BLD 60303 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN

MODERN ARCHITECTURE STUDIES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA (MASSA) RESEARCH UNIT
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURE
ASSIGNMENT 1: EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTION
EXPERIENCING, DOCUMENTING AND ANALYSING THE CONSTRUCTION
PROCESS

LIM SIEW NI 0326733

LU CHIAO ER 0326947
TEOH ZHE KHAI 0322905
LIAW YAU VERN 0326627
DIXON KEE TET LUN 0323944
CLARE TSISIKA AYISI 0325787
THERESA THIA AI MIN 0323170
NURUL SHAHIRA BINTI 0326500
MUHAMMAD ALI KUAN
CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE SITE 01

2.0 SITE AND SAFETY 03 ( Dixon Kee)

2.1 PLANTS & MACHINERY 06

3.0 PRELIMINARIES 07 ( Theresa Thia)

3.1 GROUNDWORK 08
3.2 EARTHWORK 08
3.3 SETTING OUT 08
3.4 EXTERNAL WORK 09
3.4.1 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE 09
3.4.2 TEMPORARY FACILITIES 10

4.0 FOUNDATION 11 ( Yau Vern )

4.1 PAD FOUNDATION 13
4.1 PILE FOUNDATION 14
4.1 PILE CAPS 15
4.1 GROUND BEAM 16
4.2 WOOD FOUNDATION 17

5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 18
5.1 BEAMS AND COLUMNS 19 ( Siew Ni )
5.2 SLAB 26 ( Nururl Shahira )
5.3 WALL 29 ( Nururl Shahira )
5.4 STAIRCASE 32 ( Chiao Er )

6.0 DOORS & WINDOWS 38 ( Zhe Khai )

6.1 DOORS 39
6.2 WINDOWS 41

7.0 ROOF 44 ( Clare )

8.0 SUMMARY 52

9.0 REFERENCES 53
YAU VERN
01

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE SITE

 02
1.0 INTRODUCTION
FIRST SITE
Desa Salak Maju, located at Salak Tinggi, Sepang, is one of the latest
residential development.It offers 28 units of teres house with 2 storeys and a unit of
bungalow with 2 storeys. Each unit consists at least five rooms and 3 bathrooms.
The smallest version comes with minimum 2528 square feet.

SECOND SITE
Exploring an enormous and large area in Shah Alam, as for the latest
residential development.The second site is located at Setia Alam Seksyen
U13, 40170 Shah Alam..Offering 68 unit of teres house with 3 storeys, 34
units of RT2A-F type house and another 34 units of RT2A-G.The
construction was initiated on November,9th ,2015 is expecting completion in
2017 ,April 8th.
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2.0 SITE AND SAFETY

DIXON KEE
Construction is a high hazard industry that has a wide range of activities involving alteration,
and/or repair. Construction workers engage in many activities that may expose them to serious
hazards.
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2.0 Site and safety
Construction safety acts as a important roles in the construction site, it is to prevent dangerous and harmful situation occurs.

Personal Signboards
Protection Probihition Sign
Equipment (PPE)
1 1 Safety Helmet: Protect users from
head injuries.
2
2 Safety Glasses: Protects user’s eyes Mandatory Sign
in order to prevent harmful objects
3 from striking the eyes .

3 High Visibility Vest: To increase

workers’ visibility especially in low
4 light and dark conditions Warning Sign

4 Gloves: Worn to act as an extra grip

while handling machinery and
materials. Also to protect from sharp
or rough edges
Safe Condition Sign
5 Safety Boots: Give protection to toes
5

Safety Briefing First Aid Kit

It is a collection of supplies and equipment
According to Safety Officer, safety briefing will be held every Friday to for use in giving first aid, intended for
remind and clarify the safety regulations of the site. treatment of minor injuries.
 05
2.0 Site and safety

Storage Elevated Work Safety

Allows workers to reach higher work

areas. The scaffolding should be
stable and workers should not climb
across the cross bracers

How it shouldn’t be stored How it should be stored

Construction materials should be stored correctly, make sure material Scaffolding

are protected from the weather. Not on bare ground or uneven surface

Safety net is to protect workers from

falling by covering the edge of the
building.
Hoarding

Safety Net
Hoarding are constructed
around the perimeter of the
Safety net is to protect workers from
construction site. This is to
falling by covering the edge of the
prevent outsiders and
building.
tresspassers for preventing
unwanted causes,

Body Belt
Harness
System

2.1 Plants and Machinery
Mobile Crane
Mobile Crane is a
cable-controlled crane with a
telescoping boom mounted on
truck-type carriers or as
self-propelled models.
Dump Truck
Dump Truck is a truck chassis
with a dump body mounted to
the frame. The bed is raised to
dump out the things that are put
inside the dump body.
Bulldozer
Bulldozer is a powerful
machine for pushing earth or
rocks in construction, It
consists of a heavy, broad steel
blade or plate mounted on the
front of a tractor.
Concrete/Mortar Mixer
Concrete/Mortar Mixer is a
machine to mixed cement,
aggregates and water to create
concrete. This machine is
portable to move around
construction site.
Backhoe Loader
Backhoe Loader is a tractor
like machine with a combination
of a loader-style shovel on the
front and a backhoe on the
back.
Bending Machine
Bending Machine is a machine
that bend the steel bar to make
a square shape
06
Concrete Mixing
Transport Truck
Concrete Mixing Transport
Truck are made for transport
mixing concrete up to the
construction site.
Concrete Vibrator
Concrete Vibrator is a
machine that vibrates the
concrete to make it more
compact and to remove air
bubbles
 07

3.0 PRELIMINARIES
THERESA THIA AI MIN
Preliminaries are carried out before construction commences to ensure that the site is properly
prepared and suitable for construction.
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3.1 GROUNDWORK 3.2 EARTHWORK 3.3 SETTING OUT
Groundwork is the first phase that has to be Earthwork is the process that alters the land of Setting out is the process of transferring the
completed before construction can commence. site to a suitable condition and level. It foundation plan of building from drawing to
It is the preparation of site substructure. includes all works done on soil. ground. The centre line method has been used
on site for this process.
SITE INVESTIGATION SEDIMENT CONTROL
An intensive site investigation is carried out to gather information A sediment basin is built on site for loose soil to settle in during the CALCULATING CENTRE LINE
about the soil condition and topography of the site, as well as the rain to prevent leakage of muddy water to the river nearby. The centre line of building is calculated by adding up the perimeter
existing structure and greeneries on site. walls and then subtracting half the thickness of the wall off each
Flow of sediments corner.
Trapped sediments

The site has a relatively flat topography.

Sediment basin on site Cross section of sediment basin

EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL

Excavation is done on areas where the soil is too soft or filled with MARKING
organic matter. The soil that is unsuitable for construction is
There is dense growth of trees on site Remove Reference line
excavated. Backfill with 1. The centre line of the longest wall
but no existing structure. Lumpy soil with unsuitable soil suitable soil of outer building is marked on the
large particles
ground by stretching a string
between the pegs embedded on
the ground. It serves as the
reference line.

Condition of soil of some
areas on site is not suitable
for construction
SETTING BOUNDARY POINT
The excavated areas are filled with backfill materials that are
suitable for construction. In our site’s case, it is finely grained soil 2. Two pegs are driven at the end
consisting of inorganic clay which can be easy compacted. of each line, equidistant to the
central peg. The width of
excavation corresponds to their
GRADING distance.

The boundary point is set by a land surveyor to prevent Rough grading is carried 3. The pegs should be driven at
problems that may arise if another owner’s land is disturbed out with a bulldozer to a distance of 2m from the edge
during the constructed process. give the site a roughly of excavation to prevent from
levelled topography. Achieved contour but still uneven surface being disturbed.

The finish grading is performed

by using a grader that gived the Width of excavation
site a rather smooth and flat 4. Stretch the strings
Boundary line of site as surface, ready for compaction.
The site’s boundary point is between the corresponding
determined by land surveyor
marked clearly with fences. Flat surface after finish grading pegs.

SITE CLEARANCE COMPACTION 5. Mark the edge of

Removal of excess greenery is carried out to empty the site for A road roller rolls over the surface of the soil to displace air that
excavation with lime
construction. exists between the pores of the soil grains and compress the
powder.
distance between soil grains for a firm and stable ground suitable
for construction.
Void Tightly packed particles
6. Excavation can commence.
The centre lines of the room walls
can be marked out using right
Existing greenery Removal of greenery Cleared land now ready anges because they are
with bulldozer for earthwork Before compaction After compaction perpendicular to the reference
line.
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3.4.1 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE
Although it is known that these two systems carry water, they have a huge difference in the sense of what type of water they carry, which is why before
construction begins, these two systems have to be installed properly and separately to make it more convenient to connect to the buildings when they are
constructed.

