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DHALOM KUMAR 17070125075 mechanical 2017-2021

CAD in MANUFACTURING

Digitalisation changes product development

manufacturing and optimisation new business models
result a high pace of innovation and the establishment
of disruptive processes are indispensable in global
competition new challenges however also generate
new opportunity’s short production development
phases enable a short time to market flexibility enables
cost efficient product individualisation efficiency create
sustainability the environment and resources are saved
data security safeguards your productivity this is only
possible with a completely digital process chain the
digital process change starts with a generative design
of the product form convergent modelling quickly
generates new computer aided design variance
manufacturing guidelines can already be integrated
into nx vid fmp row at an early stage the integrated
tool making assistant for injected moulding tools
efficiently implements mould release in 3D mold design
in case of changes to the product the mould can be
adapted accordingly nx Cam software identifies the
best processing strategy based on the component
geometry this enables high speed processing end
consistent material removal the optimisation of tool
making generates continuous milling paths ensuring a
permanently high surface finish the result is an optimal
CNC program for manufacturing nx for additive
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manufacturing benefits from the advantages of the

end end CAD Cam process chain conformal cooling
channels in the bold accelerate the cooling process of
the bold different manufacturing strategies can be
completely reviewed and optimised for 3D print nx
cmms software uses the PMI data generated in the
CAD to create fully automated inspection programs for
coordinate measuring machines the resulting
measuring results can be transferred back to the
design to achieve improvements for the next run the
digitalisation of the control loop can reduce
comprehensive programming times play up to 80%.
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CAM in manufacturing

This production centres up on camp or computer aided

manufacturing computer aided manufacturing or Cam
utilise is the part geometry defined by the CAD drawing
their geometry is imported into the Cam software
which allows the engineer to select cutting paths
another process parameters for manufacturing a
specific part Cam uses databases that are specific to
the material tools and the work centre to be used in
the actual machining process the programmer
identifies the manufacturing process information
utilising the Cam software such as feeds speeds and
depth of cut this information is run through the post
processor which translates the information into a CNC
program that the work centre can you to lies directly
the camp system can also simulate a production cycle
of the part which includes a visual representation of
the machine tooling and work piece motion the
software can provide an estimated cycle time that can
be used for quoting it will also alert the engineer of any
tool collisions constraints or interference that may
occur
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3D printing process

3D printing allow us to make almost anything from

nothing or first we need to take a step back and look at
how normally make stuff basically there are four ways
make things the first way is called subtractive
manufacturing in subtractive manufacturing take a
lump of material like word or metal or stone and cut
away some parts of it to make the thing we want so we
remove or subtract just like you doing maths the
material we don’t need to create something and this
could be carving a wooden chair from a tree or making
a statue from stone the second way of making stuff is
called forming and here we take a block of material
and we apply a force to change its shape my personal
favorite as a form is bolus and Gromit made by shaping
or forming plasticine the third way we make things is
called casting and this is where you take a solid
material you make it into a liquid and you pour it into a
mold a nice example of casting one of my favorites is
the way we make chocolate bunnies and Easter eggs
there’s also a fourth way we make stuff and that is
called additive manufacturing and this is where we
have nothing to begin with and you take your material
and you add it exactly where you want it until you have
your final object 3D printing is one type of additive
manufacturing and it involves making an object by
adding material one tiny layer at a time how do you do
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that well it all starts by making a drawing of the thing

you want on your computer the computer then makes
a special kind of file which it sends to the 3D printer
and the 3D printer read that file and print the object
layer by layer to make the thing you want sounds
interesting but why would you want to do that 3D
printing can help people to make new shapes and new
objects that were not previously possible and all sorts
of different materials can be used like plastics or
metals or food or even even living cells that your body
is made off so who uses 3D printers who cares about
this engineers are using 3D printers to make parts of
jet engines that are lighter and stronger to make
aeroplanes more efficient to news less fuel doctors are
using 3D printers to make new hands and arms and
legs but are perfectly fitted for the patients who need
them 3D printers to make new body parts for people
such as new bones to repair really bad fractures
perhaps to the face or to the hand and even using 3D
printers to make objects from cartilage the thing that
your ear is made of to make new age for people who
may have had a bad accident one day may even be
able to 3D print new organs inside your body like
kidneys or livers using the patients own cells in these
printers 3D printing is already changing the way make
stuff and amazing things that you could make with a 3D
printer in the future
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Milk bottling plant

