EM 253

FLUID MECHANICS (2)

PROF.

M. FOUAD ZEDAN
 Fluid Mechanics (2)
2
 Course Instructors
Prof. Mohamed Fouad Zedan
Teaching Assistant: Eng. Ibrahim Al-Boghdady / Eng.
Yousef
 Text Book (s)
 Fox and McDonald's Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics, by Robert W. Fox, Alan T. McDonald,
John W. Mitchell, published by John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., 10th edition, Jan. 2020.
 Fluid Mechanics by Frank M. White, published by
McGraw-Hill, 7th Edition, 2016.

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 Fluid Mechanics (2)
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 Course Objectives
Prepare the student with the knowledge and tools to
analyze fluids in engineering applications:
Solve Viscous Internal Flow
Determine pressure drop in closed conduits
Solve External Ideal (Potential) Flow
Solve Simplified External Viscous Flow via the
boundary layer concept.
Determine velocity and pressure distribution on
simple body shapes.
Determine fluid forces (lift, drag, etc.)
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 Course Objectives – cont.

- Basics are the same as in Fluid Mechanics (1) but

analysis is more advanced.

- In this course we will focus on the differential

approach.

Compiled by M. F. Zedan 4/4/2021

 Fluid Mechanics (2)
Week Date 5 Lectures
1 3/4 -8/4 An introduction and classification of Fluid Motion
2 10/4 – 15/4 Differential analysis of fluid motion; Fluid Kinematics (1)
3 17/4 – 22/4 Fluid Kinematics (2): Fluid Acceleration
4 24/4 – 29/4 Differential form of Continuity Equation
Equation of Motion; Stress Tensor; Stress-Strain
5 1/5 – 6/5
Relationships
6 8/5 – 13/5 Navier-Stokes Equations
7 15/5 – 20/5 Simple Solutions of the N-S Equations
8 22/5 – 27/5 8th Week Exam
9 29/5 – 3/6 Flow Between 2 Parallel Plates
10 5/6 – 10/6
Boundary Layer Theory
11 12/6 – 17/6
12 19/6- 24/6 Introduction to Potential Flow Theory
13 26/6-1/7 2-D Potential Flow around Simple Body Shapes
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 Course Contents
 An Introduction and Classification of Fluid
Motion
 Differential Analysis of Fluid Motion
- Eulerian vs Lagrangian Description
- Velocity Field
- Continuity equation in most general form
 Motion of a Fluid Element
- Normal and shear strains of a fluid element
- Rotation of a fluid element
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Course Contents – cont.
- Acceleration of a fluid element
 Forces in Fluids
- Normal Stresses
- Shear Stresses
- Stress Tensor
- Stress-Strain Relations
 Dynamics of An Incompressible Flow
- Newton’s 2nd Law applied to a fluid element
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Course Contents – cont.
 Navier Stokes equations
- Derivation
- Simple Solutions
- Flow between 2 parallel plates
- Laminar Flow in Pipes

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Course Contents – cont.
 Potential Flow Theory
- Velocity Potential and Stream Function
- Basic Singularities
- Combined Singularities
- Flow around simple 2-D bodies
- Lift Forces

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 Course Evaluation and Grading
 Semester Work 50%
- Quizzes 5%
- Class Activity 5%
- Assignments 10%
- Project 10%
- Midterm Exam 20%
 Final Exam 50%

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 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
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Matter

Solid
Fluid

Liquid Gas

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 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
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 Solid
The molecules are close to each other with high
intermolecular forces
 Liquid
Intermolecular distances are larger and forces are
smaller than in solids and molecules can rotate and
translate more freely.
 Gas
Molecules are far apart from each other, very small
intermolecular forces, molecular motion is much larger
and is random.
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 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
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(a) molecules are at relatively fixed positions in a solid

(b) groups of molecules move about each other in liquids
(c) individual molecules move freely at random in gases

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 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
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From the Engineering point of view:
 It takes tremendous forces to deform solids and
deformation is generally very small (minute). The
shape of a solid doesn’t change much and its volume
is constant.
 Liquids deform easily under the slightest shear
stress, volume is constant to a large extent and they
take the shape of the container with a free surface.
 Gases deform easily under the slightest normal and
shear stresses, volume varies depending on pressure
and temperature. It can fill any container but
without a free surface when container is open.
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 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
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 What is Fluid Mechanics?

 It is the discipline that studies fluids at rest (statics) and
in motion (dynamics)
 What is exactly a Fluid?
 “A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under
the application of a shearing stress no matter how small”

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 Why do we need to study Fluid Mechanics?

Almost everything on our planet

either is a fluid or moves within or
near a fluid.

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 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
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Applications
 Breathing,  Pipes,
 Blood Flow,  Missiles,
 Swimming,  Icebergs,
 Pumps,  Engines,
 Fans,  Filters,
 Turbines,  Jets,
 Airplanes,  Sprinklers
 Ships,
 Rivers,
 Windmills,
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 Basic Laws
 Conservation of mass
 Conservation (balance) of momentum (Newton's second law)
 Conservation (balance) of moment of momentum (angular
momentum)
 First Law of Thermodynamics
 Second Law of Thermodynamics
 In addition we need
 Equation of state (in case of gases)
 Physical properties of fluid (density, viscosity, heat capacity)
 Boundary conditions such as the non-slip condition:
any fluid acquires the velocity of the surface it is in contact
with, i.e.
V= V of the surface

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 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
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 Methods of Analysis
 Free Body Diagram (Solid Mechanics)
 Closed/Open System (Thermodynamics)
 System/Control Volume (Fluid Mechanics)

 What is a System?
 A fixed, identifiable quantity of mass
 System boundaries separate it from the surroundings
 There is no mass transfer across the system's boundaries
 The system's boundaries can be fixed or deformable

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 What is a Control Volume

 An arbitrary volume in space
 Fluid pass through it's boundaries
 Boundaries can be fixed or moving
 The surface enclosing the control volume is called a
Control Surface
 Control surface can be real or imaginary

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 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
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System Control Volume

(Piston-Cylinder) (Flow in a pipe)

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 Type of Approach
– Differential Approach (Partial Differential Eqns.)
Basic laws are applied to a differential (infinitesimal)
control volume resulting in differential equations.
– Integral Approach (Integral Equations)
Basic laws are applied to a finite control volume
resulting in integral equations.
 Methods of Description
– Lagrangian: focus on particles as they move in the
flow field.
– Eulerian: focus on a volume in space (domain)
through which fluid flows
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 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
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 Classification of Fluid Motion

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 Classification of Fluid Motion

 Inviscid/Viscous Flow
Max velocity

Surface Pressure Stagnation

distribution is symmetric Pressure, V=0
around y-axe. No pressure
imbalance and no shear
stress, hence no drag force.
D’Alembert’s Paradox-1749 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Fox & Macdonald 8e

Ludwig Prandtl Boundary Layer Theory-1904

𝜌𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐿
𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 ≡ =
𝜇 𝜈
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 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
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 Classification of Fluid Motion

 Laminar/Turbulent Flow

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 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
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 Classification of Fluid Motion

𝜌𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐿
𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 ≡ =
𝜇 𝜈

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 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
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Bulky design, high drag Streamline design, low

which means high fuel drag which means
consumption and low speed higher speed.

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 Classification of Fluid Motion

 Laminar/Turbulent Flow

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 Classification of Fluid Motion

 External Flow
e.g. Flow over airplanes, cars, buildings, wind mills, etc

 Internal Flow
e.g. Pipes, ducts, chimneys, car cylinders, air
conditioning within a space, turbines, compressors, etc.

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