A

Project Report on
“FUNDAMENTALS OF GEAR”

Submitted by
Mishra Kajal Satishchandra

Under the guidance of

Prof. S. D. SANAP
Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering Department.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, THANE.

(2021-2022)

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,
THANE.
Phadke Rd, opp. Bharat Gears Ltd, Phadkepada, Mumbra,
Thane, Maharashtra 400612.

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to Certify that the project report entitled “Fundamentals of Gear”

was successfully completed by Student of fifth semester Diploma in
mechanical engineering.

Mishra Kajal Satishchandra 1901160260

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Diploma in

Mechanical Engineering and submitted to the Department of Mechanical
Engineering of Government Polytechnic, Thane work carried out during a
period for the academic year 2021-22 as per curriculum.

Prof: S. D. SANAP Prof: S. D. SANAP

(Name of Guide) (Head of Department)

Dr. NITIKET N. MHALA

(Principal)

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 FUNDAMENTALS OF GEAR

Submit By:

Name of Students Roll No. Enroll. No. Marks

MISHRA KAJAL 15 1901160260
SATISHCHANDRA

In The Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirement For The Final Year (Fifth
Semester) In Mechanical Engineering Under The Guidance Of Prof. S. D.
SANAP.

PROF: S. D. SANAP
(LECT. IN M.E. & HEAD OF
DEPARTMENT)

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We wish to express our profound gratitude and intentness towards
Prof. S. D. SANAP in the Mechanical Engineering, at Government
Polytechnic, Thane for introducing the project of “Fundamentals of
Gear” and for the inspiring guidance and criticism and valuable
suggestions through the project work.

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 INDEX

Sr. No. Content Page No.

1. Aim/Benefits. 8
2. Course Outcome. 8
3. Methodology. 8
4. Action Plane. 9
5. Resources Used. 10
6. Introduction and the History of Gears. 11
7. Types of Gears. 13
8. Classification of Gears. 14
9. Types of Gears Trains. 17
10. Bibliography 19

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AIM/ BENEFITS:
▪ To collect information about Gears
▪ To make a detailed report about Gears

COURSE OUTCOME:
I. Collect short information about all types of Gears.
II. Write it’s important & application.

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY:
1. Selected Micro-project topic.
2. Then collected information about Gears from various sources.
3. Then we went for virtual observation and noted all information related
to Gears.
4. We formatted content.
5. After analyzing contents we made report on “Fundamental of Gears”.

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ACTION PLANE:

Sr. No Details of Activity Plane start date Plane finish date

1. Topic selection & 22/11/2021 28/11/2021
Research

2. Collection of 29/11/2021 04/12/2021

information

3. Report Making 05/06/2021 07/06/2021

4. Compilation of 07/12/2021 14/12/2021

Project

5. Submission 15/12/2021 15/12/2021

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 RESOURCES USED:

S. No. Name of Resources. Specifications Quantity

1. Book : A textbook of R.S.KHURMI & J.K. 1
Machine Design. GUPTA
2. Websites. www.theengineerspost.com 8-10
www.scribd.com
3. Google Services. Google Chrome & Google 1
Drive
3. Computer and Phone. For Report 1

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THE HISTORY OF GEARS:
Gears are considered as one of the oldest piece of equipment known to mankind, so old
in fact that their origin can be traced back to the Chinese South-Pointing Chariot in the
27th century B.C. A vehicle built on two wheels which bore a movable indicator that
always pointed South no matter how the chariot turned. The chariot, allegedly designed
by mechanical engineer Ma Jun, possessed rotating wheels that were mechanically geared
to keep the indicator pointing in a southern direction without the use of magnets.

The earliest description of gears was written in the 4th century B.C. by Aristotle. He wrote
that the “direction of rotation is reversed when one gear wheel drives another gear wheel”.
In the 3rd century B.C., various Greek Inventors used gears in water wheels and clocks,
and sketches of various types of gears of around this time were found in Leonardo da
Vinci’s notebooks later on.

For a long period after these discoveries, there were no major development concerning
wheels until the 17th century, when the first attempts to provide constant velocity ratios
(conjugate profiles) was recorded and there was mention of the utilization of the involute
curve.
The 19th century saw the first use of form cutters and rotating cutters and in 1835 English
inventor Whitworth patented the first gear hobbing process. Various other patents
followed until 1897 when Robert Hermann Pfauter of Germany invented the first
hobbing machine capable of cutting both spur and helical gears. Through the 20th century
various types of machines developed. But, the next major step came in 1975 when the
Pfauter Company in Germany introduced the first NC hobbing machine and in 1982 the
Full 6 axis machine was introduced. Many devices that we use in our day to day life have
their own working principle. The tooth and wheel of gear are working parts of all types
of gears. The different types of gears are used to complete the transfer of energy in
different ways and different directions

