Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Construction Process
Construction Process
BLD 60303
EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTION
EXPERIENCING, DOCUMENTING AND ANALYSING CONSTRUCITON PROCESS
.2 Slab * PJW
1
.0 Introduction and Group members detail .3 Wall * MA
2 6
.0 Site and Safety
Prepared by: Chia Keh Chian Prepared by: Rachel Yeo Zhi Xuan
3 7
.0 Preliminaries Work .0 Roof
.1 Site layout, Setting out and Earth work etc. .1 Roof type and Construction process
(from site visit)
Prepared by: Cha Yun Xian
.2 Roof type and Construction process
(from references)
4
.0 Foundation
8
.0 Summary
.2 Foundation type and Construction process
(from references) .1 References
Group members:
1
1.1 Introduction to site Location:
Property developer:
Sprawled over 126 acres of undulating countryside, Twin Palms flanks the SILK Highway and is
within mere minutes of the Mines and just 20 minutes to KLCC. With much of the natural topography
preserved, the landscape is a canvas of rolling hills, lush greenery and charming streams and parks
that play host to the stylish semi-detached villas and elegant bungalows.
Location Plan
2
SITE B
Name of development: Galena Villa Property developer: Multi-Realty Development Sdn. Bhd.
Location: Jalan Bukit Galena 1, 70200 Seremban, N.S.D.K
Galena Villa pledges to ascend residents’ lifestyle to a different level. The exclusive private
signature entrance statement and iconic guard house with 50’ wide access road. Connectivity
is assured via an intricate network of major expressways, while also in the easy vicinity of
mature amenities and facilities such as schools, medical centres and shopping malls.
3
Site Safety
Plants
2
and Machineries
by Chia Keh Chian 0322062
2.0 Site safety
Construction site has been classified as a high risk industry due to the high possibilities of accidents, injuries and deaths happening during construction process.
Construction workers are exposed to danger of falling from heights, movement of the plants and machinery, electrical shocks, drowning, excessive noise and
dusk etc. The department of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) and other government agencies have regulations that lay down the legal requirements to
ensure the safety and health of not only the workers at the place of work but also the public. It is applied to all place of work in building operation and work of
engineering construction activity in Malaysia covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (ACT 514), The Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (ACT
139) and all the regulations made there under.
To minimize exposure to hazards that can cause serious injuries and illnesses, all staffs and workers on site must wear and use personal protective equipment,
which commonly referred to as "PPE". These injuries and illnesses may result from contact with chemical, radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other
workplace hazards. Personal protective equipment may include items such as gloves, safety glasses and shoes, earplugs or muffs, hard hats, respirators, or
coveralls, vests and full body suits.
HEAD PROTECTION
Safety helmet must be worn all time during construction process as there is risk for objects falling from above, bumps to the
head from fixed objects, or of accidental head contact with electrical hazards. These helmets must be inspected from
time to time to ensure they are in good condition- free from cracks and deterioration and able to perform their function
well.
4
FOOT PROTECTION
It is a must for staffs, workers and visitors to wear safety boots to prevent crushed toes when working and walking around
falling object and heavy machineries. These boots must be routinely inspected to ensure they are still slip-resistant and
puncture-resistant.
High visible vest are wore by workers to prevent injuries happen due to low light and poor visibility, especially when there are
moving machineries. High-visibility items allow workers to be seen by the one controlling the equipment sooner and more
readily as human eyes’ visibility is enhanced by high colour contrast.
HAND PROTECTION
Workers should wear the right gloves for the job (examples: heavy-duty rubber gloves for concrete work; welding gloves for
welding; insulated gloves and sleeves when exposed to electrical hazards) and also the right size that fit perfectly. If the
gloves are too large, they could create an obstacle and prevent work from getting done safely; if they are too small, this
could restrict a worker’s range of motion, again hindering work from getting done. Poorly fitting gloves can cause the hand
to cramp or blister, ultimately impairing a worker from doing their job safely. It is important to measure hands in order to find
properly sized gloves.
Safety glasses or face shields are essential to prevent foreign objects to get in the eyes especially during welding, cutting,
grinding and nailing process because workers are exposed to harmful chemicals or when exposed to flying particles).
HEARING PROTECTION
Earplugs or earmuffs are used to protect ears and hearing. It is essential in high noise work areas where chainsaw or heavy
equipments are used.
