DESIGN OF STEEL

STRUCTURES

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
CE 401
KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
ASST. PROF, UKFCET 1
MODULE 2
CONTENTS (9 hrs)
Tension members - Types of sections – net area - design of tension members- concept of
shear lag-use of lug angle-connections in tension members

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
References:
Design of steel structures , N Subramanian. Chapter 7 , Page: 554 -607

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Module 2 : Lecture 1
Topics
• Tension members
• Types of sections
• Net area
• Design of tension members (Steps)

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Tension Members
• Tension members are structural members that are subjected to axial tensile forces
(truss members, cables, transmission line, bracings etc.)

• Also known as tie members.

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• The strength of these members is influenced by several factors such as length of
connection, size and spacing of fasteners, net area of cross-section, type of
fabrication and shear lag at the end connection.

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 Tension Members

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Types of sections

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Types of sections

Single angle members – towers, trusses

Double angle sections – light roof trusses

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Built-up channels and I-sections – bridge trusses

T-sections – chord members of lightly loaded trusses

Tubular members – roof trusses

Rods and bars – bracing systems

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Wire rope – guy wires, suspenders,
Factors affecting strength of tension members

1) Effect of bolt holes: The bolts holes reduce the area of cross-section available to carry
tension and affect the strength.

a) Methods of fabrication : punching and drilling

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• Due to punching, the material around the holes undergoes stress concentrations.
• The strength of members with punched holes may be 10-15% less than members with
drilled holes

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 Factors affecting strength of tension members

b) Net area of cross-section

• When more than one bolt hole is present, the failure paths may occur along
sections :
• normal to axis of the member or,

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• zig-zag manner if holes are staggered.

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Factors affecting strength of tension members
• Effect of bearing stress
• Effect of shear lag (non-uniform stress distribution)
• Geometry factor (as gauge is increased, efficiency decreases)
• Ductility factor (ductile steel fasteners)

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• Spacing of fasteners (closer spacing relative to diameter lead to block shear failure)
• Residual stresses (non-uniform cooling)

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Failure paths

1
3

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2

Failure paths :
• 1-2
• 1-3
• 1-3-2 11
Net area of section

Failure path : normal to axis of the member

Failure paths : 1-2
• Net area of cross-section An :
• An = ( bt – ndht )

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• An = ( b– ndh ) t
1
3
2

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Net area of section

Failure path : zig-zag manner if holes are staggered :

Failure paths :1-3 and 1-3-2
• Net area of cross-section An :
𝒑𝟐
• An = ( b – ndh + σ ) t

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𝟒𝒈
• Where n = no. of bolt holes in critical section
• p = “staggered” pitch
• g = gauge 1
• B = width 3
• t = thickness 2

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Calculation of net area : Example

Plate : 210 mm x 8 mm
M16 bolt (dh =18 mm)
30
Net area An = ( b – ndh ) t 1 6
50

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3 210
𝒑𝟐 50
Staggered length correction = + 2 4 7
𝟒𝒈 50
30 5
Path 1-2 and 6-7:
• Net area = (210 – 2x18) 8 = 1392 mm2
45 40
Path 3-4-5 :
• Net area = (210 – 3x18) 8 = 1248 mm2
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Path 1-3-4-5
𝟒𝟓𝟐
• Net area = (210 – 4x18 + ) 8 = 1185 mm2
𝟒𝒙 𝟓𝟎
Path 6-3-4-5
𝟒𝟎𝟐
• Net area = (210 – 4x18 + ) 8 = 1168 mm2 30
1 6
𝟒𝒙 𝟓𝟎
50

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Path 1-3-7 : 50
3 210
𝟒𝟓𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟐 2 4 7
• Net area = (210 – 3x18 + + )8 50
𝟒𝒙 𝟓𝟎 𝟒𝒙 𝟓𝟎 5
• = 1393 mm2 30
Path 6-3-2 :
𝟒𝟎𝟐 𝟒𝟓𝟐 45 40
• Net area = (210 – 3x18 + + ) 8
𝟒𝒙 𝟓𝟎 𝟒𝒙 𝟓𝟎
• = 1393 mm2

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The minimum net area is for path which has maximum
no. of holes and minimum number of staggers.