INSTALLATION PROCESS
1. A trench is excavated at a depth lower than where the pipe is to be located.
Drainage and sewerage system of site
Soil at the bottom of trench
has to be uniform and free
of lumps to reduce stress
concentrations and irregular
pipe deformation.
Section A-A’ of
Trench

SEWER SYSTEM 2. Shoring is executed to allow the soil at

This system carries waste water from the trench sidewall to become compact.
the building and sends them for LEGEND
treatment before releasing to rivers and Stormwater Pipe

oceans. Sanitary Pipe

Floor Trap

STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM Downpipe 3. After shoring is removed, dewatering is conducted

This system collects excess rain and to ensure that the trench is completely dry. This is
Gully
groundwater from the surface as well done installing several well points adjacent to trench
as the roof of the buildings and Steel Plate Manhole bottom. Pipes connected to bottom of well vacuums
carries them to a reservoir. water from soil to header pipe.
Steel Bar Manhole Header pipes

Drainage and sewerage system of corner

MAIN COMPONENTS
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHENE PIPE
Used for main stormwater pipe, it has a
large strength to density ratio which
helps it withstand high pressure while
being lightweight.
lot
CAST IRON SEWER
This pipe can withstand high internal
pressure and external load, which is
why it is used as the main sewer pipe.
5. The haunch zone is
4. Bedding consists of
granular rocks and filled with class I bedding
material which includes
gravel.
STEEL PLATE MANHOLE COVER well graded gravel and
This manhole is used to cover the stormwater sand mixtures. The pipe
drainage on the road. Openings are minimal. is half buried here.

7. The final backfill

6. Primary backfill is has little effect on
filled with clean, the pipe but it still
coarse grained soil. has to be filled with
suitable soil to avoid
future settlement.

STEEL BAR MANHOLE COVER GULLY TRAP Seal of gulley prevents

backflow of sewerage
This manhole is used to It recieves wastewater
cover the lawn drainage. from the building
It has many openings to before being emptied
into the sewer Sewerage flow
allow excess water from 8. Manhole covers are installed accordingly at regular intervals.
gardening activities to
enter the system.
 10
3.4.2 TEMPORARY FACILITIES
Temporary facilities are important parts of construction because they each have a specific function that enables the construction process to run smoothly. These
facilities will be removed or disabled once their function is no longer needed.

TEMPORARY STRUCTURES TEMPORARY UTILITIES

These services are necessary for most activities to carry out during the
These structures provide a safe space to carry out a specific activity. construction process.

WATER
The construction site needs temporary water supply for sanitary purposes as well as
for mixing cement.
LEGEND
Water Tank

Location of water tank Water tank

Location of temporary structures LEGEND
Others
Open Storage Closed Storage ELECTRICITY
Electricity is essential to run the equipments and machineries during construction.
STORAGE There are 3 main generators on site. These generators run on
diesel and generate electricity for the main machineries.
OPEN STORAGE CLOSED STORAGE
LEGEND There are several
Some equipments are stored The more valuable and
Generator small generators
in an open area for easy dangerous materials are
on site which are
handling and access due to kept inside large storage
used for welding
frequent usage. They containers. They include
and providing light.
include scaffolding and steel, iron, pipes and diesel.
bricks. Location of main generators Main generator One of the small generators
that provide light

OTHERS
TOILET CANTEEN
For people on Resting area
RESIDENCE TEMPORARY ACCESS
site to settle for the workers The workers The site needs to be easily accessible by contractor vehicles and workers.
their calling of during lunch sleep here for
nature. time. convenience. CIRCULATION LOADING PARKING
The temporary vehicular A large space is provided Parking is located near the
OFFICE circulation is similar to the for unloading and is entrance of the site. It is
This is where WORK SHED WORK SHED intended post development located at a place where large to provide ample space
meetings and Carpentry This is where circulation. it does not obstruct the for the large vehicles used
discussions works take iron bending normal flow of circulation. by constructors.
take place. place here. takes place.
 11

4.0 FOUNDATIONS
LIAW YAU VERN
Ability to overlap superstructure dependent on plan area in the main and scope of
basements
 12
The foundation is the part of a building that supports the load of the superstructure .As generally understood ,the
4.1 Foundation term includes all walls ,piers , columns ,pilasters ,and other supports below the first floor.

Two Broad Categories of Foundation :

1. Shallow Foundation
2. Deep Foundation

Shallow foundations are also called spread footings,made by first excavating all the Deep foundations are required when soil and superficial ground
earth till the bottom of the footing, and then constructing the footing. During the content is not stable or thick enough to support heavy loads.It also
early stages of work, the entire footing is visible in sight.each footing takes the achieved by forcing vertical structure components several feet
concentrated load of the column and spreads it out over a large area, so that the below the ground’s surface.
actual weight on the soil does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil.
Conditions lead to the need of consideration in deeper founding
depths which include : Potential volume change in shrinkable clays ,
Strip Footing Variability of the soil across the site & Surface soils with poor
bearing capacity
Plain Concrete strip foundation
● Long continuous strips ,usually of concrete *Solution for depths to 4500mm Plain Concrete ‘ Trench Fill
,created in the ground at a suitable depth to strip foundation‘
provide adequate support for the loads
brought upon them.
● The loading on this type on this foundation is Due to the deep of
linear pattern which it arise from load bearing founding level,concrete
construction involving brick ,block , masonry or is filled up to a level
other material in low rise housing or utility that allows the safe and
buildings . economic laying to the
wall up to the DPC

--++

Methods (bring the foundation structure up to ground formation level

1. Excavate over site to
reduce level
2. Excavate trench to
required depth
3. Concrete to trench
4. Remove excavated
material off site

Standard Method of Measurement requires a

*DPC ( Damp Proof Course) minimum width of trench of 0.75m to ensure
sufficient working space for bricklayer.
 13
4.1 Pad Foundation
-to support high loads over a limited area
.Such foundations are common where a
structural form brings loads to the
ground by way of columns
-have rectilinear shape in plan & can be
of some depth where a lot of poor soil
overlays (eg.stable rock)

Reinforced Concrete Construction

- to spread the column loads to the
much larger area of the pad
-to save concrete ,method by
tapering the base up to the
cross-section of the column

Better to give away concrete as shaded

area [easier & quicker to do ]
[easier to support column kicker former
,especially if external formwork is needed]
1 2 3

1. Clear the site then pegging the site with correct position of foundation
2. Excavation commences from the reduce level ,down till the desired level
3. Lay a layer of lean concrete to prepare clean and firm base for footing
4. Construct the formwork to the side of pad footing & supported by other wood to
prevent formwork collapse when concrete is being pour inside . Spacer blocks are
placed before reinforcements been laid (provide sufficient concrete cover for
4
5 rebars
6
5. Rebars were bent and tied before the whole
7 thing been lowered & placed inside the formwork.
6. Stump reinforcements are then erected .Length
of rebars should be extended beyond stump level &
act as starter bars for column above with addition ties
7. Concrete will set & curing shall be performed to
avoid excessive lost of water during hardening.When
Method of Construction of Pad Footing concrete gained strength,it can be dismanted
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Provision of structural columns below ground level to transfer the structural loads down to a
4.1 Pile Foundation strata capable of accepting them.

Pile Installation
3 main groups : Piles are driven using crawler-mounted rigs ,normally with
conventional rope-operated drop hammers. Diesel or hydraulic
Large displacement piles drop hammers can also be used. Most Hardrive piling rigs
-includes all type of solid pile ,including timber & precast operated by Westpile are capable of installing piles at a rake of
concrete and steel closed at the lower end by a shoe or up to 1:3 away from the machine and 1:3½ towards the machine.
plug , which may either be left in place or extruded to
form an enlarged foot

Small displacement piles

-Rolled steel sections ,such as H-piles, open ended 1 2 3 4
tubes and hollow sections if the ground enters freely
during driving
-it should be recognized that open-ended tubes and
hollow sections frequently plug & become displacement
piles particularly in cohesive soils.