5
Signboard
Under the Factories and Machinery (Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction) Regulations 1986 covered by the Department of Occupational
Safety and Health, a simple but effective warning notice shall be placed in conspicuous position to warn the employee and public.
Information:
Warning:
Prohibition:
Mandatory:
On site:
Safety signboard is placed at the entrance of the site to warn the workers and visitors about the considerations before entering the site.
6
Hoarding
Hoarding can include barriers, gates, viewing windows, areas of fencing and so on and may be used to display warning and information signs.
7
Scaffolding
Temporary platform constructed from steel and timber coupled together to provide access to reach heights above arms' reach for the purpose of building
construction, maintenance, or repair. They are required when the working height is 1.5m or more above ground level.
Ladder
Ladle is a tool used in construction site to reach height. Wooden ladles are commonly
used as wood does not conduct electricity and heat. Its original colour and texture
are preserved as paint can hide cracks and flaws on it that may possibly cause
accidents to happen.
8
Fogging (Insect control)
Fogging is carried out within the workers’ living area to prevent mosquitoes breeding, flies and cockroaches that could lead to serious illness such as dengue,
malaria and diarrheal.
9
2.1 Plants and Machinery
(a) Backhoe loader (b) Crawler excavator
Heavy construction equipment
Also called a rear actor or consisting of a boom, stick,
back actor. bucket and cab on a rotating
platform.
Consists of a tractor, fitted with
a shovel or bucket on the front Also called diggers.
and a small backhoe on
the back.
Uses:
- Digging bigger trenches,
Uses: holes, foundations
- Loading and carrying - Material handling
materials - Brush cutting with hydraulic
- Digging shallow excavations attachments
- Digging trenches - Forestry work
- Lifting loads - Demolition
- General grading - Digging pits for basements
- General grading/
landscaping
- Mining
- River dredging
- Heavy lift
- Driving piles
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(c) Truck (d) Transit mixer
11
(e) Telescopic Boom Cranes (f) Concrete mixer
12
(g) Concrete vibrator
(h) Single drum roller
A mechanical
Consists of one front and two rear
device which
wheels.
provide to-and-fro
motion in any
A compactor type engineering vehicle
direction, used to
used to compact soil,
consolidate freshly
gravel, concrete or asphalt in the
poured concrete so
construction of roads and
that trapped air and
foundations after grading. Compaction
excess water are
reduces the volumn
released and the
of air space in the soil, increases dry unit
concrete settles
weight and stregth
firmly in place in the
of soil to provide better support.
formwork
13
Preliminaries Work
Site layout
3
Setting out
Earth work
by Cha Yun Xian 0322048
3.0 Preliminaries Work
Preliminaries work refers to a series of preparation work that are carried out before construction, including earthwork, setting out, and facilities setup. These
works are very important as it helps to smoothly run the future stages of construction.
A. Earthwork
Earthwork refers to the process of excavating and piling parts of the earth surface to form a desire landform for construction purpose. The construction site was
prepared in two stages of excavation, first the existing vegetation was cleared and the surface soil layer was removed through topsoil excavation, and then
through earth excavation, the ground soil was moved to a desire level for the next construction stage.
1. Topsoil excavation
Topsoil excavation is the removal of the exposed layer of the earth’s surface, including trees and roots using bulldozer. Since the topsoil supports growth of
trees and other vegetation, this layer contains more moisture than the layer underneath. Whereas, the layer underneath is easier to handle as it drinks up
less moisture than topsoil and becomes dry and hard. Hence, it is advantageous to remove the topsoil and remain the soil layer underneath for building
construction. In order to save the expenses of hauling the removed topsoil away, the removed topsoil will be stockpiled on an empty land and later
restored back on the site for landscaping or to support growth of vegetation to control erosion.
Existing vegetation
→
Bulldozer
→
Removed
Topsoil Topsoil
Topsoil topsoil Topsoil
2nd layer soil 2nd layer soil 2nd layer soil 2nd layer soil
1
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2. Earth Excavation
Existing ground level
Earth excavation is the removal of the layer of
soil immediately under the topsoil and on top of
hard rock. During the excavation process, a Cut line
method called “cut and fill” is used to construct
① ②
embankments and foundations at both construction ①
sites. Cut and fill is a common technique used to
create an even ground surface. It is the process of
moving earth from one place to another to transform Cut
Fill
the ground into desire topography and at the same Fill
Cut
time, minimizing the expenses of hauling dirt.