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
More the holes, lesser strength

Staggered portion, strength gain

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DESIGN OF STEEL
STRUCTURES

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
CE 401
KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
ASST. PROF, UKFCET 1
MODULE 2
CONTENTS (9 hrs)
Tension members - Types of sections – net area - design of tension members- concept of
shear lag-use of lug angle-connections in tension members

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
2
Module 2 : Lecture 1
Topics
• Design of tension members

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
3
Bolted connection
Step 1: calculation of gross area of member (IS 800: 2007 Clause 6.2 pg-32)

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• Assume Tdg = Tu (factored tensile force)
• Find Ag 4
Bolted connection
Step 2: Selection of section
• Select section with a higher gross area from SP 6.

Step : 3 Bolted connection, Find bolt value

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• Bolt value = minimum of (shear capacity and bearing capacity)

Step : 4 No. of bolts

𝑻𝒖
• Find no. of bolts =
𝑩𝒐𝒍𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

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Bolted connection
Step 5: Check
• Design strength due to yielding
• Design strength due to rupture
• Design strength due to block shear
• All of these should be greater than 𝑻𝒖 for safe design.

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
Step 6: Check for slenderness ratio
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
• Slenderness ratio =
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒚𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

• Minimum radius of gyration r min = min of (rxx, ryy, ruu and rzz)
• Limiting value of slenderness ratio : Table 3 Case V for tension members IS
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800:2000 pg. 20
DESIGN OF STEEL
STRUCTURES

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
CE 401
KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
ASST. PROF, UKFCET 1
MODULE 2
CONTENTS (9 hrs)
Tension members - Types of sections – net area - design of tension members-
concept of shear lag-use of lug angle-connections in tension members

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
2
Module 2 : Lecture 3
Topics
• Concept of shear lag
• Use of lug angle-connections in tension members

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
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Shear lag effect
• The force is transferred to a tension member by a gusset or the adjacent member
connected to one of the legs either by bolting or welding.
• The force gets transferred from the end connection to the entire area by shear.
• Hence the tensile stress on the section from the first bolt hole up to the last bolt

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hole will not be uniform.
• The connected leg will have higher stresses while the outstanding leg may have
lesser stress values.
• Since the internal transfer of forces lags behind one another, the phenomenon is
referred to as shear lag.

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Shear lag effect
Its effects :
• Reduces the effectiveness of the plates of tension member that are not directly
connected to a gusset plate.

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How to reduce shear lag effects?
• The effect of shear lag need to be considered only when all the elements are not
directly connected.
• The shear lag effect reduces with increase in the connection length.
• Longer the connection, more uniform stress distribution.

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Lug angles
• When a tension member is subjected to heavy load, the number of bolts or length
of weld required for connection becomes large.
• Hence this accounts for uneconomical size of gusset plates.
• In such situations, additional short angle may be used to reduce the joint length

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and shear lag.
• Such an angle is called the lug angle.
• The lug angle is more effective at the beginning of the connection rather than at
the end.
• They are expensive and hence not used in practice.
• Lug angles may be eliminated by providing unequal angle sections with the wider
leg as the connected leg and using two rows of staggered bolts.
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 KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
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A diagonal member of a roof carries a maximum axial pull of 450 kN. Design the section
and the lug angle also. The steel is of yield stress of 250N/mm2

Given data :
• Tn = 450 kN
• Fy= 250 N/ mm2

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• Assume 4.6 grade 20 mm diameter bolt
• Diameter of hole = 20 + 2 = 22 mm

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Step 1: calculation of gross area of member (IS 800: 2007 Clause 6.2 pg-32)

• Assume Tdg = Tu (factored tensile force)

𝑻𝒅𝒈 𝜸𝒎𝒐

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• 𝐀𝐠 =
𝒇𝒚
𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒙𝟏.𝟏
• 𝐀𝐠 = = 1980 mm2
𝟐𝟓𝟎
Provide an angle section ISA 150 x75 x 10
• Ag = 2156 mm2

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Step 2: Bolted connection (Find bolt value)

a) shear capacity of bolt (For one bolt)

