEMENT OF THE
PARTICLES OF A LIQUID OR GAS
RADIATION: IS THE TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY AS WAVES

ENERGY CHANGES
ENERGY CAN CHANGE FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER.
EJ. OUR BODY CHANGE CHEMICAL ENERGY TO THERMAL ENERGY TO KEEP US WARM.

ELECTRICITY
ELECTRIC CURRENT: IT IS A FLOW OF ELECTRIC CHARGE IN A MATERIAL
WHEN ELECTRONS FROM ONE ATOM FLOW TO ANOTHER ATOM, THE REPELLING
EFFECT PUSHES ELECTRONS IN THE SECOND ATOM ALONG TO THE NEXT ATOM. THIS
PRICES CONTINUES AS ELECTRIC CURRENT.
A MATERIAL THAT ALLOWS ELECTRONS TO FLOW EASILY IS A GOOD ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTOR, EJ: COPPER
CONDUCTOR: MATERIALS THAT EASILY TRANSFER HEAT
INSULATOR: MATERIALS THAT DO NOT EASILY TRANSFER HEAT

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT: IS A CLOSED PATH ALONG WHICH CURRENT FLOWS

PARALLEL ELECTRIC CIRCUIT WITH 1 BATTERY, 2 LAMPS A SWITCH AND WIRE

MAGNETISM: PHYSICAL PHENOMENON PRODUCED BY THE MOTION OF ELECTRIC

CHARGE, WHICH RESULTS IN ATTRACTIVE AND REPULSIVE FORCES BETWEEN
OBJECTS.
MAGNETS ARE OBJECTS THAT CREATE AND ARE OF MAGNETIC FORCE AROUND THEM.
THIS AREA IS KNOWN AS MAGNETIC FIELD. IF A MAGNETIC OBJECT IS INSIDE THAT
AREA IT GETS ATTRACTED TOWARDS THE MAGNET AND MOVESZ TOWARD IT WITHOUT
ANY PHYSICAL CONTAC
MAGNETIC OBJECT: OBJECT THAT GET ATTRACTED OBJECT TO MAGNET. EJ, OBJECTS
THAT CONTAIN IRON, NIKEL OR COBALT
NON MAGNETIC OBJECT: OBJECT THAT DO NOT GET ATTRACTED OBJECT TO MAGNET
EJ. OBJECT THAT CONTAIN WOOD, CLOTH

EACH MAGNETIC DOMAIN HAS A NORTH AND SOUTH PLE

UNLIKE POLES ATTRACT EACH OTHER
THE EARTH BEHAVES LIKE A MAGNET.

LIGHT: ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION THAT CAN BE DETECTED BY THE HUMAN EYE.

LIGHT TRAVELS AS A WAVE. IT DOES NOT NEED ANY MATTER OR MATERIAL TO CARRY
ITS ENERGY ALONG
REFRACTION IS THE BENDING OF LIGHT (IT ALSO HAPPENS WITH SOUND, WATER AND
OTHER WAVES) AS IT PASSES FROM ONE TRANSPARENT SUBSTANCE INTO ANOTHER. 

REFLECTION OF LIGHT (AND OTHER FORMS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION)

OCCURS WHEN THE WAVES ENCOUNTER A SURFACE OR OTHER BOUNDARY THAT
DOES NOT ABSORB THE ENERGY OF THE RADIATION AND BOUNCES THE WAVES AWAY
FROM THE SURFACE.

PLAN 5
FORCE: IT IS A PUSH OR PULL UPON AN OBJECT. IR HAS BOTH SIZE AND DIRECTION.
FORCES ARE MEASURED IN NEWTONS (N)
EJ. A 5N FORCE PULLS AN OBJECT TO THE RIGHT AND A 3N FORCE PULLS AN OBJECT
TO THE LEFT THE NET FORCE IS 2N TO THE RIGHT