③ ④
①
15
B. Setting Out
Setting out is the process by which information is taken from construction design drawings and then pegs, profiles or other marks are set to control the
construction work to ensure each element is constructed in the right position and correct level. In order to begin digging the trenches required for building's
foundation, lines and measurements that are indicated on foundation plan must be transferred to the building site first by marking the exact length, width,
depth, and position of the foundation trenches on the ground.
Process:
1. Set out the building line 2. Set out the base line
Kerb Kerb
Peg
B A
Building line Building line
Base line D
Boundary Distance determined
Second peg set the First corner peg set to
by the authority
distance of width of the the corner “D” from
building to determine the boundary
the base line
3. Set out the first right angles to the base line 4. Set out second right angle to the base line 5. Set out the final back line
B A B Base line A B A
Base line Base line
90º 90º
90º
Distance set from peg C
to peg D is to be the
Squared line
same as A-B; this will
ensure the lines are
parellel G H
E F
Peg set well outside the E E
C C D C D
E
proposed building’s
position
Pegs set well outside the Pegs set well outside the
16
proposed building’s proposed building’s
position position
After the base line has been set out, it must be checked again on the right angle and correct lengths using different methods to avoid errors.
4 units
Tripod Sight lines
to corner
post
Plumb rod
Corner 90º
3 units
post
50 x 50
corner post
Stake Corner post
(a) (b)
Figure 3.2.1
Setting out checking methods (a): Site square (b): Builder’s square
When the setting out of the main buildings lines are checked and confirm, profile boards are then set up to locate the position of trenches, foundations and
walls.
Trench width
Wall width
Position of trench
plumbed down
Nails positioning
trench and walls
Setting out lines
50 x 50 pointed
post driven to
ground
Figure 3.2.2
Profile board
17
C. Storage
1. Open store
Bulky materials such as water pipes, roof tiles, and water tanks are stored on open spaces at site so that the materials are easily accessible to the workers
and less effort are required to transport materials to site of work. Roof tiles and red bricks are stacked no more than 150cm tall to prevent collapsing,
causing injuries or financial loss.
Figure 3.3.3
Stacks of roof tiles are stored on an
open space at site tidily without
obstructing access routes
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open space at site covers wrapping around it and stacked on
palette to avoid friction with ground
D. Labour Shed
Majority of the construction labour are migrant workers from countries in Asia such as Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Pakistan. These construction workers
work up to 10 hours a day, hence, temporary wood plank sheds are built at the site as their accommodation to provide essential needs like water, power supply,
sanitation, and food during the construction period.
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E. Utility Connection
1. Power supply 2. Water supply
Construction work requires electrical power for Temporary water supplies are needed where there are no sufficient mains water supplies
many purposes. The supply of electricity on site during the outset of construction site. Therefore, temporary, above ground water storage
is connected to city’s power supply line to provide tanks are used to store rainwater for construction purposes, such as concrete mixing and site
electrical power for portable power tools, lighting welfare.
systems, and other job site electrical requirements.
Figure 3.5.1
Wiring panel at construction site
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F. Hoardings / Signboards
1. Hoardings
Temporary steel hoardings are setup around the perimeter of
construction sites to define site boundaries and also serve as
security fences. It is an important component that boosts the
level of safety of site workers, visitors and public as it helps to
prevent dust and noise nuisance to adjoining properties.
Hoardings also keep intruders away from dangerous sites to
reduce the risk of accident.
Figure 3.6.3
Advertisement signboards on site
Figure 3.6.4
Safety signboard on site
21
c G. Site Office
A temporary portable cabin is placed at the centre of the construction site to serve as the site office for the professionals involves. It is a light duty container
that is able to resist corrosion and critical temperature conditions due to its materiality. This single storey site office includes facilities such as windows and shutters,
lighting and electricity, air conditioning, office furniture, and washroom.