Replacement piles
-formed by boring or other methods of excavation ; the
borehole may be lined with a casing or tube that is either
left in place or extracted as the hole is filled.
Typical Hardrive installation sequence:
1. Delivery 2. Driving 3.Jointing 4.Complete
Cutting Down to Level
With the exception of continuous flight auger piles , all piles have to be finished
*Hardrive is a registered trade mark of Westpile Ltd.
to a level above that specified for cut-off (the final level above which the pile
cap will be cast.)
Reasons : Reinforcement
Driving damage
● To ensure that the point cut off Finished conccrete exposed for
will be in solid material . in level integration into
displacement piles below any pile cap steel
area damaged by driving or any
concrete at the top of piles that Outline of pile
has not been fully compacted cap
● To allow for the projecting
reinforcement ,after cutting
down, to have the desired bond
length within the pile cap

Piling specifications usually give the

minimum finishing level of the pile as
well as the cut off level .
 15
4.1 Pile Caps The building’s structural loads are transferred to a piled foundation by means of a pile
cap . To provide stability , groups of piles providing the foundation for one structural
column usually have a linking pile cap .The cap shape is determined by the number of
piles to be linked.
Simple pile caps , linking two or more piles in a group

Steel from
cut off piles

Pile Cap

Blinding

Planning Considerations

Generally the case that pile cap construction will be the responsibility of the
main contractor ,whether by direct action or sub-letting the work .

The main contractor will need to made adequate allowance for the
construction of pile caps at the tender stage.
Ply and timber side forms
Brace To do so in a proper manner ,the construction planners will need to have built
up adequate information to establish the cost for work outside the piling
specialist’s brief. The main items will be:
1. Pile finishing level and amount of cut-off
2. Shape and depth of pile caps ,hence excavation required ,disposal of
surplus
Pile cap 3. Assessment of temporary works , formwork requirements, reinforcement
steel not needs ,provision for hanging bolt templates
Peg support shown 4. Reinforcement - prefabricate or fix in place
5. Access for handling reinforcement
6. Method of supply and placement of concrete

Starter bars from cut Traditional method for forming

Blinding concrete off bars pile caps and ground beams
 16
4.1 Ground Beam With additional stability , individual pile groups and their caps may be interconnected
by means of ‘ground beams’.

Ground beams linking pile caps for A ground beam is a reinforced concrete beam for supporting walls, joists, at or near
improved stability and to carry suspended ground level, itself either resting directly upon the ground or supported at both ends
ground slabs by piers.

Plan of pile caps and

ground beams

Pile cap
Section A-A formwork
Formwork
supported
as
Planning Considerations: opposite
Reasons [both pile caps and ground beams arise it will be necessary to
consider the two items as an entity]
Bracing as pile caps or by Formwork
● Shape,length & depth of ground beam and excavation necessary reversed beam clamps details this
● Requirements for temporary works - method for formworks Ground beam forms side not
● Striking of formwork and backfilling and compaction before carried on pile cap form shown for
commencing floor slab works clarity of
whole
● Reinforcement - blinding needs , fix in place or prefabricate
reinforcement
● Concrete supply and method of placing (eg method to reduce cost
by handling speed construction - pump the concrete to allow the
crane to concentrate on other items of workload ) Ground beam form as Blinding
● Requirements of services entries to pass through or under ground opposite Traditional method
beams? Position and size of holes or pipes ?
 17
4.2 Wood Foundation

-composed of wood & plywood soaked with preservatives

-primarily developed so that a foundation could be installed in cold

weather ,when concrete cannot .

-faster construction than masonry foundation

-used where working with concrete is limited by short building

seasons

-wood foundations can be erected during freezing weather ,or

where there is too short period of time to construct a different type
of foundation.

Pressure-treated Wood
 18

5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
LIM

Superstructure is the part that above foundation or basement.

It provides the necessary utility of the building with structural safety and ventilation

5.1 Beams and Columns 5.2 Walls 5.3 Slabs 5.4 Staircase
 19

5.1 BEAMS AND COLUMNS

LIM SIEW NI
Beams and columns work together to form a comprehensive supporting system to provide
strength to the building during early stage of construction. Both serve the same function in
supporting the building structure.
 20
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN

Beam Reinforce Concrete Beam

- Horizontal structure that carries the transverse load
- Beam carries the roof slab or the floor slab
- Characterised by the profile (shape of cross- section), the
length and the materials.
- Steel reinforce bar are introduced into the concrete.It was subjected to bend
moments and shear.
- In the reinforced concrete, the rebar resist tensile forces and shear while concrete
resists compression force
-Reinforce concrete beam are used due to their high compressive strength in general,
and also high resistance to fire and water.

228

375
Concrete beam can resist
about 1/10 of its
compression force in
tension.
Cross section of
beam

Types of Beam

Fixed Beam Continuous Beam Simply Supported Beam Cantilever Beam Overhanging Beam
 21
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN

Rebar Types of Rebar

- Also known as reinforcing bar

- It is a common steel bar which is commonly used in reinforced Mild Steel Reinforcement
concrete and reinforced masonry structure
- Steel bar is used since the coefficient of expansion of steel and - Used for tensile stress of
concrete are almost the same - expand and contract at equal rate reinforced concrete beam in
- Rebar’s surface often pattern to form a better bond with the concrete. reinforced concrete work.
-There are links called stirrups are formed from small section
reinforcing bars that are cut and bent to contain the reinforcement in - These steel bars are plain in
position. surface and are round section

Stirrups to form reinforcement cage of beams -Can be cut and bent easily

Closure piece

Stirrup with open top for ease of Deformed bars

fixing reinforcement
- Rods of steels provided with lugs,
ribs or deformation on the surface Rolled ribbed bar
of bar.
Stirrup for beams
- It minimized slippage in concrete
Twisted ribbed bar
and increases the surface area and
the bond between the two materials.
Top reinforcement

Twisted square bar

Main reinforcement
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5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN

Cross section of beam and column Formwork

Concrete Beam (On Site)

Stringer

First floor slab Headtree

First floor beam

Concrete columns (On Site)

Main bar column

Yokes

.
Side plank

Ground slab
Ground floor beam
 23
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
Installation of beam (For reference)
Step 1: Installation of reinforcement bars
Steel Reinforcement -The reinforcement bar will be set on the determined spot as
the initial stage for strengthening the beam.

- This is also known as cast-in-situ

Step 2: Installation of formwork

-After rebar is set, the formwork is constructed on top of it and

scaffolding is set up to help support the formwork and concrete

Wooden Formwork

Step 3 : Filling Concrete

- Concrete is ready to be poured into the formwork and left to set.

- After 14 days of setting, the formwork is removed to reveal the

Concrete Filling beam

*** Upper Floor Beam

For the upper floor beam, the slab and beam are usually cast-in-situ at the same
time. As the column is completed, the formwork will be built up upon the column
and then the concrete is poured into it. The same process is applied to the
construction methods of the ground beam.
Ground floor beam founded on site
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5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN

Column Reinforced Concrete Column

- Vertical structure and designed to support the loads of roofs, floors, - Most common column that can be seen on
and walls the construction today.
- Transmit the load from the beam and also its own weight to the
foundation - Structural member designed to carry the
- Subjected to a pure compressive load compressive loads, composed of concrete
- Columns are mainly constructed by concrete
embedded with steel bar to provide
reinforcement
Cross section of
column

Column Construction Tolerance

100mm 113mm
Shaft
Columns on
the site are
differs from

COLUMN

COLUMN
the drawings
by 13mm,
therefore, it
is ‘tolerated’

Drawing Site
- Guideline for constructor to ensure the built structures are within the specific range.
- A standard range of tolerance is set to prevent out of proportion buildings due to
workmanship, materials and environment factors.
- Standard tolerance for Malaysia’s construction industry is 14mm.
 25
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
Installation of column (On Site)

Step 1: Column layout work Step 2: Installation of reinforcement bars

- Laying rope according to the - Reinforcement bar is being placed as

grids shown in the drawings then shown in the structural drawings
mark the location of the columns

-Providing column sections or

column forms bounding spaces for
the columns

Step 4 : Filling concrete into the formwork

- Concrete is ready to be poured into the

formwork and left to set.
Step 3 : Installation of formwork
-When it is done, the formwork will be
- Wooden planks are being placed removed
around the reinforcement bars as
formwork.

