DESIGN OF STEEL

STRUCTURES

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
CE 401
KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
ASST. PROF, UKFCET 1
COURSE OBJECTIVES
• To introduce the limit state design of steel structural components subjected to
bending, compression and tensile loads including the connections.

• To enable design of structural components using timber

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COURSE OUTCOME
The students will be able to
• Design bolted and welded connections
• Design tension members and beams using the IS specifications
• Design columns under axial loads using IS specifications

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• Design beams and plate girders
• Assess loads on truss and design purlins
• Design structural components using timber

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MARKS BREAKUP
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN (End semester exam)
Maximum Marks 100
Exam Duration 3 hrs
Part A -Module I & II 2 questions out of 3 questions carrying 15 marks each
Part B - Module III & IV 2 questions out of 3 questions carrying 15 marks each

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Part C - Module V & VI 2 questions out of 3 questions carrying 20 marks each
Note:
Each part should have at least one question from each module
Each question can have a maximum of 4 subdivisions (a, b, c, d)
INTERNAL EVALUATION
Total 50 marks
Assignments 10 marks
Internal exam I 20 marks 4
Internal exam II 20 marks
COURSE PLAN
MODULE CONTENTS HOURS MARKS
1 Introduction to steel and steel structures, properties of steel, 9 15
structural steel sections. Introduction to design: Design loads and
load combinations, limit state design concepts. Connections bolted
and welded ( direct loads)

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2 Tension members-Types of sections – net area- design of tension 9 15
members- concept of shear lag-use of lug angle-connections in
tension members
3 Compression members- design of struts- solid and built up columns 10 15
for axial loads-- design of lacings and battens-column bases- slab base
– gusseted base
4 Design of beams- laterally restrained and unrestrained – simple and 9 15
compound beams- plate girders subjected to uniformly distributed
loads – design of stiffeners.
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COURSE PLAN
MODULE CONTENTS HOURS MARKS
5 Design of roof trusses- types-design loads and load combinations- 10 20
assessment of wind loads- design of purlins. Moment
resistant/Eccentric connections (in plane and out of plane)
6 Design of timber structures: types of timber - classification - allowable 9 20

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stresses-design of beams-flexure, shear, bearing and deflection
considerations-Design of columns. Design of composite beam
sections with timber and steel.
56 100

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REFERENCES
S No. Text book
1 L S Jayagopal, D Tensing., Design of steel structures, S Chand & Company, 2015
2 S K Duggal., Limit State design of steel structures, Tata McGraw Hill, 2010
3 Subramanian N, Design of steel Structures, Oxford University Press, 2011

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S No. IS codes
1 IS Handbook No.1 : Properties of Structural Steel Rolled Sections
2 IS 875-1987 : Codes of Practice for design Loads for Building and Structures
3 IS 800- 2007 : Code of practice for Structural steel design, BIS

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MODULE 1
CONTENTS (9 hrs)
Introduction to steel and steel structures, properties of steel, structural steel
sections. Introduction to design: Design loads and load combinations, limit state
design concepts. Connections bolted and welded ( direct loads)

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Module 1 : Lecture 1
Topics
• Introduction to steel and steel structures
• Properties of steel
• Structural steel sections
• Introduction to design

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• Design loads and load combinations
• Limit state design concepts

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Introduction to steel and steel structures
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
• High strength per unit weight. Hence a small section itself can withstand
heavy loads
• Light weight – easier handling or dismantling and transportation. Hence
prefabricated members can be frequently provided.