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Foundation
Foundation type and
4
Construction process
(site / references)
by Chin Shee Wei 0322499
23
24
25
26
27
28
Superstructure 5
Beam and Column
Slab
Wall
Staircase
by Brian Koh 0322002 Muhammad Aa'meer 0322891
Pau Jin Wei 0323005 Cham Zheng Chee 0322317
5.1 Beam and column
Beam and column are the main supporting system of a building during the early stage. They serve as the same purpose of supporting the building
structure however they carry out different characteristics.
A. Beam
The beam is the horizontal member of the structure, carrying transverse load from the upper structures including its own weight towards the columns or the
walls.
Beams on site
(a) Ground Beam
A reinforced concrete beam for supporting walls, columns, joists or near ground level. It is construct directly upon the ground or supported at both ends by
piers.
- The slab and beam are cast in site at the same time - Mild steel scaffolding to support the beam during
construction. - Compressive strength carried out for
- Columns must be complete to support the beam 7,14,21,28 days
- Maintain the size and shape of the concrete when
- Formwork will be constructed upon the column and - Cube is filled with 3 layers of concrete
vibrating
then concrete is poured into the formwork
- Each layer are compacted for 25 times
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B. Column
A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above
to other structural elements below.
Column on site
(a) Slender square concrete column
They are subject by buckling rather than by crushing. Buckling is the sudden lateral instability of a slender structural member induced by the loads that act
upon the column from the upper structure.
- Thick metal rod are arrange vertically and - Positioning hardwood board formwork for the
equally column - Grade 30 concrete mixture ratio of 1:3:6 of
cement, sand and aggregate are poured into the
- Thinner steel bars are covered around the - Form a basic cuboid formwork formwork until it reaches the brim
vertical steel bars to hold them firmly.
- Formwork is held firmly by yokes and bolts to prevent
the concrete mix from leaking out
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4. Scaffolding * Slump Test * Honeycomb
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5.2 Slabs
Concrete slabs are similar to beams in the way they span horizontally between supports and may be simply supported, continuously
supported or cantilevered. Unlike beams, slabs are relatively thin structural members which are normally used as floors. Slabs are constructed
of reinforced concrete poured into formwork on-site or into trenches excavated into the ground. Concrete slabs are usually 150 to 300mm
deep. The concrete slabs in our site are classified into supported on the ground in the house as the slab sits directly on the ground and it is
suspended.
Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to Maintain: Keeping a concrete floor looking its Moisture: If not properly sealed on both top and
best will only require a minimum amount of bottom surfaces, concrete will be very susceptible to
maintenance. It will need to be sealed or waxed penetration by moisture. If liquid does manage to
every 3-9 months depending on the level of traffic in make its way into the pores of a concrete floor, it can
order to maintain the protective layer over its sit there and lead to the growth of mold or mildew in
surface. your home. In some environments you will also have to
worry about the moisture freezing, which will cause it
to expand and crack the floor slab through its center.
Environmentally Friendly: In most cases a Hardness: The strength and durability of this material
Timber formwork for slabs concrete subfloor already exists beneath another can also be a liability. The surface of a concrete floor
flooring material in grade and below grade is very hard. If you trip and fall on one then you are
locations. That means that installing a concrete floor probably going to hurt yourself. Items dropped on
is actually just uninstalling anything that has been these surfaces are also more likely to shatter or crack.
placed over it. Because no new material is That is why these floors are not recommended for
produced, there is no carbon footprint or depletion areas which will be frequented by children or elderly
of resources people.
Long Lasting: A sealed and properly maintained Uncomfortable: The hardness of concrete also makes
concrete floor can last indefinitely. Even in it uncomfortable to stand on for long periods of time.
commercial applications it can survive under high Concrete doesn't yield, and if you are forced to stand
traffic conditions for years to come. This saves you on it for an extended period your feet will feel the fury
money, while also preventing the hassle of having to of its stoic stony demeanor.
get new flooring installed periodically.
Pouring of concrete
33
Types of slab on site: Two-way slab and beam
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PROCESS OF FORMWORK (TIMBER)
Surveying and land surveying is the The first step of site preparation work is to remove all
Rebar known as reinforcing steel and
measurement and mapping of our the scrubs or jungle if there exists any on the site for
reinforcement steel, is a steel bar or BRC mesh
surrounding environment using building construction. As a part of site preparation, the
of steel wires used as a tension device in
mathematics, specialized technology trees will be cut off and their roots are totally uprooted
reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry
and equipment. Surveyors measure just as directed by the authority. Site preparation also
structures to strengthen and hold the concrete
about anything on the land, in the sky includes fixing position of the site office, go downs, the
in compression. Rebar's surface is often
or on the ocean bed. guard and the labor shed, the access and existing
patterned to form a better bond with the
roads for trucks and carts etc.
concrete.