Completed column founded on site

 26

5.2 SLAB
NURUL SHAHIRA
A flat piece of concrete, put on the walls or columns of a structure. It serves as a walking
surface but may also serve as a load bearing member.
 27
5.2 SLAB concrete from the plant
was brought to the site

A horizontal concrete bar that is common structure in modern

buildings construction.this thick concrete slab is construct
directly on soil which is supported by foundation.
PROCESS IN GENERAL

Concrete: different
houses use different Concrete pouring
type of concrete.
During the making of Concrete was filled in the
the slab, floor and any mold (3X until full)
parts of the house that
involves concrete,
slump test has been

SLUMP TEST
Timber frame
applied. This test is to
make sure that the
mixture of concrete is BRC and spacer bar
at the right ratio.

1. Timber frame was used to maintain the shape of the slab.

2. The concrete that was brought to site from the plant or do on site with concrete mixture was poured into the
frame Poked with a stick (24X)
3. Compact machine was used
4. BRC was placed to prevent surface cracks when the concrete expand or retract
5. Spacer bar was put under the BRC to keep the space between the reinforcement.
6. Concrete was poured again and finally the finishing will be done after the construction of the whole building is
done to prevent damages on the finishing
7. Compact machine is being used again.

COMPACT MACHINE:
to remove air bumper on the concrete floor/slab
Compact machine is always used right after the concrete pouring process
while the concrete is still wet and the particles are still can be easily moved.
The usage speed of this machine cannot be too fast since it can cause the Mold was taken out and
stones to sink to the bottom. The air bubbles must be eliminated because it will the slump test result
cause the concrete to be weaken once it hardened.this is because the was obsereved. (75mm
concrete floor/ slab cannot withstand all the pressure if its hollow. +-25mm)
 28
5.2 SLAB
WHAT CAN BE SEEN ON THE SLAB
DUCTING : WHITE TUBES
WC

The piping will always be

installed before the slab and
pass through the slab for water
flow purpose. WC is for the
toilet bowl and the floor trap is Floor trap
for draining out the excessive
water on the bathroom floor.

GROUND COLUMN

The starter bar is the first step of

making staircase. The bars will later
being bent according to the
measurement of the staircase based
on design.

STARTER
BAR:
for staircase BRC
making

Ground column is
the ground floor
column that is built
from the foundation
 29

5.3 WALL
NURUL SHAHIRA
Walls are continuous bricks or stone structure that encloses or divides an area of land. It also
forms a space within a building and provide protection for a building.
 30
5.3 WALL
brick
BRICK WALL: CLAY BRICK
bricks wall are used for non load
bearing wall. commonly arranged
in running bond depending on
the requirement. These bricks
} Flush joint

are installed with flush joint.

concrete

PLASTERING

Looks like a column but Plasterwork is a finishing after

not. The bricks act as the
outer layer of the piping
system on the wall for the
aesthetic purpose.
Line as a guide or marking (brick line)
construction is done. This work is a
coating for the brick wall for an
aesthetic purpose. It smoothens the
surface of the wall and give the wall a
nicer look. Plaster is similar to
concrete but it doesnt hv aggregates in
the mixture.

Besides dowel, exmet

(expanded metal) are
also being inserted on the
dowel bar to reduce the
stress during the size
change of metals.
Marking for plastering (finishing).

Dowel bars those are fixed

to concrete wall/columns
are used to connect bricks
mechanically. The dowel
bar must be in every 4
course brick walls.
 31
CAST-IN SITU SHEAR WALL
smooth concrete wall with plaster finishing for load
bearing wall

Concrete

Empty surface

Image from the site of This cast-in situ shear

the cast in situ wall that This image shows how the floor
had been installed plan of a building using this
system in their construction. As
shown in the diagram, this floor
system is actually helping in
maximise the space of a
As usual, the process will start with timber frame work, and then steel bars and BRC
building.
and only concrete was poured inside the frame. This wall is being cast vertically. After
the making process it will be left to dry.
wall is cast on site and
installed after the
concrete had dried. This
system is for the usage
Internal wall of this
building.

2. Concrete
that was
brought from a Polystyrene
batching plant The polystyrene foam is
by concrete put there during casting
mixer truck process. This foam will
be removed after
installation for windows
framing or switches on
the wall. The purpose of
them putting the foam
there is because a part of
1. Timber frame work 3. The dried
shear wall when it is
is being set up in concrete shear wall
Concrete already dried cannot be
the site according to is placed outdoor
taken out easily and may
the size required.
cause damage on the
wall.
 32

5.4 STAIRCASE
LU CHIAO ER
Staircase is an important component of a building providing access to different floors and roof
of the building. It consists of a flight of steps and one or more intermediate landing slabs
between the floor levels. Different types of staircases can be made by arranging stairs and
landing slabs
 33
5.4 STAIRCASE

STAIRCASE REQUIREMENT NUMBER OF RISE & TREAD CALCULATION

Number of Riser Calculations:
a. Total rise (Floor to floor) = a
b. Assume a Unit Riser Height = b
c. Approximate No. of Risers = a/b
The number of Risers must be a whole number.

Total Run Calculations

Tread (Run) can range from 225mm to 300mm
Assume 275mm per unit run.
Total Run = (NO.Risers -1) x Unit Run
= (14-1) x 275mm
= (13) x 275
= 3375mm
Hence the staircase well opening will be 3375 mm long

STAIRCASE SPECIFICATION

Tread : The part of the step that stepped on

Riser : The vertical portion of the step between steps
Nosing : An edge part of the tread that extends from the riser beneath
Stringer : The structural member that supports the treads.
Typically 2 stringers, one on either side of the stairs
Handrail : A rail that fixed parallel above the pitch line at the side of stair
Baluster : Vertical members that support the handrail
Run : Total horizontal distance between the first steps until the last
steps
Rise : Total vertical distance between the first steps until the last steps
Newel : A vertical post provide support for handrail and the upper end
of an outer string
Newel Cap : The member placed at the top of the newel
 34
5.4 STAIRCASE
REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

STEP 1: STRUCTURAL WORK STEP 2: FORMWORK STEP 3: CASTING

Starter bars, ground and first floor stems are Steel bars are railed, formwork are Concrete are poured from the top and
marked and built constructed according measurement given let it flow to the bottom

STEP 4: REMOVE FORMWORK STEP 5: INSTALLATION OF HANDRAIL STEP 6: INSTALLATION OF TILES

Wait for 14 days to dry process and remove Position of handrial are marked and installed Install the tiles on treads
the formwork
 35
5.4 STAIRCASE

CONSTRUCTION SITE : SETIA ALAM 2 QUARTER LANDING R.C STAIRCASE

2 quarter landing staircase is staircase that have 2 landings. The landing changes a direction of the flight by 180 degrees and serve a place for rest when
moving. The landing divides the staircase into 2, thereby reducing quality of treads in one flight and making the movement of human more comfortable.
Cement rendering is used for building staircase with material of concrete.

R.C.CONCRETE

NO. OF STEPS
LANDING

FLOOR PLAN SECTION

The site’s staircase is reinforced concrete with timber strip. 900mm high of m.s. handrail.
tread= 255mm
riser= 166mm
 36
5.4 STAIRCASE
SITE’S STAIRCASE
 37
5.4 STAIRCASE
STAIRCASE MATERIAL USED IN SITE

CONCRETE
Concrete is a materials that commonly used in this country for built a staircase. Concrete is a mixture of sand, water, and aggregates. Before built the
staircase, the concrete must be tested the strength using slump test and the design of staircase must be qualified by the engineers.

ADVANTAGE: DISADVANTAGE:
- High compressive strength - Tensile strength to compressive strength ratio
- Adequate tensile strength - Uncertainty of final strength
- Fire and weather resistance - Larger column section
- Durability - Shrinkage causes crack
- Economy to mold any shape
- Low maintenance cost
- Economy as a construction
material
- Less deflection
- Less skilled labor have to be use
 38

6.0 DOORS & WINDOWS

ROOF
CLARE TSISIKA AYISI
TEOH ZHE KHAI
Doors and windows are openings on a structure that act as a transition between spaces, be it
interior or exterior. These structures affect the circulation, natural lighting, ventilation and
spatial quality of the building.
 39
6.1 DOORS
A door is a moving structure used to allow access between spaces, an entrance to or within an enclosed
space, such as a building. Doors are very important in determining the flow of circulation of the structure or
space.

