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SHALOM KUMAR 17070125075 Mechanical 2017-2021

Thermal power plants

Thermal power plants help almost half of the world power

demand they use water as the working fluid today’s thermal
power plants are capable to run under great efficiency by
confirming to stringent environmental standards thermal
power plant achieves this in a detailed step by step manner
by turning the shaft of this generator we will be able to
generate electricity the generator derives motion from a
steam turbine the heart of the power plant in order to turn
the steam turbine you have to supply a high pressure and
high temperature steam at the inlet of the turbine as the
turbine absorbs energy from the high energy fluid its
pressure and temperature dropped towards the outlet you
can take a closer look at the uniquely shaped steam turbine
rotor blades high capacity power plants often use different
stages of steam turbines it’s just let’s bring high pressure
turbine intermediate pressure turbine and low pressure
turbines so now we have met our objective we have
produced electricity from the generator if we can bring the
low pressure and low temperature steam-bag to their
original states which were of a much higher pressure and
temperature we can repeat the process the first step is to
raise the pressure you can use a compressor for this purpose
but compressing steam is a highly energy intensive process
and such a power plant will not be efficient at all the easy
way is to convert this team into liquid and boost the pressure
for this purpose will introduce condenser heat exchangers
which sit beneath the low pressure turbine in the condenser
a stream of cold water flows through the tubes the steam
rejects heat to this liquid stream and becomes condensed
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now we can use a pump to increase the pressure of this feed

water typically multi stage centrifugal popping is used for this
purpose that way the pressure will revert to its original state
the next task is to bring the temperature back to which
original value for this purpose heat is added to the exit of the
pump with the help of a boiler high capacity power plants
generally use a type of boiler called a water tube boiler
pulverised coal is that burned inside the boiler the incoming
water initially passes through an economiser session here the
water will capture energy from the flue gas the water flows
through downcomer and then through water walls where it
transforms into steam the Pierce team is separated at a
steam drop now the working fluid is backwards original high
pressure and high pressure perfect this team can be fed back
into the steam turbine and the cycle can be repeated over
and over again for continuous power production but a power
plant working on this basic Rankin cycle will have a very low
efficiency and a low capacity we can increase the
performance of the power plant considerably with the help
of a few simple techniques in case of super heating even
after the liquid has been converted into steam even more
heat is added and with that the steam becomes super heated
the higher the temperature of the steam the more efficient
the cycle just remember the carnnot theorem of maximal
thermal efficiency possible but the steam turbine material
will not with stand temperatures of more than 600 degrees
Celsius so super heating is limited to that threshold the
temperature of the steam decreases as it flows along the Rise
of the blade consequently a great way to increase the
efficiency of the power plant is two add more heat after the
first turbine stage this is known as reheating and it will
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increase the temperature of the steam again leading to a

high power output and greater efficiency the low pressure
sides of the power plant are prone to stuck the atmospheric
air even with sophisticated sealing arrangements the
dissolved gases in the feed water will spoil the boiler material
overtime to remove these dissolved gases and open feed
water heater is introduced hot steam from the turbine is
mixed in to the feed water steam bubbles so generated will
absorb the dissolved gases the mixing also preheats the feed
water which helps improve the efficiency of the power plant
to an even greater extent all these techniques make the
modern power plant work under an efficiency range of 40 to
45% now will take a look at how heat addition and heat
rejection are executed in an actual power plant the cold
liquid is supplied at the condenser with the help of a cooling
tower the heated up water from the condenser outlet is
sprayed in the cooling tower which induces add natural air
through have to end the spring water loses heat this is how a
colder liquid is always provided at the condenser inlet at the
heat addition side the burning coal produces many pollutants
we cannot release these pollutants directly into the
atmosphere so before transferring them to a stack the
exhaust gases cleaned in an electrostatic precipitator the ESP
uses plates with high voltage static electricity to absorb the
pollutant particles
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Who are car engines made