35
Add the concrete to the form, tapping all the Warm weather and light loading conditions Lift the polisher above the surface and turn
edges to remove air pockets, and let it settle allow early removal of formwork. The it on. Lower the polisher onto the concrete
in evenly and firmly. Using a magnesium float formwork should under no circumstances be and let the weight of the tool do the work.
allowed to be removed until all the Keep the pad as flat as possible. Move
or a smooth flat board, level the concrete
concrete reaches strength of at least twice around the piece evenly, in circular
across the top. Do this by dragging the tool,
the stresses to which the concrete may be motions. Don’t start or stop in one place for
tilted slightly upward on the leading edge, too long or else it won’t be balanced.
subjected at the time of removal of
across the surface of the concrete. This formwork. All formworks should be eased
process is known as "floating" and will float gradually and carefully in order to prevent
the fine cement paste to the surface. After the load being suddenly transferred to
floating, leave the concrete dry until it concrete.
becomes firm enough to finish without
leaving tool marks.
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5.3 Walls
Construction method:
Definition
Semi-Gravity retaining walls (mixture of cantilever and gravity-retaining)
A wall is a structural element used to divide or enclose,
and, in building construction, to form the periphery (outer
limits/edge) of a room or building. Traditionally, walls
were used to support the weight of the building’s floors
and roofs, but due to technological advancements in
construction, such as reinforced concrete frames and
other skeletal structures, exterior walls are only required to
provide shelter.
Types of walls
37
Construction process
The soil is excavated to Formwork is created using Concrete is then poured Concrete is then vibrated in order to liquefy the
make way for the wall timber. This would into the formwork concrete to remove air bubbles and avoid blemishes.
construction. determine the form of the Not only that, the vibration of concrete would also allow
retaining walls. the mix to move around the formwork more freely.
Insufficient vibration may result in an abundance of air
bubbles that would not only make the concrete
weaker, but also visually unappealing. Over vibration,
however, would cause a segregation of the mix, where
Asphalt layer the denser aggregates would sink to the bottom,
leaving the less dense aggregates floating above.
Polystyrene board
38
Construction method:
Masonry
Stretcher bond
Walls made of brick. Bonds are the patterns in
which the brick is laid.
Elevation
Plan view
Plan view
Brickwork
40
Lintels
Bricks laid in mortar give Lintels are used to provide Concrete slabs represent
poor support to the wall the support needed during the lintels and are used at
above is no support is given these cases the top of door frames and
below. windows.
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Plumbing and wiring.
42
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Plaster nix:
Application:
- 3 buckets of sand
- ½ a bucket of cement
- ½ a bucket of lime
Dust and debris are Prepare plaster. Mix the A hawk is used to take the
removed from the wall via ingredients with a mixer. plaster.
brush, etc.
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5.4 Staircase
A structure that provides a stairway to facilitate access when ascending or descending from one
space or level to another.
Staircase Terminology
-It turns at 180 degree or through two right angles at an intervening landing. It is more compact than the single
straight-run stairs. The two flights are connected by the same landing may be equal or unequal, depending on
the desired proportion of the stairway openings.
44
Site B: Winding Stairs
Dimensions:
Riser- 175mm
Tread- 225mm
A concrete stair is designed as an inclined, one-way reinforced slab with steps formed on its upper surface. If the stair is constructed after the floor beam or
wall supports, it acts as a simple beam. If it is cast with the beam or slab supports, it is designed as a continuous beam. Concrete stairs require careful
analysis of load, span, and support conditions.
45
Construction Process of the Concrete Staircase
1. Formwork.
2. Reinforcement
- The addition of rebar acts as a strengthening factor for the concrete staircase after completing its formwork.
46
3. Casting
- The cement mixer is used to produce sufficient and well-mixed mortar. The concrete pouring
started with the top and slowly flows to the bottom of it. Protection must be made at this stage
for the cast-in-site concrete stairs not be affected by the fresh concrete that will fall or stuck to
the stairs .