TYPES OF DOORS (ON SITE)

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5

Swing doors

D1- Solid core timber door (Living room)

D2- Plywood flush door (Guest room, master bedroom & SD3
bedrooms)
D3- Plywood flush door with 1 layer of non laminated PVC
(Bathrooms)
D4- Timber Louvres door ( Store rooms)
D5- MS Grille door (Yard)

Sliding doors

SD1- Aluminium sliding glass door (Living room)

SD2- Aluminium sliding glass door (Corner/ End lot)
SD3- Aluminium sliding glass door (Master bedroom)

D1 SD1

SD1 SD2 SD3 FRONT ELEVATION

 40
6.1 DOORS
SWING DOOR INSTALLATION

Double rabbet door frame V-shaped metal strap.

used at the site.
1.Confirm the door location and verify the 2.Align the door frame against the
dimensions of the opening. setting out lines and secure it
temporarily.

3.After verifying the alignment of the 4.Grout the gap between the
frame, fasten the frame in position wall and the door frame.
using metal straps.
6.1 DOORS
6.Install the architrave.Ensure
the mitre-joints are flat and
square. Apply bonding agent to
the under-side of the architave.

5.Install the door panel. Then, install the lock set and door
handles or any other door hardware.

7.Lastly, ensure a good and even stick by

tapping indirectly on the surface with a
hammer.
Completed door frame at the Completed flush door at the site.
site..
 41
6.2 WINDOWS
A window is an opening in a wall, door or roof that allows the passage of natural light and ventilation. There are various types of windows that
serve different functions.

TYPES OF WINDOWS (ON SITE)

AWNING MOULDING TOP RAIL

CASEMENT WINDOWS
HEAD
-Consists of operating sashes that are
side-hinged and usually swing outwards.
-Ventilation : 100%
FRICTION HINGE

JAMB AWNING
LOCKING
-Consists of operating sashes
HANDLE
that swing outward on hinges
TRANSOM
attached to the top of their frame.
-Ventilation : 100%

FIXED LOUVRES GLASS WINDOW

CILL
BOTTOM RAIL -Consists of horizontal glass louvres that is
slanted in a fixed angle in a common frame.
-Ventilation : 100%
STAY
MULLION

SLIDING WINDOW

WINDOW ELEMENTS -Consists of one or more

operating sashes that slide along
horizontal grooves or tracks.
-Ventilation : 50%
 CAST-IN WINDOW SYSTEM 42
6.2 WINDOWS
WINDOW CONSTRUCTION

Our site uses precast concrete lintel. They

are placed above window openings as a
support beam to withstand the weight of
the bricks above by transferring it to the
walls on either side. This will prevent the
framework of the windows from bending.
Setting out of window frame in precast wall panel casting mould.
Window frame must be protected throughout the fabrication and
construction process.

INSTALLATION OF WINDOW FRAME

LUG SYSTEM
3.The window frame is then checked
for plumb, levelness and
alignment.After confirming the
position of the frame, the galvanised
1.Clean and wet the wall surface straps are ram-setted to the wall.
around the opening. Then, Check
the number, dimensions, and
spacing of galvanized straps.

4.Apply sealant along the bottom

edge of the wall. Install the bottom
frame and seal the gap between wall
2.Timber V-shaped wedges are used and bottom frame. Lastly, Fix the
to temporarily hold the window frame main frame to the wall .
in position within the wall opening.
 43
6.2 WINDOWS
SUB-FRAME WINDOW SYSTEM

The sub-frame system comprises a sub-frame which is either cast in or anchored to the
wall. The main frame is then installed onto the sub frame at a much later stage of the
construction. This is the installation method used at our site.

1. Position the sub-frame using ride up blocks or

aluminium shin plates. Proper alignment and setting out
of the sub-frame is crucial in ensuring the ease of
operation of the window.

4. After completion of all the wet trades around the window

opening, the main frame is then fixed onto the sub-frame. Millet
should be used to knock the finishing trim in place.

2. After confirming the setting out of the

sub-frame, Fix the sub-frame to the wall.
Sub-frame should be temporarily stiffened
with timber packs near the point of anchoring.

3. Seal the anchor/bolt heads and joints

between external wall and sub-frame.
Prior to fixing the main frame, the
subframe should be checked for any
physical damages.
 44

7.0 ROOF
CLARE TSISIKA AYISI
Defined as a structure forming the upper covering of a building and in this position is fully
exposed to rain, wind, sun and general atmosphere. The roof functions as the primary
sheltering for the interior spaces of the building.
Nowadays, people adapt their houses in accordance to the climate and weather conditions of
the place. However, aside serving their primary purpose, the roofs used in urban areas have
been transformed into an ornamental artwork that is appealing to the eye.
Roofs are majorly classified into: Pitch roof and Reinforced Concrete roof.
 45
7.0 Roof
BASIC ROOF TYPES
Manufacturing of Steel roof Truss

Step One
Galvanized steels are made and cut into specific lengths and sizes.
They are then stacked together ready to be assembled.
Gambrel Roof

Step Two
Mansard Roof Individual parts of the trusses are now ready to be assembled and it’s
Gable Roof placed in the jig.

Step Three
Individual parts of the webs of trusses are screwed together.
Hipped Roof
Step Four
The roof trusses that are ready to be delivered are loaded on the truck
directly from the assembly station and are now ready to be used to
build the roof.
Flat Roof
Shed Roof

TYPE OF ROOF (ON SITE)

Gable Roof with steel trusses

The roof on our site was a Gable roof, with

two sides sloping upwards and meets at
the ridge of the roof. The steel trusses are
supported by concrete beams. It is then
fitted on with steel tiles.
 46
7.0 Roof
Roof Installation
Installation of the Roof on site consists of five main stages: RIDGE

1. Installation of Truss
2. Laying of Waterproofing PURLIN
3. Installation of Counter lathing
4. Installation of steel tiles
CLEAT
5. Ceiling installation PRINCIPAL
RAFTER

Installation of Truss
This is a first step of installation of any type of roofing. Type of truss used on site is
steel roof truss. A steel roof truss is a plane frame consisting of a series of grid
triangles composed of compression members (rafters and struts) and tension
members (ties).
They opted for steel truss so as to prevent weathering and termite assault, and
besides that, it is lighter than wooden frames.
GUSSET PLATES

Roof Beam

The Roof beam is

supported by
concrete beams
 47
7.0 Roof
Functions of the Layers.
Laying of waterproofing
Thermal and Heat Insulation Foil
After the installation of truss system, they lay down the
waterproofing, with overlaps. For the additional durability, it is 1. Heat reflecting, sound insulation and anti-vibration
glued with special tape. This is the stage where they initiate 2. Suitable for tropical areas like Malaysia
installation of the insulator (thermal and heat insulation foil) and 3. Light, soft, dust free, retardant and easy to install
Mineral wool. 4. Moisture and thermal protection.

Reinforcement
Foil Tape

Mineral Wool
Installation of the Layers
1. Thermal Insulation
Thermal and Heat Insulation Foil 2. Acoustic Insulation
3. Fire protection
- Insulation is freely supported by itself and lies over the 4. Water-resistant and vapor permeable
purlins. 5. Ecologically safe
- The insulation sheets are laid with overlaps, and are taped
with reinforcement tapes to join the sheets.

Mineral Wool

- The Mineral wool is then applied onto the Insulation

sheets
- A metal sheet is first laid, then the wool is applied onto it.
The technique is to use the weight of the metal sheet to
secure the wool.

7.0 Roof
Installation of counter lathing
Counter lathing is necessary for the creation of
ventilated space between insulation and
waterproofing layers under the roofing. Aside
that, it helps to secure the steel tiles onto the
roof.
48
Installation of steel tiles
Installation of the roof tiles starts with the bottom row, and the tiles are installed
looking up from the ground. The tiles are laid from the gable ends, then from the
hips, into the valleys. The panels are lined up with the eaves, and not the gable.
Additional fastening needs to be provided, as the roof pitch decreases. For
example, you can use additional screws. A small distance is left between tiles on
the eaves so as to ensure the necessary air access and ventilation under the
roof.
After the installation process is complete, excess material is trimmed off using
sander. Then the roof is cleaned to remove all the debris and dust from it.
Roof tiles shape
Pan tiles
The steel tiles have an S-shaped profile, allowing adjacent
tiles to interlock. These result in a ridged pattern
resembling a ploughed field.
Characteristics of the Roof Tiles (from Site)
- Interlocking tiles
- Lightweight
- Supplied with a good coloured finish
- Corrosion resistant
 49
7.0 Roof
Materials
Metal Tiles (steel)
Metal tiles are suitable for use in many climates, since the material adapts well to sudden changes in temperature. This particular
type of roofing material is used to cover new buildings as well as renovate the finished structures. Externally metal tile resembles
traditional natural tile. Galvanized steel sheets are used for its production; they are primed and passivized (coated with a special
protective structure that averts zinc from oxidation) from different sides. A decorative layer of acrylic paint is applied onto one of the
sides; the other one is covered with a protective layer. Metal tiles are produced with a goffered, wavy surface or in the form of small
scale-shaped tiles. They are also light in weight and inexpensive.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
- Aesthetic. - Noise. For instance, when it rains.
- Lighter than clay and concrete - Dents
tiles.
- Fire resistant.
- Strong and durable.
- Easy to install, as they are light
in weight.
- Moisture resistant
- Minimal maintenance and costs.
 50
7.0 Roof
Ceiling Installation Steps of Ceiling installation (from site)

The final work on the roof is the installation of

the ceiling to cover the visible structure of the
1. 2.
roof. This leaves the roof, and the entire building
with an aesthetic look.