car engines work by internal combustion when air and a drop

of petrol enter the cylinder the piston moves upward
compressing the mixture the spark plug ignites the fuel
causing an explosion that drives the piston downward
powering the engine And engine components are housed in
what’s called the engine block it arrives at the plant partially
made here the cylinder bores the holes in which the Pistons
move up and down our finished off by machining the tool
carves a Criss cross pattern on the cylinder bold walls
lubricating oil will clean to the grooves in this pattern
enabling the Pistons to move smoothly after machining the
engine block travels upside down to the engine assembly line
when it arrives a scanner records the blocks trace ability code
a barcode that enables the factory to track the block through
every stage of production as the engine block travels down
the line devices ensure that each component is installed
properly elsewhere in the factory the crankshaft is slowly
taking shape the crankshaft is a bar that’s rotated by the
open down motion of the Pistons as it turns it transfers
power to the transmission the crankshaft starts out as a
roughly shaped steel forging robotic arms pass it down the
line from station to station until twenty tooling machines
later it’s fully formed Next a steel disc with teeth colder look
to ring is installed it didn’t any crashed on to the crankshaft
as it cools it shrinks to a time fit this ring helps time the
combustion cycle as it spins its teeth pass in front of sensor
which reads the crankshaft position and tells the engine to
fire the spark plug are precisely the right moment now work
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is balanced the crankshaft if it’s off kilter the engine will

vibrate a computer analyse is the spin and determines
whether they need to drill out mental at certain points to
achieve equilibrium back on the engine assembly line the
engine blocks are still upside down a robot lubricates the full
bearings on which the crankshaft will turn then it drops the
crankshaft into position Pistons come next six because these
are six cylinder engines the Pistons are made of aluminium
robots install them into the cylinder bores of the engine
block a steel connecting rod attaches each piston to the
crankshaft now workers can close up the back of the engine
block a robot apply sealant to the rear cover workers bullet
on manually with cold a multi spindle talk on on another line
they assemble the two heads that will cover the top of the
engine block this robot apply sealant to spark plug tubes
before inserting them into the hands
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Textile manufacturing process