-It takes 14 days to dry off. After 21 days, the formwork of the staircase can only be removed.
4. Final Touch
-The skim coats are applied onto the staircase. The position of handrail, balustrade are marked.
5. Handrails.
-After the staircase are done, installation of handrails can be proceeded. Cement is used to fill the holes when installing the handrails. A smooth finishing is
done when the cement dries.
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Doors and Windows
Doors
6
Windows
by Rachel Yeo 0323005
6.0 Doors and windows
Doors Doors at Site
Doors serve the purpose to give access
to enter and exit from one space to another. Hinged door Fully-glazed door
Doors are made of wood, steel and aluminium. In the site, hinged doors are In the site, these doors can
used as the main doors, be seen at the entrance of
bedroom doors and the kitchen. A fully-glazed
Types of doors
bathroom doors. Hinged door is visibly possible which
doors are allowed to pivot is often used in the kitchen
away from the door way in where visibility is needed
only one direction with a instead of privacy. This door
vertical axis of rotation. serves the purpose of
Flush Vision Narrow Half Hinged doors are compact allowing the entrance of
Light Light Glass
doors that with no visibility at all. These doors are light into the
space. In addition, it benefits as safety reasons as
used to separate one space from another where the visibility to the room is clear from the outside.
privacy is very much needed. Hinged doors have
excellent insulation ability.
Full 2 Panel 4 Panel 6 Panel
Glass
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\
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Windows Windows at Site
etert
Picture Single Hung Double Hung Awning Double
Transom Casement
Bay window
Bay windows are windows projecting outward from
the external walls. This type of window is wide and
Glider Hopper Pass Through Single Single allows light entering from different angles. It creates
Transom Casement Hopper
an extension from the walls. This kind of window was
started in snow fall country to have a better view
outside.
Awning window
Awning windows are hinged at the top and open
outwards. They are designed to provide ventilation in a
way where rain is not allowed to enter the house. Awning
windows can be used alone or in vertical or horizontal
groups in combination with additional awning windows
and other types of windows.
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51
Roof
Roof type and
7
Construction process
(site / references)
by Lim Win Kee 0322790
7.0 Roof Material
Introduction: Site A:
- Supported by outside walls, ceiling joists, and interior bearing walls.
- Sheathed in layers of plywood, waterproofing, and shingles.
- To shed water away from the structure. (waterproof)
Structure
Pro Con
- Long lasting - Heavy weight
- Low maintenance - Colour may faded away
- Non-combustible - Expensive
- Cannot withstand pressure
Site B:
1. Roof Truss - Framework of beams to support the roof
2. Rafters - Part of the roof truss
3. Sheeting - Panels that covers the rafters, which roofing materials attached
4. Underlayment - Placed on top of sheeting to add on moisture protection
5. Starter Strip - Filling spaces under cut-outs and joints of shingles to provide
protection
6. Drip Edge - Allow water to run-off
7. Fascia - To cover rafters at the end of eaves
8. Soffit - Finished underside of eaves
9. Valley - Internal angle formed by two intersections of two sloping roof planes
10. Ridge - Highest point of the roof
11. Flashing - Prevent the seepage of water around an intersection in a roof Pro Con
- Non-combustible - Expensive
- Great insulator - Heavy
Truss structure
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Roof Type on site (Site B) Construction Technique 1
Mono-truss
Gable ladder
54
Roof Type on site (Site A) Concrete Flat Roof
Component of Concrete Flat Roof
1. Mortar
2. Reinforced concrete slab
3. Light-weight concrete for slope
4. Water proofing
5. Thermal insulation
6. Asphalt membrane
7. Cement mortar
8. Cement slab
53
Construction Process Truss must be
store clear of the
ground, and put
Stage 1 - Storage some additional Stage 4 - Truss Stage 5 - Water Cistern
support with Truss is installed
suitable props at onto the wall and The water tank
where required to supported by the should be placed
maintain stable. wall plates. centrally within the
Cover the truss bay, as close to the
and make sure node points as
adequate possiblee, and screw
ventilation and the primary,
Stage 2 - Handling water can drain secondary bearer
away. and spreader beam
Handling truss Truss is needed to together to reduce
should be be nailed by local deflection and
planned as using proprietary ceiling cracking.
the truss truss clips to
needed to be support the
Stage 6 - Sheeting & Underlayment
lifted at node structure. Sheeting and
points with the underlayment are
apex upright. installed onto the
Stage 3 - Wall plates arranged trusses to
add on protection
Wall plates should for the truss.
be fixed to the Each wall plate is
supporting calculated for
structure usually by placement of
metal straps, truss on each wall Final Stage - Shingles
which needed to plates to support
be nailed onto the the roof load.
masonry. At least Suitable material
three fixings should of shingles is laid
be made to the onto the
masonry. underlayment.
