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Mechanics
(It is the oldest physical science that deals with
both stationary and moving bodies under the
influence of forces)
Static Dynamics
(The branch of (The branch of
mechanics that deals mechanics that deals with
with bodies at rest) bodies in motion)
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
It is the science deals with the behavior of fluids at rest
[fluid statics] or in motion [fluid dynamics]
Hydraulics Aerodynamics
(Liquid flows in pipes (Flow of air over bodies)
and open channels)
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Is Fluid Mechanics Old- or low-tech?
Fluid Mechanics and Your MP3 Player
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Is Fluid Mechanics Old- or low-tech?
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Dynamic and Das Dynamic Bearing
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Dynamic and Das Dynamic Bearing
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics : Examples
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics : Examples
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics : Examples
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics Overview
Fluid Mechanics
F 0 i F 0 , Flows
i
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Chapter 1
Basic Properties of Fluids
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
What is a fluid?
• Distinction between solid and fluid?
– Layman: A solid is hard and not easily deformed,
whereas a fluid is soft and is easily deformed
– Science student: A solid has densely spaced molecules
with large intermolecular forces that allow to maintain
its shape and not be easily deformed. In liquid the
molecules are spaced farther apart, the intermolecular
forces are smaller than for solids, and the molecules
have more freedom of movement
• A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms
continuously when acted on by a shearing stress of
any magnitude
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Fluid as a Continuum
• Molecules are widely spaced in
the gas phase. However, we
can disregard the molecular
nature of a substance.
• View it as a continuous,
homogeneous matter with no
holes, that is, a continuum.
• This allows us to treat
properties as smoothly varying
quantities.
• Continuum is valid as long as
size of the system is large in
comparison to distance
between molecules.
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
V Smallest volume for which the mass
can be considered continuum
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Mean Free Path
It is the average distance covered by a moving particle
(such as an atom, a molecule, a photon) between
successive impacts (collisions) which modify its
direction or energy or other particle properties.
Pressure in
Vacuum range Molecules / cm3 Molecules / m3 Mean free path
(mbar)
Ambient
1013 2.7 × 1019 2.7 × 1025 68 nm
pressure
Low vacuum 300 – 1 1019 – 1016 1025 – 1022 0.1 – 100 μm
Medium
1 – 10−3 1016 – 1013 1022 – 1019 0.1 – 100 mm
vacuum
High vacuum 10−3 – 10−7 1013 – 109 1019 – 1015 10 cm – 1 km
Ultra high
10−7 – 10−12 109 – 104 1015 – 1010 1 km – 105 km
vacuum
Extremely high
<10−12 <104 <1010 >105 km
vacuum
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Basic Equations
Analysis of any problem in fluid mechanics
necessarily includes statement of the basic laws
governing the fluid motion. The basic laws are
• Conservation of mass
• Newton’s second law of motion
• The principle of angular momentum
• The first law of thermodynamics
• The second law of thermodynamics
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Methods of Analysis
System
(or “Closed System”)
Control Volume
(or “Open System”)
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Dimensions and Units
• A dimension is a measure of any physical
quantity (without numerical values) .
• A unit is a way to assign a number or
measurement to that dimension.
• Basic dimensions include: Mass M, length L,
time T, and temperature θ or Force F, length L,
time T, and temperature θ.
• Unit systems include English system and the
metric SI (International System).
• Dimensional homogeneity is a valuable tool in
checking for errors. Make sure every term in an
equation has the same units.
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight:
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight:
• Specific gravity, or relative density is defined as the
ratio of the density of a substance to the density of
some standard substance at a specified temperature
(usually water at 4°C), i.e.,
SG = /H20
SG is a dimensionless quantity.
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Types of Drag
There are essentially three types of drag: Friction
drag, Form or Pressure drag, and Induced drag.
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Shape and Form Skin
flow drag friction
0% 100%
~10% ~90%
~90% ~10%
100% 0%
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Wave Drag
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bELu-if5ckU
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Viscosity
No slip
condition
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Viscosity
No slip
condition
Corn Starch
aT 2
1 b / T
Where T is the absolute temp and a and b are
experimentally determined constants.
For air, the values of these constants are
a = 1.458 10-6 kg/m.s.K1/2 and b = 110.4 K
at atmospheric conditions
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
• For liquids an empirical equation that has been used is
b
T c
a 10
Where T is the absolute temp and a, b, and c are
experimentally determined constants.
For water using the values
a = 2.414 10-5 N.s/m2, b = 247.8 K and c = 140
K results in less than 2.5 percent error in viscosity
in the temperature range of 0oC to 370oC.
This equation is often referred to as Andrade’s
equation.
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Viscosity: Kinematic Viscosity
• It is another way of representing viscosity
• Used in the flow equations
• The units are of L2/T or m2/s and ft2/s
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Compressibility of Fluids: Bulk Modulus
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Compressibility of Fluids: Speed of Sound
Another consequence of the compressibility of fluids is
that small disturbances introduced at some point in the
fluid propagate at a finite velocity. Pressure disturbances
in the fluid propagate as sound, and their velocity is
known as the speed of sound or the acoustic velocity,
c.
dp Ev
c or c
d
kp
Isentropic Process : c
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Shear Stress, Strain, and Modulus
F
Shear stress
A
x
Shear strain
Lo
Shear stress
S
Shear strain
F Lo
A x
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Bulk Stress, Strain, and Modulus
Bulk stress p
V
Bulk strain
Vo
Bulk stress
B
Bulk strain
Vo
p
V
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Vapor Pressure : The Microscopic View
Evaporation occurs in a fluid when liquid molecules
at the surface have sufficient momentum to
overcome the intermolecular cohesive forces.