𝑽𝒏𝒔𝒃
• 𝐕𝐝𝐬𝐛 =
𝜸𝒎𝟎

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𝒇𝒖𝒃
• 𝐕𝐧𝐬𝐛 = (nn An + ns Asb)
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𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝜋
• 𝐕𝐝𝐬𝐛 = (1 x 0.78 x 𝟐𝟎𝟐 ) = 45.3 kN
3𝒙𝟏.𝟐𝟓 𝟒

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b) Bearing capacity of bolt (For one bolt)
𝑽𝒏𝒑𝒃
• 𝐕𝐝𝐩𝐛 =
𝜸𝒎𝟏
• 𝐕𝐧𝐩𝐛 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒌𝒃 𝒅 𝒕 𝒇𝒖
Kb = smaller of e/3do = (1.5 x 22)/(3x22) = 0.5
p/3do - 0.25 = (50/3x22) – 0.25 = 0.507
fub/fu = 0.975
1

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Kb = 0.5
𝐕𝐧𝐩𝐛 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒌𝒃 𝒅 𝒕 𝒇𝒖
= 2.5 x 0.5 x 20 x 10 x 410
= 102.5 kN
Vdpb = 102.5/1.25 = 82 kN

Bolt value = minimum of (45.3 kN and 82 kN) = 45.3 kN 11

Step 3: No of bolts

𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬 =
𝑩𝒐𝒍𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

𝟒𝟓𝟎
= = 9.9 ~ 10 nos.
𝟒𝟓.𝟑

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Provide e = minimum 33 mm ~ 35 mm
Pitch = 50 mm (minimum)
Draw detailing : Mark p,e, angle dimensions, gusset plate thickness

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Step 4: Check for strength
a)Gross section yielding
𝑨𝒈 𝒇𝒚 𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝒙 𝟐𝟓𝟎
Tdg= = = 490 kN > 450 kN
𝜸𝒎𝒐 𝟏.𝟏

b) Design strength due to rupture (Clause 6.3)

w= 75 mm
t= 10 mm

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w1 =150 – e = 150-35 =115 mm
bs= 75 +115 -10 = 180
Lc = 9 x 50 =450 mm
Anc = [150- 22-(10/2)]10 = 1230 mm2
Ago = [75-(10/2)]10 = 700 mm2
𝜷 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔 < 𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 > 𝟎. 𝟕
Tdb = 563.55 > 450 kN . Hence safe
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Step 5: Minimum length of gusset plate required = (9 x 50) + (2x35) =520 mm
Without lug angle, length of gusset plate is 520 mm.

DESIGN OF LUG ANGLE

Step 1 : Load on lug angle (clause 10.12.2)
• Total factored tensile load = 450 kN
• Gross area of connected leg of main angle= [150 – 10/2]10 = 1450 mm2

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• Gross area of outstanding leg of main angle= [75-10/2]10 = 700 mm2
• For equal angles, load is shared equally and for unequal angles, load shared in the
ratio of areas.

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Clause 10.12.2 page 83
Load on outstanding leg of lug angle = 1.4 times Load in outstanding leg of main
angle = 1.4 x (450 x 700 ) /(1450+700) = 1.4 x 146.5 = 205.1 kN
Load on connecting leg of lug angle = 1.2 times load in outstanding leg of main angle

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= 1. 2 x (450 x 700 ) /(1450+700) = 1.2 x 146.5 kN = 175.8 kN
Find no. of bolts in lug angle using the above strengths

Load in connected leg of main angle = (450x1450)/(1450+700) = 303.5 kN

Find no. of bolts in main angle using this strength value.
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Step 2: Area of lug angle
𝑻𝒅𝒈 𝜸𝒎𝒐 𝟏𝟕𝟓.𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒙 𝟏.𝟏
Therefore area of lug angle = 𝐀𝐠 = = = 773.52 mm2
𝒇𝒚 𝟐𝟓𝟎
Provide ISA 150X75X8 lug angle
Ag = 1742 mm2

Step 3: No of bolts to connect lug angle to gusset plate

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
No of bolts = Load on lug angle / Bolt value = 175.8/45.3 =3.8 = 4 bolts

Provide 5 bolts of 20 mm dia

Step 4: No of bolts to connect main angle to gusset plate
No of bolts = Load on connected leg of main angle/ Bolt value = 303.5/45.3 =7 bolts
Hence now the required length of gusset plate = 6x50 + 2x35 = 370 mm
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 KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
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