55
Summary
References
8
by ALL
Summary
2.0 Site safety (CHIA KEH CHIAN)
Safety and health is not a matter to be taken lightly in construction field, in fact it needs to be front of mind in every aspect at all times. The construction industry is prone to many hazards due to the number of people
running around to do their work and the amount of heavy-duty equipments being operated at any given time. However, accidents can be avoided most of the time. Hence, it is very important to implement stringent
health and safety precautions to protect workers and visitors. There is simply no excuse for slacking or cutting corners when it comes to health and safety in construction. From our site visit, both sites have fairly good
safety precautions, except for some workers who did not follow and use the PPE. Strict rules should be implemented to prevent any tragedies from happening.
5.0 Superstructure
5.1 Beam and column (BRIAN KOH)
In conclusion, beam and column are designed to handle bending moments, in addition tension forces, compression forces, and shear forces caused by all of the forces that act on the building but is different in the
method or the way of handling the load by each member. They own have each of their unique characteristic. Similar materials are used in the construction of beams and columns which are steel, timber and
concrete. Beams run horizontally between the columns right underneath the floor. Their main purpose is to hold up the floor, but beams are also important for holding the building together. Therefore, beam and
column are equally important for the fundamental of the building.
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6.0 Doors and windows (RACHEL YEO)
A door serve the purpose to give access to enter and exit the interior of a space or a building. They function as the connector between the partitions of a building. Besides, doors are barricade of noise which provides
privacy to each closed space. At the same time, doors are made for sublime purposes. A basic door consists of a stationary door frame and shutter. Doors comes with a frame but as time passes, the advance in
designing due to beautification and function purposes lead the industry to various resorts of doors. All the doors are named after the purposes they serve. The most commonly use doors in our site are the standard
single-leaf door that has a rigid panel. The house doors installation process are different compared to a garage door installation process as it is a much more simpler and direct way of installing it. There are various
types of windows like casement windows, awning windows and bay window that are used on site. All windows have different positioning of the hinges and openings too. Every type of window that is used in the site
serves different purposes in every space. All windows are mainly designed for ventilation purposes and also bringing in natural light from the outside in order to brighten up space.
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References
2.0 Site safety:
- Construction Site Safety Signs | Construction Signage Specialists. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://www.css-signs.ie/health-safety-signs/construction-road-signs/construction-safety-signs/
- Construction Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/construction_ppe.html
- Construction Safety Tips: A Comprehensive Resource by Atlantic Training. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://www.atlantictraining.com/safety-tips/construction-safety-tips.php
- Designing Buildings Wiki The construction industry knowledge base. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Construction_plant
- CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES. Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://theconstructor.org/construction/equipment/construction-equipments-for-different-purposes/901/
- Mereia Kali, Grad. Bridge and Structural Engineer Follow. (2012). Stages in Construction. Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.slideshare.net/mereiakali/stages-in-construction
- Setting Out Simple Buildings. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.qs4freshers.com/setting-out-simple-buildings.html
- Project preliminaries - the costs. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.self-build.co.uk/project-preliminaries-costs
- Designing Buildings Wiki The construction industry knowledge base. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Hoarding_for_construction_sites
4.0 Foundation:
- Pile Foundations. (2016). Retrieved October 19, 2016 from Understand Construction website: http://www.understandconstruction.com/pile-foundations.html