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• Properly maintained steel structures have a long life
• Properties of steel mostly do not change with time.
• Steel being a ductile material does not fail suddenly but gives visible
warnings
• Steel structures can be strengthened at any later time.
• Faster erection
• Time saving construction 10
• Steel has the highest scrap value. Material is reusable.
Introduction to steel and steel structures
DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
• Susceptible to corrosion
• Less fire-resistance
• Maintenance cost is high

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Yet, why are steel buildings not common
in India?
• The primary reason is cost
• Requirement of uninterrupted power supply
• Need for transporting long steel sections to sites
• Need for large storage space for site materials

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• Unavailability of huge skilled workforce in steel construction

In spite of these challenges, a shift from the concrete-based conventional

method of constructing buildings to steel structures will see more
adoption in the near future.
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Common steel structures

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Roof trusses for factories, cinema halls and auditoriums

Roof trusses and columns to cover platforms in

railway stations and bus stands

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Trussed bents, crane girders, columns

Common steel structures

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Plate girder and truss bridges for railways and roads

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Single layer or double layer domes for indoor stadiums Transmission towers, steel chimneys and water tanks
Structural Steel
• The structural steel is the steel used for manufacture of rolled steel
sections.
• Structural steel may be classified as
• Mild steel
• High tensile steel

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• As per IS 800-2007, the structural steel used in general construction shall
conform to IS 2062

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Chemical composition : Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon

Iron

Nickel Carbon

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Chrome Manganese

Phosphorous Sulphur 16
Properties of Steel
Physical properties (IS 800: 2007 page 12) Mechanical properties
IS 800: 2007 Table 1 page 13)

• Yield stress, 𝑓𝑦
• Tensile or ultimate stress, 𝑓𝑢
• Maximum percent elongation on a

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standard gauge length
• Notch toughness

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Stress- strain diagram of steel

𝒇𝒖

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𝒇𝒚

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• Commonly used properties for the common steel products of different specifications are
summarized in Table 1 page 13

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Rolled steel sections
• Rolled steel I-sections (Beam sections)
• Rolled steel Channel sections
• Rolled steel angle sections
• Rolled steel Tee sections

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• Rolled steel tubes
• Rolled steel plates
• Rolled steel flats
• Rolled steel strips

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 “Rolled” steel sections?

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IMAGE URL
Rolled steel I-sections (Beam sections)
• Indian Standard Junior beams (ISJB)
• Indian Standard Light beams (ISLB)
• Indian Standard medium beams (ISMB)
• Indian Standard Wide-flange beams (ISWB)

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• Indian Standard Heavy Beams (ISHB)

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Rolled steel Channel sections
• Indian Standard Junior Channel (ISJC)
• Indian Standard Light Channel (ISLC)
• Indian Standard Medium weight Channel (ISMC)
• Indian Standard Special Channel (ISSC)

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Rolled steel Angle sections
• Indian Standard Equal Angle (ISA)
• Indian Standard Unequal Angle (ISA)

• Thickness of legs of equal and unequal angles are same.

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• Designated by ISA followed by length and thickness of legs
• Eg. ISA 150 x 150 x 12 ; ISA 150 x 115 x 10

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Rolled steel Tee sections
• Indian Standard Normal Tee bars (ISNT)
• Indian Standard Heavy Flanged Tee bars (ISHT)
• Indian Standard Special legged Tee bars (ISSLT)
• Indian Standard Light Tee bars (ISLT)

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• Indian Standard Junior Tee bars (ISJT)

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Rolled steel tubes

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Rolled steel flats Rolled steel plates

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Rolled steel strips
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Choice of sections?

• The design of steel sections is governed by cross-sectional area and section

modulus.
• Ease with which the sections can be connected.
• Availability of section on the market is a major consideration.

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Special considerations in steel design
Size and shape (choice of sections)
Buckling
• As the members in steel structure are more slender, the compression members in
steel structures are liable to buckling.
• In case of beams, there are chances of lateral buckling.

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• To account for buckling phenomenon, codes specify that part of section to be taken
as ineffective.
Minimum Thickness : IS 800-2007 specifications
Connection Designs : Riveted, bolted, welded

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 Lateral Buckling in beams

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Buckling in compression members

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Localised Buckling
Design loads
• Dead Loads (DL)
• Imposed Loads (IL)
• Wind Loads (WL)
• Earthquake Loads (EL)

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• Erection Loads (EL)
• Accidental Loads (AL)
• Secondary Effects

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1. Dead loads
2. Imposed Loads
• Live Load (IS 875 Part 2 -1987)
• Crane load : loads from cranes and machines acting on structures
•

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Snow load (IS 875 Part 4 1987)
• Dust load : steel plants and cement plants
• Hydrostatic and earth pressure : (IS 875 Part 5 1987)
• Impact load
• Horizontal loads on parapets and balustrades

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3. Wind loads
• IS 875 Part 3 1987

4. Earthquake loads
• IS 1893

5. Erection loads

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• Temporary bracing

6. Accidental loads: impact and collision, explosions, fire (IS 875 Part 5)
7. Secondary effects : Differential settlement of foundations, eccentric connections
etc.