After the milk has been collected from the cows it

needs to be put into bottles they can eventually end up
at the grocery store the first step is to test the milk to
make sure that it is safe and then it doesn’t have
anything in it that it shouldn’t every single batch of
milk is tested before it gets put into bottles to make
sure that it is safe the next step is to take the Rondo
and pasteurising pasteurisation is a process where you
heat up the milk and then cool it back down to kill any
bacteria that might be in the milk and could make you
sick once the pasteurisation is complete the milk is
stored in tanks where it waits to be bottled twin brook
Creamery uses glass bottles for their milk so that the
bottles can be reused and there is less waste when the
bottles are returned they are placed in a bottle washer
which make sure that the bottles are completely clean
the bottles then move along a conveyor belt towards
the bottling machine the bottling machine pumps the
milk from the tanks and into the bottles once the bottle
is full it puts a cap on the bottle as the bottle exits the
bottling machine it gets a date stamped on to the café
Bing it then moves onto the table for workers put the
full bottles into milk rates those crates are then
brought into the cooler room where they wait to be
sent to the grocery store Chantal milk company been in
business bottling milk clear since 2003 in milking cows
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here for over 70 or 80 years we do the glass bottles to

do several flavours in those bottles we do about 10000
the milk fund for the kids to come and try the different
flavours and come and see the cows and see what they
do here on a daily basis tours 5 days a week about 500
people come through note a star products here in the
in the country store allow to see are processing add
the milk the bottling of the milk also allowed to hand
milk cow see some of the baby calves and then
actually see where milk the cows everyday and seeing
the hard work that goes behind those products you
know paints a full picture for a young mind understand
why they’re foods kind of coming from where several
generations remove from the farm now and allowing
those young people to to come here and see those
things 24 milking cows are being in the plant
processing milk for making cheese or butter or delivery
routes there’s something something going on all the
time Ice cream a cream war processing milk care was
milk in the bottle from the cow it within 24 hours
something different with glass bottles we’ve been able
to reduce the total number of animals here but get
higher production out of those cast we dropped about
100 animals from when we were doing just create
cows to the registered list in cows registered hosting
allows us to do such a variety of things and allows us to
put a variety of products out for our customers and I
think for the future with all the information we can get
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I think this geyser limit of what we can do and where

the industries headed how page is it break entertaining
there to next for years and years continue to make
high quality products for for customers and for other
you know dermal out there during women out there
hopefully they can kind of find their niche to the
weather be in genetics or marketing milk you know the
hope is it everybody can be prosperous in it
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Satellite

Free to centre ignition zero miss Aubrey amplifier

rocket carrying Inmarsat 4 F1 satellite for Inmarsat
limited of London which will bring a new era of high
speed digital signage And we have ignition that offer I
was quote on from the bike in her house drawing
classes am I said five that three satellite on the And we
have ignition that offer I was quote on from the bike in
her house drawing classes am I said five that three
satellite on the word ohh it’s a very complicated effort
you have got a rocket that weighs over 1,000,000
pounds do you have the booster vehicle which has 3
stages of a proton boost that essentially drops off the
upper stage has agrees m upper stage 1415 hours later
the satellite is separated from the final stages of rocket
with them received lemon tree and at our Control
Centre here and then we go through a long process of
raising the satellite orbit up to geostationary we have
our Mission Control centre in El segundo California and
after launch when the rocket drops us off engineers
then take control of the satellite and take this satellite
to its final location on orbit at that point here in what
way to go to highly lip tickle orbit so the next phase of
the mission is to start doing burns that’s rocket thrust
from the spacecraft itself to turn that highly electrical
orbit into a nice circular Jai synchronous geostationary
orbit there are some electric engines from which will
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ways to orbit for the final part it takes approximately

two months to get it to orbit once its there we work
with the Inmarsat team in the MRCSs engineers and
test out the satellite and off the messenger of the units
on board for behaving as expected they’ve all survived
the rigorous experiences of being launched to solve it
we can go on to the next level of testing which is the
kind of identifying or the performance level that we
have achieved and so it’s a really you know it’s a long
process before able to declare the spacecraft fit to to
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you have ten minutes to finish your research to Russian
the searching on Google then you find a title that
sounds credible you enter the page and start reading
with all your attention by the time you read through
the entire thing you realised the content actually has
nothing to do with the title you’re so frustrated but
then you suddenly think of his cool productivity tool
liner being super desperate you download Werner and
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liner users sounds even more credible than the fancy
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title yes on last time you went to the page and bam it
tells you where all the important information is right
away you don’t even have to read the whole thing as
you got the answer in three seconds download liner
simple and free we live our lives knowing that many
satellites orbit our planet every day and that they are
helping us in several ways you might be surprised to
know that there are almost 4900 satellites orbiting the
earth the most obvious questions that come to mind
are why are these satellites in totally different orbits
how does a satellite carry out all of its functions and
what are the components in sons by them which help
them to accomplish all of their allotted tasks let’s
explore the answers to all these questions in detail it’s
a well known fact that a satellite stays in orbit because
of the balance between gravitational pull and
centrifugal force the angular velocity of the satellite is
decided by the force balance equation that balance is
the gravitational and centrifugal forces when the
satellite is deployed it is given sufficient speed to
balance these two forces a satellite near to earth
requires more speed to resist the gravitational pull
than the ones located further from the earth due to
the negligible resistance in space satellites never lose
speed this means satellites will continue their circular
motion around the earth without any external energy
source satellites are placed either in low earth orbit
medium earth orbit or geosynchronous earth orbit
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these three orbits are illustrated here we will get into