- Driven Cast In-Situ Concrete Piles Construction Process. (2015). Retrieved October 19,2016 from The Constructor - Civil Engineering Home website:http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/driven-cast-in-situ-concrete-
piles-construction-process/7088/
- Jalal Afsar (May 3, 2015). Accounting: Steps In Construction of Residential Building.Retrieved October 19, 2016 from Engineering Intro website: http://www.engineeringintro.com/construction-works/steps-in-
construction-of-residential-building/
- Kol Peterson (November 9, 2011). Accounting: Building design and construction process – step by step.Retrieved October 19, 2016 from https://accessorydwellings.org/2011/11/09/building-design-and-construction-
process-step-by-step/
5.0 Superstructure:
5.1 Beam and column
-Slideshare(2011, June 2) Retrieved 2 October 2016 http://www.slideshare.net/mbrsalman/civil-engineering-beamscolumns
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5.2 Slab
- Form and Pour a Concrete Slab. (2016). Retrieved October 17, 2016, from http://www.familyhandyman.com/masonry/pouring-concrete/form-and-pour-a-concrete-slab/step-by-step
- How to Polish Concrete Countertops | CHENG Concrete Exchange. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2016, from http://www.concreteexchange.com/how-to-center/polish-and-grind-concrete/polish-concrete-
countertops/
- Concrete slab floors. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2016, from http://www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/concrete-slab-floors
- SLAB DESIGN - Memphis. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2016, from http://www.ce.memphis.edu/6136/PDF_notes/h_slabs.pdf
- Frederick S. Merritt, Jonathan T. Ricketts. (2001) Building Design and construction Handbook, Sixth edition
- Charles, M. & George M. (1919) Building construction: a text book on the principles and details of modern construction for the use of students and practical men
5.3 Wall
- The Editors of Encyclopæ dia Britannica (2016) Wall, Architecture. Retrieved from: https://global.britannica.com/technology/wall
- News Desk (2013, July 5) Introjected Backfil Retaining Walls: A Revolutionary Technology to Reduce the Cost of Retaining Walls. Retrieved from: http://www.masterbuilder.co.in/introjected-backfil-retaining-walls-a-
revolutionary-technology-to-reduce-the-cost-of-retaining-walls/
- The Constructor (2015) TYPES OF REINFORCED CONRETE RETAINING WALL. Retrieved from: http://theconstructor.org/structures/types-of-reinforced-concrete-retaining-wall/8393/
- Four Common Types of Rigid, Monolithic Concrete Retaining Walls (1999-2016) Retrieved from: http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/poured_concrete_retaining_walls/four_types.htm
- Damp Proofing The Outside Foundation Walls, What Damp Proofig Is – And What It’s Not (2002-2011) Retrieved from: http://www.basementsystems.ca/basement/waterproofing/problems/wall-
leak/dampproofing.html
- Chasing cables and pipes into walls. (2000-2016) Retrieved from : http://www.diydata.com/general_building/chase-wall/chasing-cables-pipes.php
- Cutting and Filling Chases in Brick and Concrete Walls for Wiring and Cables and Filling for Plastering (2016) Retrieved from: http://www.diydoctor.org.uk/projects/chases.htm
- Basic Brick Construction: Walls, Corners, Pillars & Edging (2006, August 30) Retrieved from: https://www.quikrete.com/pdfs/projects/basicbrickconstruction.pdf
5.4 Staircase
Website:
- Starter bars in staircases|www.BuildingHow.com. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2016, from http://debug.pi.gr/default.aspx?ch=70
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- Sander, J. (n.d.). How to build concrete stairs. Retrieved October 10, 2016, from http://howtospecialist.com/structure/how-to-build-concrete-stairs/
Books:
- Ching, F. D., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated. New York: Wiley.
- Gibson, S. (2016). How to Install a Window. Retrieved October 15 2016, from https://www.thisoldhouse.com/how-to/how-to-install-window-0
- Wise, W. (2016). Window Types and Materials . Retrieved October 15 2016, from http://www.windowwise.com/file_uploads/Window_Style_Guide.pdf
7.0 Roof
- Charlett, A. J., & Maybery-Thomas, C. (2013). Fundamental Building Technology (2). Abingdon, Oxon, US: Routledge. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com.ezproxy.taylors.edu.my
- Detail of Roof [Flat roof & Pitch roof]. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://image.slidesharecdn.com/tobeprintfinal-131221103118-phpapp02/95/to-be-print-final-62-638.jpg?cb=1387622019
- Section B Detailed Drawings [Abstract]. (n.d.). 137-250. Retrieved October 12, 2016, from http://www.woodspec.ie/media/woodspec/content/Woodspec Final - Section B.pdf
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