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Load combinations (IS 800: 2007 Clause 3.5 page 16)
• Load combinations for design purposes shall be those that produce maximum forces
and effects and consequently maximum stresses and deformations.
• Dead load + imposed load
• Dead load + imposed load + wind or earthquake load

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• Dead load + wind or earthquake load
• Dead load+ erection load

Note:
• Wind load and earthquake loads shall not be assumed to act simultaneously. The
effect of each shall be considered separately (Clause 3.5.2)
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Load Combinations
The recommended load combinations by IS 875 Part V (Clause 8 page 16-17):
1 DL
2 DL + IL
3 DL + WL
4 DL + EL

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5 DL + TL
6 DL + IL + WL
7 DL + IL + EL
8 Dl + IL + TL
9 DL + WL + TL
10 DL + EL + TL
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11 DL + IL + WL + TL
12 DL + IL + EL + TL
Different design philosophies

Working stress Ultimate Limit state

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Design strength Design Design

Strength Strength Strength

Serviceability Serviceability Serviceability

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Different design philosophies
Ultimate strength Design
• Structure is safe at ultimate load
• Strength of section is estimated from the ultimate strength of the section.
• Economic sections

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Working stress Design
• Structure serviceable at working load

Limit state design

• The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure
occurs is called a limit state. 37
• Incorporates both safety and serviceability
Limit states (IS 800: 2007 Clause 5.2.2 pg. 28)

Limit state of collapse (Ultimate strength limit state)

• Deals with strength and stability of structure under maximum expected
load.

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Limit state of serviceability
• Deals with conditions such as deflection, cracking of the structure under
service loads, durability, overall stability, vibration, fire resistance, fatigue
etc.

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Characteristic values
• The limit state design should be based on characteristic values for material
strengths and applied loads.
• The characteristic values should be based on statistical data if available: where
such data are not available they should be based on experience

Design values

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• The 'design values' are derived from the characteristic values through the use of
partial safety factors, one for material strengths and the other for loads.

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a) Characteristic Strength and design strength of Materials

• The term 'characteristic strength' means that value of the strength of the
material below which not more than 5 percent of the test results are
expected to fall.
• For steel it is taken as the ultimate strength

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𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡
• Design strength =
𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐚𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝜸𝒎

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b) Characteristic loads and design loads

The term 'characteristic load' means that value of load which has a 95 percent
probability of not being exceeded during the life of the structure.

• Dead loads given in IS 875 (Part 1)

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• Imposed loads given in IS 875 (Part 2)
• Wind loads given in IS 875 (Part 3)
• Snow load as given in IS 875 (Part 4)
• Seismic forces given in IS 1893

Design load = characteristic load x Partial Safety Factor 𝜸𝒇 for Loads 41

Partial safety factors

Partial Safety Factor 𝜸𝒇 for Loads

• Table 4 IS 800:2007 Page 29

Partial Safety Factor 𝜸𝒎 for Material Strength

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• Table 5 is 800:2007 page 30

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University questions
• Write any six features of structural steel (3 marks)

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DESIGN OF STEEL
STRUCTURES

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
CE 401
KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
ASST. PROF, UKFCET 1
Module 1 : Lecture 2
Topics
• Bolted connections

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Connections
Types of connections:
• Rivet Joints
• Bolt joints
• Weld joints

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Requirements of good connection
• It should be rigid enough to avoid fluctuating stresses which may cause fatigue
failure.
• It should be such that there is the least possible weakening of the parts to be joined.
• It should be such that it can be easily installed, inspected and maintained.
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Bolted Connections
Advantages
• Less manpower
• Easily fixable and removable
• Bolting operation is very silent in contrast
to hammering noise in riveting