A NET FORCE OF 0N MAKES AN OBJECT TO STOP MOVING

2 TYPES OF FORCES:
1- CONTACT FORCES: FORCES THAT RESULT FROM THE INTERACTION OF TWO
OBJECTS IN CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER
EJ. KICK A BALL
APPLIED FORCE, FRICTIONAL FORCE, AIR RESISTANCE
2- NON CONTACT FORCES: FORCES THAT DO NOT RESULT FROM THE INTERACTION OF
TWO OBJECTS IN CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER
EJ. GRAVITATIONAL FORCE, ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC FORCE

EFFECTS OF FORCE:
- SET IN MOTION
-CHANGE THE VELOCITY OF AN OBJECT
-STOP THE MOVEMENT
- CHANGE THE DIRECTION
-CHANGE THE SHAPE OF AN OBJECT

FRICTION: IS THE FORCE THAT RESISTS THE MOVEMENT OF ONE SURFACE PAST
ANOTHER
EJ OF FRICTION:
- ROLLING: RESISTS THE MOTION OF A ROLLING OBJECT
-SLIDING : RESISTS THE MOTION OF A SLIDING OBJECT
-STATIC: RESISTS THE MOTION OF AN OBJECT THAT IS BEGINNING TO MOVE

SPEED: IS A MEASURE OF HOW FAST AN OBJECT IS MOVING

SPEED = DISTANCE / TIME (KM/H)

VELOCITY: IS THE SPEED OF AN OBJECT IN A PARTICULAR DIRECTION

ACCELERATION: IS THE RATE AT WHICH VELOCITY CHANGES.
 ACCELERATION = CHANGE IN VELOCITY / CHANGE IN TIME .
UNIT: (M/S2

LAWS
OF NEWTON
1ST LAW OF MOTION
AN OBJECT AT REST REMAINS AT REST AND AN OBJECT IN MOTION REMAINS IN
MOTION AT CONSTANT SPEED AND IN A STRAIGHT LINE, UNLESS ACTED ON BY AN
UNBALANCED FORCE.
INERTIA IS THE TENDENCY OF AN OBJECT TO REMAIN AT REST OR IN CONSTANT
MOTION UNLESS A FORCE ACTIS ON IT.
2ND LAW OF MOTION
THE ACCELERATION OF AN OBJECT DEPENDS ON THE MASS OF THE OBJECT AND THE
SIZE OF THE NET FORCE APPLIED.
ACCELERATION= FORCE APPLIED TO THE OBJECT / MASS
3RD LAW OF MOTION: LAW OF ACTION AND REACTION
WHEN A FORCE IS APPLIED TO AN OBJECT, THE OBJECT EXERTS AN EQUAL FORCE IN
THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION

PLAN 6

FORCE: IT IS A PUSH OR PULL UPON AN OBJECT. IR HAS BOTH SIZE AND DIRECTION.
WORK: IN SCIENCE IT MEANS USING FORCE (PUSHING OR PULLING) IN ORDER TO MOVE
AN OBJECT A CERTAIN DISTANCE. NO MATTER HOW MUCH FORCE YOU USE, IF IT
DOESN’T MOVE, YOU HAVENT DONE WORK.
WORK= FORCE X DISTANCE
UNIT: JOULE (J)
EJ. YOU MOVE A BOX WITH A FOCE OF 200 N AND THE BOX MOVES 1 M.
WORK = 200N X 1M
WORK = 200 J

ENERGY: ABILITY TO DO WORK. IT A PROPERTY OF ALL MATTER

UNIT: JOULE

WORK AND MACHINES

MACHINE: ANY DEVICE THAT HELPS PEOPLE DO WORK
- SIMPLE MACHINES: TOOLS MADE UP OF ONE OR TWO PARTS
EJ. LEVER, INCLINED PLANE, WEDGE, SCREW, WHEEL AND AXLE AND PULLEY.
-COMPOUND MACHINES: CONTAIN ONE OR MORE SIMPLE MACHINES AMONG ITS
PARTS.
POWER
IT IS THE RATE AT WHICH WORK IS DONE
POWER = WORK / TIME
UNIT: WATTS (W)

EJ. YOU MOVE A BOX WITH A FOCE OF 200 N AND THE BOX MOVES 1 M AND IT TAKES
YOU 5 SECONDS.
WORK = 200N X 1M
WORK = 200 J

POWER= 200J / 5 SEC

POWER= 40 WATTS