Welcome to a brand new video of textile blog and in this

radio we will go through the complete process of textile
manufacturing from fibre to finished garments textiles have
been a part of human civilisation for centuries but most
people don’t know how it all comes together this time you
learned about the production process that goes into making
your clothes so you can make smarter choices on what to buy
next so join with me as I take you through the entire journey
of textiles manufacturing mainly textile manufacturing begins
with the harvesting of raw materials the fibres are then
cleaned sorted and blended together to create earns earn is
made into fabric by waving or needing it on a loom then the
fabrics are died are printed in different colours and patterns
finally cut and swing together the part software break to get
desired garments let’s get driving to deeper search fibre the
process of textile manufacturing begins with the cultivation
of natural fibres fibres are also extracted from plant animal
or mineral sources and processed into a continuous strand
called the different types of fibre include cool silk cotton but
today man made or synthetic fibre are also used in textile
manufacturing such as rim polyester nylon spinning or yarn
manufacturing-yarn manufacturing is the process of turning
raw materials into yarn for use in meeting waving or crushing
raw materials are sorted cleaned and mixed together to
create the final yarn or thread there are two classifications of
yarns that will be produced by spinning which are filament
and staple yarns filament yarn this yarns are made from long
and continuous strands of fibre most of them from synthetic
and one this silk represents for natural fibres in filament
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staple yarn staple or span girls in other hand are made from
short length of fibres it can be found from natural fibres or
can be produced using synthetic as staple filament yarns
process of stable year in manufacturing started with opening
bill of yarn and cleaning the impurities on the surface by
using Bale opener mission then processes are followed by a
series of continuous operations such as blending mixing
carding drawing and spinning and finally we get the cones of
urn which is used to make fabric manufacturing fabric is the
plane sheet of cloth which is made by waving on meeting
process most fabrics are needed or even but some are
produced by non woven processes such as braiding felting
twisting waving process in weaving two distinct sets of years
are threads are inter list at right angles to form a fabric or
cloth the length wise threads are called the verb and the
width wise threads are the West or feeling cloth is usually
oven on a loom a device that holds the word thread in class
while feeling threads are open through them the urban
fabrics has a lot of application areas like April home textiles
go textiles compensate-medical packing sit bells industrial
products and so on knitting process knit fabric is
manufactured by interloping promise single set of yarn in
knitting long needles are used to interlink or not if series of
loops made by-one continuous thread each loop or not
connects to another one and when enough loops have been
made the result he’s a flat piece of material called after break
it has particularly a comfortable form of fabric structure for
sports casual word and also for under garment non woven
process non woven fabric is made from sheet or web
structures bonded together by using a chemical mechanical
heat or solvent treatment it’s manufactured by a special kind
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of fibre blends and chemical are glue mixture day by day non
woven fabrics become very popular the mask people and
used as filter paper pp gown surgical mask napkin tea bag
fabric water filter wet processing fabric wet processing is a
process to use to dying and finishing the fabrics dying
involves the application of colorants to fabric in order for it to
become coloured finishing may involve mechanical and
chemical process employed commercially to improve the
acceptability of the product let’s see the general process
sequence of dyeing and finishing-one by one the aim of
singeing is to born of the protruding fibre are hairiness of
year in the fabric surface deciding deciding is the process of
removing the size material from the rap earns in urban
fabrics then the fabrics go through scouring and bleaching
process where remove all impurities from fabrics through
washing and eliminate unwanted coloured matter from the
cloth bleaching makes the fibres whiter and facilitates the
dyeing process it also makes the fibres more absorbent and
finally cleaned and white fabrics are transferred to dying
sections dyeing and printing process dying is the main
process wear white or grey fabric become decorated by
different colours dyeing of textile substrates is performed
using any of the dyestuff including reactive direct sulphur
baat pigment acid and disperse depending upon the die fibre
system compatibility printing is known as localised dyeing
printing gives a special appearance on coloured or wide
fabrics finishing section craze recovery flame retardant water
repellent anti Pilling anti bacteria anti static mat proofing
softening and hand builder are the special finishing effects
that can be added in fabrics by mechanical and chemical
processes according to end use of the finished products
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apparel manufacturing process apparel is the final product of

textile which known as piece of clothing apparel design and
manufacturing is the combination of modern art and
technology design is usually provided by the buyer buyer
send the technical sheet-and artwork of an order to the
merchandiser after placing an order through the sequence of
process at first patterns are made and according to pattern
sample garments are made for buyer approval for the bulk
production at first marker making is done of fabric with high
efficiency then fabric is laid on a big table which is used for
cutting fabric needs to cut according to the marker stitching
or swing is done after the cut pieces are bundled according to
size colour and quantity is determined by the swing room all
cutting components of fabric are joined by swing together
then its go for ironing-and finishing process inspection
garments inspection is an important part of the quality
control after complete April or garments inspection is made
to find out fault of the garments then the garments are
packed with the help of accessories it packs hair by using the
buyers instructed Poly bag cartooning and shipment after the
garments packing cartooning is done for reducing the
damages of garments every government needs to cartoon by
maintaining buyers instruction and then shipment start most
of the garments shipment is sent by the seaport-to the buyer
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Glass manufacturing
Take a little sand lots of recycled glass a pinch of limestone
and some soda ash mix all the ingredients together heat the
mix to 1500 degrees Celsius and what you get is glass rail
produces molten glass to make bottles and jars in a huge
variety of shapes and sizes for the food and beverage
industry we use as much recycled glass as possible obtained
through glass recovery and recycling programs this crushed
recycling glass known as call it allows us to reduce the
amount of raw materials we use and the energy required to
melt the glass glass furnaces operate continuously 24 hours a
day 7 days a week to melt the mix of raw materials the
furnace must be heated to 1500 degrees Celsius the molten
glass is then fit into narrow canals known as feeders it falls
through and opening at the bottom of the feeder where it
sheared to form individual uniform measures of glass called
God’s each Cobb is delivered to a black mold in the ice
machine or forming machine there are two main types of
forming processes in the blow and blow process compressed
air blows a cavity into the molten gob to create a hollow and
partially form container the Bolton glasses then transferred
to the blow mould where compressed air is again used to
blow the bottle into its final shape in the present blow
process of metal plunger is used to press the cavity into the
God in the blank mould with compressed air completing the
process in the blow bold to promote the natural strength of
the glass containers they then undergo reheating and gradual
cooling in annealing layer which is a long flat oven annealing
takes between 30 minutes into hours depending on the type
of container the containers are given to surface treatments
during their journey through the clear one at the hot end
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which helps maintain their strength and one of the cold end
which helps prevent scratching to ensure excellent product
quality barilla uses various sensors and probes to inspect
sealing surfaces dimensions and wall thickness and to check
for imperfections on each individual container making sure
that are containers are safe to be filled by food and beverage
manufacturers and safe for use by consumers is an essential
part of the manufacturing process any rejected containers or
automatically removed from the production line recycled as
college and used in the manufacture of new glass the finish
jars and bottles are the impact and pallets using reusable or
recycle industrial materials each pallet is covered with plastic
wrap to protect the glass containers during storage in
shipping the bottles and jars are now ready to be shipped to
our end customers or to other facilities for decoration at the
end of their useful life for radio jars and bottles are re
introduced as coloured each recycled bottle produces
enough crushed glass to manufacturer another new bottle in
an endless recycling process in which nothing is last in terms
of quality or quantity glass containers are the only packaging
material that is 100% infinitely recyclable