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• Bolting is a cold process and hence no risk
of fire

Disadvantages
• Lesser strength in axial tension
• Cost of material high
• Get loosened when subjected to vibrations 4
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 Bolt

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Bolted connections
Uses of Bolted connections
• To connect tension and compression members
• To connect columns to the ground

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Load Transfer
• Load transfer in plate is through friction
• Load transfer in bolt is through bearing

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bearing
friction
Bearing bolt and Friction bolt
Bearing bolt is of two types:
Finished bolt:
• Shank portion finished.
• Also called turned bolt
• Proper bond with plates is established
Friction bolts
• High strength friction grip bolts
• Made of high strength steel rod
• Shank portion unfinished
• Washers are provided in shank portion

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• It can take heavy or dynamic loads • Tightened using machines

Unfinished bolt :
• Shank portion unfinished.
• Also called black bolt
• No proper bond is established
• It can take only lighter loads
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Bearing bolt and Friction bolt

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Bolt terminology
• Pitch (p) : Centre to centre distance
between two adjacent bolts in the same
direction of load
• Gauge distance (g) : It is the distance
between two adjacent bolt measured at

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right angles to the direction of load.
• Edge distance (e`) : It is the distance of
centre of bolt to the adjacent edge of the
plate
• End distance (e) : The distance of the
nearest bolt from the end of the plate.
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Types of joints:
Depending upon arrangement of bolts and plates

Lap joint :
• When the plates overlap each other, it is called lap joint.
• Lap joint is the simplest type of joint.

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Butt joint:
• In this type of connections, the two main plates placed against each other and
connection is made by providing a single cover plate connected to main plate or by
double cover plate on either side of the main plate.

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Failure of bolted joints

• Shear failure of the bolt

• Shear failure of the plate
• Bearing failure of the bolt
• Bearing failure of the plate

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• Tensile failure of the bolt
• Bending failure of bolt
• Tensile failure of the plate

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DESIGN OF STEEL
STRUCTURES

KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
CE 401
KRISHNENDU SIVADAS
ASST. PROF, UKFCET 1
MODULE 1
CONTENTS (9 hrs)
Introduction to steel and steel structures, properties of steel, structural steel
sections. Introduction to design: Design loads and load combinations, limit state
design concepts. Connections bolted and welded ( direct loads)

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Module 1 : Lecture 4
Topics
• Welded connections ( direct loads)

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Advantages of welded connections
• Welded structures are lighter
• Welding process is quicker
• Welding is more adaptable than bolting or riveting
• It is possible to achieve 100 percent efficiency in the joints whereas in bolted

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connection it can reach a maximum of 70-80 percent only.
• Less noise
• Good aesthetic appearance
• Welded connections are air-tight and water-tight
• Rigid joints

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Disadvantages of welded connections
• Due to uneven heating and cooling, members are likely to distort in the process of
welding
• Greater possibility of brittle fracture in welding
• Difficult and expensive inspection

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• Highly skilled persons are required
• Over rigid

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Types of welded joints
• Butt or groove weld
• Fillet weld
• Soft weld
• Plug weld

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Butt or groove weld

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Single V butt joint Double V butt joint

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Partial penetration and full penetration

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Fillet weld
• Approximately triangular cross-section joining two surfaces approximately at right
angles to each other in lap joint.

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Slot and plug weld

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Strength of plate (IS 800:2007 Clause 6.2 page- 32)

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Design strength of welded joints (IS 800:2007 Clause 10.5.7.1 page-79)

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Partial safety factor (IS 800:2007 Table 5 page-30)

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Value of K (Table 22 page 78)

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Minimum size of fillet weld (IS 800:2007 Table 21 page -78)

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Maximum size of fillet
(IS 800:2007 Clause 10.5.8
page-79,80)

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Actual length of weld

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Steel Table SP 6

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Channel section welded to Gusset plate

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