HANGER HANGER

PRIMARY CHANNEL
- A hanger is placed on a point - The primary channel is
and secured by mechanical attached to the hanger
fastening. horizontally and secured by
mechanical fastening.

METAL TILE
3. 4.
PLASTER
BOARD
MINERAL WOOL

INSULATION SHEET

ROOF BEAM

PRIMARY
CHANNEL

CEILING CEILING FURRING

WIRE FURRING
CLIP

- Ceiling furring is attached with - Plasterboard is attached to the

HANGERS Primary channel using grid ceiling furring and secured by
CEILING FURRING system. It is the attached with mechanical fastening.
PLASTER BOARD a wire clip.
 51
7.0 Roof
Roof Construction Details (On Site) Gutter
The main purpose of a rain gutter is to protect
the building’s foundation by channeling water
Ridge
away from the basement.
The ridge of a roof is the horizontal area where two sloped
roof sides meet. The ridge area should be capped to ensure a
watertight roof system as well as aesthetic appeal. The ridge
is also utilized for enhancing attic ventilation. In most
occasions, the roof vent is usually installed on the ridge.
RIDGE TILE

MORTAR ROOFING

RIDGE TREE

METAL SHIELD
METAL TILES
RAFTER
BATTEN FASTENER
UNDERLAY METAL
RETURN
Eaves
An eave is the edge of a roof; usually projects beyond
GUTTER
the side of a building serving both a decorative and STRAP
practical function.

METAL GUTTER

METAL FASCIA
 52
8.0 Summary

8.0 SUMMARY
From this project, we have gain a lot of knowledge about the construction
process of a building. We’re able to analyse many elements from the
construction sites. We’ve deepened our knowledge of the construction
methods, processes of involved for each element, detail, construction
terminologies, application of materials, safety, hazards, and the
machineries used on the site.

Besides, we’re able to learn the things that can’t be learnt from being
confined in the four walls of classroom. These are the things that we can
only be learnt from experience. The construction process is more
complicated than we thought because every single step and procedure
are linked and important to each other. Therefore, it has to be carried out
specificity and caution to ensure the final buildings are safe to the client
and also the whole community.
Site Safety ( Dixon )
-Worker safety, Retrieve October 18, 2016 from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
53

9.0 REFERENCES
-Backhoe Loader, Retrieve October 18, 2016 from http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/backhoe-loader1.htm
-Machinery , Retrieve October 18, 2016 from http://www.hst.uk.com/news/different-types-plant-machinery/

Preliminaries work ( Theresa )

- General Information for Trench Design,Retrieved October 17, 2016 from http://www.iowasudas.org/manuals/design/Chapter09/9B-1.pdf
- Installation and Construction, Retrieved October 17, 2016 from https://plasticpipe.org/pdf/chapter-6_installation_construction.pdf
-Guide to Earthwork Construction, Retrieved October 17, 2016 from http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sar/sar_8.pdf

Foundation ( Yau Vern )

-Bryan, T. (2010). Construction technology: Analysis and choice. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Blackwell.
-Illingworth, J. R. (2000). Construction methods and planning (Second ed.). London: E & FN Spon.
-@. (2013). TYPES OF PAD FOUNDATIONS. Retrieved October 16, 2016, from http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/types-of-pad-foundations/7514/

Superstructure
Beams & Columns ( Siew Ni )
-Building Construction Handbook, Fifth Edition | PDF Download. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from
http://zeabooks.com/book/building-construction-handbook-fifth-edition/
-Love, T. W. (1973). Construction manual: Concrete & formwork. Los Angeles: Craftsman Book of America.
-Powers, J. M. (n.d.). Patent US6920728 - Column and beam construction and method. Retrieved October 18, 2016, from
https://www.google.com/patents/US6920728
-L. (1970). Beam and slab. Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://construction-greatopportunity.blogspot.my/2012/03/beam-and-slab.html

Walls & Slabs ( Nurul Shahira )

@. (2010). RCC SLAB CASTING – WORK PROCEDURE. Retrieved October 10, 2016, from
http://theconstructor.org/concrete/rcc-slab-casting-work-procedure/1656/
Concrete slab - Reinforcement. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2016, from
https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/10_floor_systems/03_concrete_slab_reinforcement/page_001.htm
What is the meaning of the term B.R.C ? (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2016, from
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070324144002AAXHHnO
B. (2015). Pouring concrete slab for a small building. Retrieved October 10, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3-abjVk3A0

Staircase ( Qiao Er )
-Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2010). Building construction handbook (7th ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
-Stair Construction. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://schools.ednet.ns.ca/avrsb/133/ritchiek/notes/Text/grade10/stairconstruction.htm

Doors & Windows ( Zhe khai )

-Window installation,Retrieved October 18, 2016,from
https://www.bca.gov.sg/Professionals/IQUAS/..%5CIquas%5Cgpgs%5CAWindow%5CAWInstallation.pdf
-Door Installation, Retrieved October 18,2016 , from https://www.bca.gov.sg/Professionals/IQUAS/others/doorinstallation.pdf

Roof ( Clare )
-Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (1999). Construction technology (3rd ed.). Harlow: Longman.
-Steel Tile Co. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://steeltile.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/install-manual.pdf
-All types of roofing and roofing materials, USA - Hantekor. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://www.hantekor.com/
CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE SITE 01

2.0 SITE AND SAFETY 03 ( Dixon Kee)

2.1 PLANTS & MACHINERY 06

3.0 PRELIMINARIES 07 ( Theresa Thia)

3.1 GROUNDWORK 08
3.2 EARTHWORK 08
3.3 SETTING OUT 08
3.4 EXTERNAL WORK 09
3.4.1 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE 09
3.4.2 TEMPORARY FACILITIES 10

4.0 FOUNDATION 11 ( Yau Vern )

4.1 PAD FOUNDATION 13
4.1 PILE FOUNDATION 14
4.1 PILE CAPS 15
4.1 GROUND BEAM 16
4.2 WOOD FOUNDATION 17

5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 18
5.1 BEAMS AND COLUMNS 19 ( Siew Ni )
5.2 SLAB 26 ( Nururl Shahira )
5.3 WALL 29 ( Nururl Shahira )
5.4 STAIRCASE 32 ( Chiao Er )

6.0 DOORS & WINDOWS 38 ( Zhe Khai )

6.1 DOORS 39
6.2 WINDOWS 41

7.0 ROOF 44 ( Clare )

8.0 SUMMARY 52

9.0 REFERENCES 53
YAU VERN
01

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE SITE

 02
1.0 INTRODUCTION
FIRST SITE
Desa Salak Maju, located at Salak Tinggi, Sepang, is one of the latest
residential development.It offers 28 units of teres house with 2 storeys and a unit of
bungalow with 2 storeys. Each unit consists at least five rooms and 3 bathrooms.
The smallest version comes with minimum 2528 square feet.

SECOND SITE
Exploring an enormous and large area in Shah Alam, as for the latest
residential development.The second site is located at Setia Alam Seksyen
U13, 40170 Shah Alam..Offering 68 unit of teres house with 3 storeys, 34
units of RT2A-F type house and another 34 units of RT2A-G.The
construction was initiated on November,9th ,2015 is expecting completion in
2017 ,April 8th.
 03

2.0 SITE AND SAFETY

DIXON KEE
Construction is a high hazard industry that has a wide range of activities involving alteration,
and/or repair. Construction workers engage in many activities that may expose them to serious
hazards.
 04
2.0 Site and safety
Construction safety acts as a important roles in the construction site, it is to prevent dangerous and harmful situation occurs.

Personal Signboards
Protection Probihition Sign
Equipment (PPE)
1 1 Safety Helmet: Protect users from
head injuries.
2
2 Safety Glasses: Protects user’s eyes Mandatory Sign
in order to prevent harmful objects
3 from striking the eyes .