more details of them later there was an interesting
region in space called the van Allen belt a region full of
highly energetic charged particles which could
seriously damage the electronics section of a satellite
generally it is preferred not to park satellites in the van
Allen belt the decision on what orbit is to be chosen for
placing the satellite depends on the application and
purpose of the satellite if the satellite is built for earth
observation weather forecasting geographic area
surveying satellite phone calls etc then orbits closer to
the earth are chosen Leo is the closest to the earth at
an altitude of between 160 and 2000 kilometres and its
orbital. Is approximately 1.5 hours but these types of
satellite cover less area of the earth so many satellites
are required to obtain global coverage that’s why in
the case of broadcasting a high orbit such as go is
chosen satellites in geosynchronous orbit are at a
height of 35,786 kilometres and rotate at the same
angular speed as the earth it means the satellite takes
exactly 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds to complete
one rotation within the geosynchronous orbit there
was a special category of orbit called geostationary
orbit which is concentric to the equator of the earth
these satellites remain stationary with respect to the
earth due to this geostationary satellites are the ideal
choice for television broadcasting since it means you
do not have to adjust the angle of your satellite dish
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again and again this is the reason why the

geostationary belt is so crowded with satellites and it is
managed by an international organisation called it and
role now geosynchronous orbits are occupied by a few
navigation satellites also Geo satellites can cover 1/3 of
the earth surface so three satellites are sufficient to
cover the entire earth for navigation applications such
as GPS Mio is the wise option even though the Leo is
closest to the earth satellites in this orbit revolve at a
very high speed due to this receivers on earth failed to
carry out the navigation calculations accurately
moreover Leo needs a lot more satellites to cover the
entire earth thus GPS satellites use meal in a typical
GPS system 24 satellites can cover the entire earth and
the orbital. Is 12 hours now let’s look at the main
components of a communication satellite along with
their functions at the heart of communication satellites
are the transponders the main task of a transponder is
to change the frequency of the received signal remove
any signal noise and amplify the signal power on ku
band satellite the transponder convert from 14 giga
Hertz to 12 giga Hertz and the satellite can have 20 or
more transponders it is obvious that transponders
require a great deal of electrical power to handle all of
these functions for power supply a sad light has the
options of batteries and solar panels the solar panel is
used to power the electronic equipment but during an
eclipse time the batteries are used you can see a sun
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sensor on the satellite the sun sensor helps to angle

the solar panels in the right direction so that the
maximum power can be extracted from the sun now
let’s see how the transponder receives the input signal
from the antenna the most common antenna fixed to
satellites are reflector antenna a satellite is supposed
to follow its intended smooth orbit however the
gravitational field around the satellite is not uniform
due to the unequal mass distribution of the earth and
the presence of the moon and the sun because of this
sometimes the satellite gets displaced from its
intended orbital position this is a dangerous situation
since it will lead to a complete loss of signal to avoid
such a situation satellites make use of thrusters the
thrusters are fired and keep the satellite in the right
position these also help satellites to avoid space junk
the fuel needed for the thrusters is saved in tanks in
the satellite body the position of the satellite and
control of the thrusters are continuously monitored
from an earth station apart from the position controls
the earth station also monitors the satellites health
and speed this is done through tracking telemetry and
control systems these systems continuously send the
signal to the earth station and maintain the contact
between earth and the satellite generally these signals
are exchanged at different frequencies to distinguish
from other communication signals have you ever
thought what happens to a satellite when it is no
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longer functional or its life span is nearing the end

these satellites could harm other operational satellites
or spacecraft to deal with this situation inactive
satellites are transferred to the graveyard orbit by
activating the thrusters just by increasing the rotational
speed of the satellite we will be able to transfer it to a
higher radius orbit this operation is made clear in this
animation the graveyard orbit is a few hundred
kilometres above the geostationary orbit for this
operation the thrusters consume the same amount of
fuel as a satellite needs for about 3 months of station
keeping the satellites we have discussed so far are
communication satellites for GPS satellites the most
important components are an atomic clock and the
antenna the El band navigation antennas used in these
kinds of satellites are also illustrated here the earth
observation satellites which are mostly in Leo carry
various types of sensors images etc depending on their
mission now for some interesting information in the
visuals of the satellite in this video you might have
observed that they were covered with a gold coloured
foil what is the purpose of this foil in fact it is not foil as
it appears to be at first sight if you take a cross section
of it you can see it has a multi layered structure
satellite space huge temperature variations in space
where the temperature is varies from -150 to 200
degrees Celsius moreover satellites face the issue of
heavy solar radiation from the sun this material
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actually acts as a shield which protects the satellite

components from the heavy temperature variations
and from solar radiation