INTRODUCTION TO GEARS:

A gear is a component within a transmission device that transmits the rotational force to
another gear or device. Gear is different from a pulley in that a gear is a round wheel
which has teeth that mesh with other gear teeth, allowing the force to be fully transferred
without slippage.
Depending on their construction and arrangement, geared devices can transmit forces at
different speeds, torques, or in a different direction, from the power source. The most
common situation is for a gear to mesh with another gear. To overcome the problem of
slippage as in belt drives, gears are used which produce positive drive with uniform
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angular velocity. There are many types of gears such as spur gears, helical gears, bevel
gears, worm gears, gear rack, etc. These can be broadly classified by looking at the
positions of axes such as parallel shafts, intersecting shafts and non-intersecting shafts.

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It is necessary to accurately understand the differences among gear types to accomplish
necessary force transmission in mechanical designs.

TYPES OF GEARS

Gears or toothed wheel may be classified according to the axes of the two shaft between
which the motion is to the transmitted, maybe
• Parallel or Intersecting.
• Non-intersecting and Non-Parallel.

The types of gears to be are determined based on the application in which they are to be
used.
The types of gears are as follows:
1. Parallel Axis Gears
In this type of gearing, the axis of both the gears tends to be Parallel to each other. The
types of gears that come under this system is gears are:
• Spur Gears
• Helical Gears
• Double Helical or Herringbone Gears.

Application of Parallel Axis Gears

Some typical application areas of spur and helical are automobile gearboxes, industrial
gearboxes, etc. Some of the application areas of herringbone gears are in the gearboxes
used for steel rolling mills, etc.

2. Perpendicular Axis Gears

In this type of gearing the axis of the gears tend to be perpendicular to each other. There
are two in this type of gearing too. they are:

i. Non intersecting perpendicular axis

ii. Intersection perpendicular axis gear

i. Non intersecting Perpendicular Axis

In this type, the two perpendicular axes of the gearing do not intersect each other.
The two types of gearing that fall into this category are Worm Gear and hypoid
Gear.
Some typical applications of the worm gears are in the passenger lifts used in the
buildings. Another typical application of the Hypoid gear is in the rear axle of the
busses, lorries and heavy vehicles.

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 ii. Intersection Perpendicular Axis Gear
In this type, the perpendicular axis of the gears tends to intersect at a certain point.
The types of gears that fall under are the straight Bevel Gear, spiral bevel Gears,
and Gears. some typical application of straight bevel gear is the differential
mechanism in the automobile.

CLASSIFICATION OF GEARS:

The different types of gears are classified as follows:

1. Spur gear: For parallel axes shafts

2. Helical gears: For both parallel and non-parallel and non-intersecting axes shafts.
3. Spiral gears: For non-parallel and intersecting axes shaft.
4. Bevel gears: For intersecting axes shaft
5. Worm gear: For non-parallel and non-coplanar axes shaft
6. Rack and pinion: For converting rotary motion into linear motion

1. SPUR GEAR

The spur gear is the most common and simplest type of gear. It is generally used for
transmission of rotary motion between parallel shaft. The spur gear is the best option for
gears except when speed, loads, and ratios direct towards other options. They have
straight teeth and are mounted on parallel shafts. Their general form is a cylinder or disk.
The teeth project radially, and with these “straight-cut gears”. When two spur gears
different sizes mesh together, the larger gear is called a wheel and the smaller gear is
called a pinion. In a simple gear train of two spur gears, the input motion and force are
applied to the driver gear. The driver gear rotates the driven gear without slipping.

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 2. HELICAL GEARS

Helical gears offer a refinement over spur gears. The teeth of a helical gear are not parallel
to the axis of rotation but are set at a helix angle. Helical gears can be meshed in a parallel
or crossed orientation.
Along with parallel helical gear, each pair of
teeth first contacts one point on the one side of
the gear wheel, a moving curve of contact
increases gradually against the teeth face to a
maximum then come back, until the teeth reach
contact at one point on the opposite side.
Because of angled teeth of helical gear they
reduce the noise and stress in the gears, most of
the gears in your car are helical. The use of
helical gears is indicated when the application involves high speeds, large power
transmission, or where no noise is important.

3. BEVEL GEARS

Bevel gears have teeth cut on a cone instead of a cylinder blank. they are used in pairs to
transmit rotary motion and torque where the bevel gear shaft are at right angles (90
degrees) to each other. When two bevel gear has their axes at right angles and is equal
sizes, they are called mitre gears.
Bevel gear transmits power between two
intersecting shafts at any angle or non-
intersecting shaft. they are classified as straight
and spiral tooth bevel and hypoid gears. These
are gears cut from conical blanks and connect
intersecting shaft axes. The connecting shaft is
generally at 90°and sometimes one shaft drives
a bevel gear which is mounted on a through the
shaft resulting in two output shafts. The point of
intersection of the shaft is called the apex and
the teeth if the two gears converge at the apex.