Automation process
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We hear about new things in becoming automated almost

everyday but what does that actually mean automation is the
use of largely automatic equipment in a system of
manufacturing or other production process This typically
includes the use of plc’s sensors robots and motors among
many other things depending on the automated process
almost any process can become automated it can save time
and money to automate in industrial process it also helps
eliminate human error another upside is that the use of
automation creates many high paying careers for
maintenance workers engineers and programmers a simple
everyday example of automation would be an ordinary
Poulin and park automatic car wash if we break it down step
by step it should help you understand how automation works
once you select your wash that input will run a certain
program on the controller next you drive forward until a
sensor is flagged starting the wash cycle and another sensor
tells the driver windows stop from there the wash will
continue through the cycle that the controller is running in a
typical car wash the nozzle spray in the water and chemicals
will travel alongside of vehicle and his sensor will detect
when it is past the vehicle this saves time water end
chemicals by controlling win the nozzle spray as well as
serves as an input to advance to the next step of the wash
once the car is sprayed the program tells the wash to spray
the next chemical this is done by the controller turning on
and off each pump as it’s needed the controller then runs
through the rest of the cycle and wash that was selected in
the beginning once all steps have been completed the driver
will be signalled to pull out of the wash the only human
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intervention in the process is the driver selecting what wash

they want industrial automation works exactly the same way
each industrial process needs to be started by some sort of
input that input can be a sensor push button switch among
many other possibilities typically a person will start the
process with one of these input devices or it could be a
sensor that detects an object automatically those inputs will
go to appear else which will then make decisions based on
how it was programmed the plc will then activate whatever
output the program says to run an output can be anything
that does work such as a motor solenoid heater or a light in
an automated process that output will typically be
programmed as an input to the plc and combined with other
input devices or programming to keep the process running
with this programming it can act like a chain reaction with
one output device starting before the next is allowed to run
this is also called sequential starting automation has to have
many aspects working together in order to function properly
an automated process will continue its cycle until it receives a
stop signal that can come from a physical input such as a stop
button or sensor or something programmed like a timer let’s
look back at what we now know automation is an automatic
process typically controlled by computers and sensors there
is usually very little human intervention input devices such as
sensors and switches will work with a controller or plc to
activate output devices like motors or other machinery the
plc will advance as it was programmed industrial robots are
great examples of process automation as they are commonly
being used to replace humans in pallet loading operations.