• When a liquid evaporates to a gas in a closed
container, the molecules cannot escape.
• Some of the gas molecules will eventually strike
the condensed phase and condense back into it.
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Vapor Pressure: The Microscopic View
• When the rate of condensation of the gas becomes
equal to the rate of evaporation of the liquid, the
amount of gas and liquid no longer changes.
• The gas in the container is in equilibrium with the
liquid. Then the vapour is said to be saturated.
• The pressure exerted by the gas on the liquid
surface in equilibrium with a liquid in a closed
container at a given temperature is called the vapor
pressure.
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Vapor Pressure: Measurements (Basic)
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Vapor Pressure: Measurements
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Evaporation and Boiling
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Evaporation and Boiling
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Evaporation and Boiling
Atmosphere air can be viewed as a mixture of dry air
(air with zero moisture) and water vapor (moisture).
Patm Pa Pv
Vortex pump
Propeller
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Vapor Pressure: Cavitation
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Vapor Pressure: Cavitation
Cavitation Explained
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Surface Tension
• A drop of blood forms a hump on a horizontal
glass.
• A drop of mercury forms a near-perfect sphere and
can be rolled just like a steel ball over a smooth
surface.
• Water droplets from rain or dew hang from
branches or leaves of trees.
• A liquid fuel injected into an engine forms a mist of
spherical droplets.
• Water dripping from a leaky faucet falls as nearly
spherical droplets.
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Surface Tension
• Water beads up into small drops on flower petals.
• A soap bubble released into the air forms a nearly
spherical shape.
Water beading on a leaf Water dripping from a tap Mercury droplets on a table
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Surface Tension
In these and other observances, liquid droplets
behave like small spherical balloons filled with
liquid, and the surface of the liquid acts like a
stretched elastic membrane under tension.
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Surface Tension : A Microscopic View
2
p pi pe
R
p is the pressure difference between the inside and outside.
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Surface Tension: Liquid Droplet and Soap Bubble
4
p
R
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Surface Tension: Capillary Effect
The rise or fall of a liquid in a small-diameter tube
inserted into the liquid is called as capillary effect . It is
the consequence of surface tension. The curved free
surface of a liquid in the tube is called the meniscus.
“Wetted” “Non-Wetted”
Adhesion
Cohesion
Adhesion
Cohesion
The strength of
capillary effect is
quantified by the
contact angle ϕ,
defined as the angle
that the tangent to
the liquid surface
makes with the solid
surface at the point
of contact.
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Capillary Effect : A Microscopic View
• Cohesive forces are the forces between like
molecules, such as water and water and adhesive
force are the forces between unlike molecules such
as water and glass.
• The liquid molecules at the solid-liquid interface are
subjected to both cohesive forces by other liquid
molecules and adhesive forces by the molecules of
the solid.
• The relative magnitudes of these forces determine
whether a liquid wets a solid surface or not. Thus
water tends to rise along the glass surface and the
opposite occurs for mercury.
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
What is Capillary Action?
Capillary action occurs because liquid molecules bond
each other strongly due to forces of cohesion and
adhesion where liquid molecules are attracted and
stick to other substances such as glass or paper.
Adhesion of liquid to the surface of a material will
cause an upward force on the liquid. The surface
tension acts to hold the surface intact. Capillary action
occurs when the adhesion to the surface material is
stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid
molecules. The height to which capillary action will
take in liquid is limited by surface tension and gravity.
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
What is Capillary Action?
In the case of a glass tube inserted in water with
openings at both ends, as the edges of the tube are
brought closer together, such as in a very narrow tube,
the liquid will be drawn upward in the tube. The more
narrow the tube, the greater the rise of the liquid.
Greater surface tension and increased ratio of
adhesion to cohesion also result in greater rise.
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Calculation of Capillary Rise
The weight of the fluid is balanced with the vertical
force caused by surface tension.
Fsurface 2 R cos
W R h 2
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Surface Tension
Some insects can land on water or even walk on
water and that small steel needles can float on water.
These phenomena are made possible by surface
intension which balances the weights of these
objects.
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Torque
Torque also called moment or moment of force is the
tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis,
fulcrum, or pivot.
T r F
T rF sin
Where T is the torque vector and
r is the displacement vector
is the angle between the force
vector and the lever arm vector.
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Torque
The torque on a body determines the rate of change of
the body's angular momentum.
dL
T
dt
where L is the angular momentum vector. If multiple
torques are acting on the body,
dL
T1 T2 Tn Tnet
dt
For rotation about a fixed axis L I
where I is the moment of inertia and ω is the angular
velocity. It follows that
dL d I I d
Tnet I
dt dt dt
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Moment of inertia
Moment of inertia, also called mass moment of
inertia or the angular mass, is a measure of an
object's resistance to changes in its rotation rate.
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ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Moment of inertia