4. RACK AND PINION

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A rack and pinion is a pair of gears which convert rotational motion into linear motion
and vice versa. A circular gear called "the pinion" engages teeth on a linear "gear" bar
called "the rack".

Rotational motion applied to the pinion will cause the rack to move to the side, up to the
limit of its travel. The diameter of the gear determines the speed that the rack moves as
the pinion turns.

A rack and pinion are commonly found in the steering mechanism of cars or other
wheeled, steered vehicles. In a rack railway, the rotation of a pinion mounted on a
locomotive or a railcar engages a rack between the rails and pulls a train along a steep
slope, machine tools such as late, drilling machine, planning machine.

5. HYPOID GEAR

Hypoid gear looks like the spiral bevel gear in some respects. For example, hypoid gears
are shaped like spiral bevel gears and high points are used on cross axis shafts like bevel
gear sets are but unlike bevel gear sets the shafts of hypoid gears do not line up with each
other they're offset. This offset allows hypoid pinions to have as few as five teeth in a
high ratio gear set while the various types of bevel gears typically don't have less than 10
teeth on opinion.

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The smaller number of teeth on a hypoid pinion means that larger ratios can be obtained
with a hypoid gear set than with a bevel gear set of the same dimensions.

6. WORM AND WORM WHEEL

The arrangement of gears shown in the image is called a worm and worm wheel. The two
elements called the worm screw and worm wheel.
A gear which has one tooth is called a worm
wheel. The tooth in the form of a screw thread is
called worm screw. The worm wheel is a helical
gear with teeth inclined so that they can engage
with the thread-like worm. This wheel transmits
torque and rotary motion through a right angle.
The worm can easily turn the gear, but the gear
cannot turn the worm. This is because of the angle
on the worm is so shallow that the gear tries to
spin it, Worm mechanisms are very quiet running.

It is used to transmit power between the driving shaft having their axes at right angles
and non-coplanar as shown in fig. Worm gears are used in machine tools when large gear
reductions are needed. It is common for worm gears to have reductions of 20:1, and even
up to 300:1 or greater. This feature is useful for machines such as conveyor systems, in
which the locking feature can act as a brake for the conveyor when the motor is not
turning.

TYPES OF GEARS TRAINS

A gear train is a mechanical system formed by mounting gears on a frame. As mentioned

above, when two or more gears mesh together to transmit power from one shaft to another
such arrangement is called a gear set or a gear train.
Sometimes two or more gears are made to mesh with each other to transmit power from
one shaft to another such a combination is called "gear train of the wheel". Also, each
gear is generally attached to a shaft often gears that are meshed together will be of
different sizes in this case the smaller gear is referred to as the pinion and the larger one
is simply referred to as the gear.
Following are the different types of gear trains:

1. Simple gear train

2. Compound gear train
3. Reverted gear train 16
 4. Epicyclic gear train

1. Simple Gear Train

When the distance between the two wheels is great the motion from one wheel to another
is transmitted by providing one or more intermediate wheels as shown in the figure.

When the number of intermediate wheels is odd, the motion of driver and follower is like
as shown in the figure. If the number of intermediate wheels is even the motion of the
follower will be in the opposite direction of the driver as shown in the figure.

2. Compound Gear Train

In compound gear train, each

intermediate shaft has two wheels fixed to it. These wheels have the same speed. One
wheel gears with the drier and the other wheel gears with the follower attached to the
next shaft.

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3. Reverted Gear Train
When the axes of the first and last wheels are co-axial the train is known as "reverted gear
trains" as shown figure, Since the motion of the first and last wheel is alike, therefore a
compound wheel is provided. Since the distance between the centers of the shaft 1 and 2
as well as 3 and 4 is the same.

4. Epicyclic Gear Train

An epicyclic gear train, the axes of the shaft,

over which the gears are mounted, move
relative to a fixed axis. A simple epicyclic or
planetary gear train is shown the figure.
Here wheel A and arm C have a common axis
at O1 about which they can rotate. The wheel B
meshes with wheel A and has its axis on the arm
at O2, about which the wheel B can rotate. If
wheel A is fixed and the arm is rotated, the train
becomes an "Epicyclic gear train".

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

▪ https://www.rexnord.com/blog/articles/gear/types-of-gears
▪ https://www.theengineerspost.com/types-of-gears/
▪ https://www.scribd.com/presentation/451540317/Gears-PPT

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Thank
You !!

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