3 High Visibility Vest: To increase

workers’ visibility especially in low
4 light and dark conditions Warning Sign

4 Gloves: Worn to act as an extra grip

while handling machinery and
materials. Also to protect from sharp
or rough edges
Safe Condition Sign
5 Safety Boots: Give protection to toes
5

Safety Briefing First Aid Kit

It is a collection of supplies and equipment
According to Safety Officer, safety briefing will be held every Friday to for use in giving first aid, intended for
remind and clarify the safety regulations of the site. treatment of minor injuries.
 05
2.0 Site and safety

Storage Elevated Work Safety

Allows workers to reach higher work

areas. The scaffolding should be
stable and workers should not climb
across the cross bracers

How it shouldn’t be stored How it should be stored

Construction materials should be stored correctly, make sure material Scaffolding

are protected from the weather. Not on bare ground or uneven surface

Safety net is to protect workers from

falling by covering the edge of the
building.
Hoarding

Safety Net
Hoarding are constructed
around the perimeter of the
Safety net is to protect workers from
construction site. This is to
falling by covering the edge of the
prevent outsiders and
building.
tresspassers for preventing
unwanted causes,

Body Belt
Harness
System

2.1 Plants and Machinery
Mobile Crane
Mobile Crane is a
cable-controlled crane with a
telescoping boom mounted on
truck-type carriers or as
self-propelled models.
Dump Truck
Dump Truck is a truck chassis
with a dump body mounted to
the frame. The bed is raised to
dump out the things that are put
inside the dump body.
Bulldozer
Bulldozer is a powerful
machine for pushing earth or
rocks in construction, It
consists of a heavy, broad steel
blade or plate mounted on the
front of a tractor.
Concrete/Mortar Mixer
Concrete/Mortar Mixer is a
machine to mixed cement,
aggregates and water to create
concrete. This machine is
portable to move around
construction site.
Backhoe Loader
Backhoe Loader is a tractor
like machine with a combination
of a loader-style shovel on the
front and a backhoe on the
back.
Bending Machine
Bending Machine is a machine
that bend the steel bar to make
a square shape
06
Concrete Mixing
Transport Truck
Concrete Mixing Transport
Truck are made for transport
mixing concrete up to the
construction site.
Concrete Vibrator
Concrete Vibrator is a
machine that vibrates the
concrete to make it more
compact and to remove air
bubbles
 07

3.0 PRELIMINARIES
THERESA THIA AI MIN
Preliminaries are carried out before construction commences to ensure that the site is properly
prepared and suitable for construction.
 08
3.1 GROUNDWORK 3.2 EARTHWORK 3.3 SETTING OUT
Groundwork is the first phase that has to be Earthwork is the process that alters the land of Setting out is the process of transferring the
completed before construction can commence. site to a suitable condition and level. It foundation plan of building from drawing to
It is the preparation of site substructure. includes all works done on soil. ground. The centre line method has been used
on site for this process.
SITE INVESTIGATION SEDIMENT CONTROL
An intensive site investigation is carried out to gather information A sediment basin is built on site for loose soil to settle in during the CALCULATING CENTRE LINE
about the soil condition and topography of the site, as well as the rain to prevent leakage of muddy water to the river nearby. The centre line of building is calculated by adding up the perimeter
existing structure and greeneries on site. walls and then subtracting half the thickness of the wall off each
Flow of sediments corner.
Trapped sediments

The site has a relatively flat topography.

Sediment basin on site Cross section of sediment basin

EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL

Excavation is done on areas where the soil is too soft or filled with MARKING
organic matter. The soil that is unsuitable for construction is
There is dense growth of trees on site Remove Reference line
excavated. Backfill with 1. The centre line of the longest wall
but no existing structure. Lumpy soil with unsuitable soil suitable soil of outer building is marked on the
large particles
ground by stretching a string
between the pegs embedded on
the ground. It serves as the
reference line.

Condition of soil of some
areas on site is not suitable
for construction
SETTING BOUNDARY POINT
The excavated areas are filled with backfill materials that are
suitable for construction. In our site’s case, it is finely grained soil 2. Two pegs are driven at the end
consisting of inorganic clay which can be easy compacted. of each line, equidistant to the
central peg. The width of
excavation corresponds to their
GRADING distance.

The boundary point is set by a land surveyor to prevent Rough grading is carried 3. The pegs should be driven at
problems that may arise if another owner’s land is disturbed out with a bulldozer to a distance of 2m from the edge
during the constructed process. give the site a roughly of excavation to prevent from
levelled topography. Achieved contour but still uneven surface being disturbed.

The finish grading is performed

by using a grader that gived the Width of excavation
site a rather smooth and flat 4. Stretch the strings
Boundary line of site as surface, ready for compaction.
The site’s boundary point is between the corresponding
determined by land surveyor
marked clearly with fences. Flat surface after finish grading pegs.

SITE CLEARANCE COMPACTION 5. Mark the edge of

Removal of excess greenery is carried out to empty the site for A road roller rolls over the surface of the soil to displace air that
excavation with lime
construction. exists between the pores of the soil grains and compress the
powder.
distance between soil grains for a firm and stable ground suitable
for construction.
Void Tightly packed particles
6. Excavation can commence.
The centre lines of the room walls
can be marked out using right
Existing greenery Removal of greenery Cleared land now ready anges because they are
with bulldozer for earthwork Before compaction After compaction perpendicular to the reference
line.
 09
3.4.1 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE
Although it is known that these two systems carry water, they have a huge difference in the sense of what type of water they carry, which is why before
construction begins, these two systems have to be installed properly and separately to make it more convenient to connect to the buildings when they are
constructed.

INSTALLATION PROCESS
1. A trench is excavated at a depth lower than where the pipe is to be located.
Drainage and sewerage system of site
Soil at the bottom of trench
has to be uniform and free
of lumps to reduce stress
concentrations and irregular
pipe deformation.
Section A-A’ of
Trench

SEWER SYSTEM 2. Shoring is executed to allow the soil at

This system carries waste water from the trench sidewall to become compact.
the building and sends them for LEGEND
treatment before releasing to rivers and Stormwater Pipe

oceans. Sanitary Pipe

Floor Trap

STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM Downpipe 3. After shoring is removed, dewatering is conducted

This system collects excess rain and to ensure that the trench is completely dry. This is
Gully
groundwater from the surface as well done installing several well points adjacent to trench
as the roof of the buildings and Steel Plate Manhole bottom. Pipes connected to bottom of well vacuums
carries them to a reservoir. water from soil to header pipe.
Steel Bar Manhole Header pipes

Drainage and sewerage system of corner

MAIN COMPONENTS
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHENE PIPE
Used for main stormwater pipe, it has a
large strength to density ratio which
helps it withstand high pressure while
being lightweight.
lot
CAST IRON SEWER
This pipe can withstand high internal
pressure and external load, which is
why it is used as the main sewer pipe.
5. The haunch zone is
4. Bedding consists of
granular rocks and filled with class I bedding
material which includes
gravel.
STEEL PLATE MANHOLE COVER well graded gravel and
This manhole is used to cover the stormwater sand mixtures. The pipe
drainage on the road. Openings are minimal. is half buried here.

7. The final backfill

6. Primary backfill is has little effect on
filled with clean, the pipe but it still
coarse grained soil. has to be filled with
suitable soil to avoid
future settlement.

STEEL BAR MANHOLE COVER GULLY TRAP Seal of gulley prevents

backflow of sewerage
This manhole is used to It recieves wastewater
cover the lawn drainage. from the building
It has many openings to before being emptied
into the sewer Sewerage flow
allow excess water from 8. Manhole covers are installed accordingly at regular intervals.
gardening activities to
enter the system.
 10
3.4.2 TEMPORARY FACILITIES
Temporary facilities are important parts of construction because they each have a specific function that enables the construction process to run smoothly. These
facilities will be removed or disabled once their function is no longer needed.

TEMPORARY STRUCTURES TEMPORARY UTILITIES

These services are necessary for most activities to carry out during the
These structures provide a safe space to carry out a specific activity. construction process.

WATER
The construction site needs temporary water supply for sanitary purposes as well as
for mixing cement.
LEGEND
Water Tank

Location of water tank Water tank

Location of temporary structures LEGEND
Others
Open Storage Closed Storage ELECTRICITY
Electricity is essential to run the equipments and machineries during construction.
STORAGE There are 3 main generators on site. These generators run on
diesel and generate electricity for the main machineries.
OPEN STORAGE CLOSED STORAGE
LEGEND There are several
Some equipments are stored The more valuable and
Generator small generators
in an open area for easy dangerous materials are
on site which are
handling and access due to kept inside large storage
used for welding
frequent usage. They containers. They include
and providing light.
include scaffolding and steel, iron, pipes and diesel.
bricks. Location of main generators Main generator One of the small generators
that provide light

OTHERS
TOILET CANTEEN
For people on Resting area
RESIDENCE TEMPORARY ACCESS
site to settle for the workers The workers The site needs to be easily accessible by contractor vehicles and workers.
their calling of during lunch sleep here for
nature. time. convenience. CIRCULATION LOADING PARKING
The temporary vehicular A large space is provided Parking is located near the
OFFICE circulation is similar to the for unloading and is entrance of the site. It is
This is where WORK SHED WORK SHED intended post development located at a place where large to provide ample space
meetings and Carpentry This is where circulation. it does not obstruct the for the large vehicles used
discussions works take iron bending normal flow of circulation. by constructors.
take place. place here. takes place.
 11

4.0 FOUNDATIONS
LIAW YAU VERN
Ability to overlap superstructure dependent on plan area in the main and scope of
basements
 12
The foundation is the part of a building that supports the load of the superstructure .As generally understood ,the
4.1 Foundation term includes all walls ,piers , columns ,pilasters ,and other supports below the first floor.

Two Broad Categories of Foundation :

1. Shallow Foundation
2. Deep Foundation

Shallow foundations are also called spread footings,made by first excavating all the Deep foundations are required when soil and superficial ground
earth till the bottom of the footing, and then constructing the footing. During the content is not stable or thick enough to support heavy loads.It also
early stages of work, the entire footing is visible in sight.each footing takes the achieved by forcing vertical structure components several feet
concentrated load of the column and spreads it out over a large area, so that the below the ground’s surface.
actual weight on the soil does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil.
Conditions lead to the need of consideration in deeper founding
depths which include : Potential volume change in shrinkable clays ,
Strip Footing Variability of the soil across the site & Surface soils with poor
bearing capacity
Plain Concrete strip foundation
● Long continuous strips ,usually of concrete *Solution for depths to 4500mm Plain Concrete ‘ Trench Fill
,created in the ground at a suitable depth to strip foundation‘
provide adequate support for the loads
brought upon them.
● The loading on this type on this foundation is Due to the deep of
linear pattern which it arise from load bearing founding level,concrete
construction involving brick ,block , masonry or is filled up to a level
other material in low rise housing or utility that allows the safe and
buildings . economic laying to the
wall up to the DPC

--++

Methods (bring the foundation structure up to ground formation level

1. Excavate over site to
reduce level
2. Excavate trench to
required depth
3. Concrete to trench
4. Remove excavated
material off site

Standard Method of Measurement requires a

*DPC ( Damp Proof Course) minimum width of trench of 0.75m to ensure
sufficient working space for bricklayer.
 13
4.1 Pad Foundation
-to support high loads over a limited area
.Such foundations are common where a
structural form brings loads to the
ground by way of columns
-have rectilinear shape in plan & can be
of some depth where a lot of poor soil
overlays (eg.stable rock)

Reinforced Concrete Construction

- to spread the column loads to the
much larger area of the pad
-to save concrete ,method by
tapering the base up to the
cross-section of the column

Better to give away concrete as shaded

area [easier & quicker to do ]
[easier to support column kicker former
,especially if external formwork is needed]
1 2 3

1. Clear the site then pegging the site with correct position of foundation
2. Excavation commences from the reduce level ,down till the desired level
3. Lay a layer of lean concrete to prepare clean and firm base for footing
4. Construct the formwork to the side of pad footing & supported by other wood to
prevent formwork collapse when concrete is being pour inside . Spacer blocks are
placed before reinforcements been laid (provide sufficient concrete cover for
4
5 rebars
6
5. Rebars were bent and tied before the whole
7 thing been lowered & placed inside the formwork.
6. Stump reinforcements are then erected .Length
of rebars should be extended beyond stump level &
act as starter bars for column above with addition ties
7. Concrete will set & curing shall be performed to
avoid excessive lost of water during hardening.When
Method of Construction of Pad Footing concrete gained strength,it can be dismanted
 14
Provision of structural columns below ground level to transfer the structural loads down to a
4.1 Pile Foundation strata capable of accepting them.

Pile Installation
3 main groups : Piles are driven using crawler-mounted rigs ,normally with
conventional rope-operated drop hammers. Diesel or hydraulic
Large displacement piles drop hammers can also be used. Most Hardrive piling rigs
-includes all type of solid pile ,including timber & precast operated by Westpile are capable of installing piles at a rake of
concrete and steel closed at the lower end by a shoe or up to 1:3 away from the machine and 1:3½ towards the machine.
plug , which may either be left in place or extruded to
form an enlarged foot

Small displacement piles

-Rolled steel sections ,such as H-piles, open ended 1 2 3 4
tubes and hollow sections if the ground enters freely
during driving
-it should be recognized that open-ended tubes and
hollow sections frequently plug & become displacement
piles particularly in cohesive soils.

Replacement piles
-formed by boring or other methods of excavation ; the
borehole may be lined with a casing or tube that is either
left in place or extracted as the hole is filled.
Typical Hardrive installation sequence:
1. Delivery 2. Driving 3.Jointing 4.Complete
Cutting Down to Level
With the exception of continuous flight auger piles , all piles have to be finished
*Hardrive is a registered trade mark of Westpile Ltd.
to a level above that specified for cut-off (the final level above which the pile
cap will be cast.)
Reasons : Reinforcement
Driving damage
● To ensure that the point cut off Finished conccrete exposed for
will be in solid material . in level integration into
displacement piles below any pile cap steel
area damaged by driving or any
concrete at the top of piles that Outline of pile
has not been fully compacted cap
● To allow for the projecting
reinforcement ,after cutting
down, to have the desired bond
length within the pile cap

Piling specifications usually give the

minimum finishing level of the pile as
well as the cut off level .
 15
4.1 Pile Caps The building’s structural loads are transferred to a piled foundation by means of a pile
cap . To provide stability , groups of piles providing the foundation for one structural
column usually have a linking pile cap .The cap shape is determined by the number of
piles to be linked.
Simple pile caps , linking two or more piles in a group

Steel from
cut off piles

Pile Cap

Blinding

Planning Considerations

Generally the case that pile cap construction will be the responsibility of the
main contractor ,whether by direct action or sub-letting the work .

The main contractor will need to made adequate allowance for the
construction of pile caps at the tender stage.
Ply and timber side forms
Brace To do so in a proper manner ,the construction planners will need to have built
up adequate information to establish the cost for work outside the piling
specialist’s brief. The main items will be:
1. Pile finishing level and amount of cut-off
2. Shape and depth of pile caps ,hence excavation required ,disposal of
surplus
Pile cap 3. Assessment of temporary works , formwork requirements, reinforcement
steel not needs ,provision for hanging bolt templates
Peg support shown 4. Reinforcement - prefabricate or fix in place
5. Access for handling reinforcement
6. Method of supply and placement of concrete

Starter bars from cut Traditional method for forming

Blinding concrete off bars pile caps and ground beams
 16
4.1 Ground Beam With additional stability , individual pile groups and their caps may be interconnected
by means of ‘ground beams’.

Ground beams linking pile caps for A ground beam is a reinforced concrete beam for supporting walls, joists, at or near
improved stability and to carry suspended ground level, itself either resting directly upon the ground or supported at both ends
ground slabs by piers.

Plan of pile caps and

ground beams

Pile cap
Section A-A formwork
Formwork
supported
as
Planning Considerations: opposite
Reasons [both pile caps and ground beams arise it will be necessary to
consider the two items as an entity]
Bracing as pile caps or by Formwork
● Shape,length & depth of ground beam and excavation necessary reversed beam clamps details this
● Requirements for temporary works - method for formworks Ground beam forms side not
● Striking of formwork and backfilling and compaction before carried on pile cap form shown for
commencing floor slab works clarity of
whole
● Reinforcement - blinding needs , fix in place or prefabricate
reinforcement
● Concrete supply and method of placing (eg method to reduce cost
by handling speed construction - pump the concrete to allow the
crane to concentrate on other items of workload ) Ground beam form as Blinding
● Requirements of services entries to pass through or under ground opposite Traditional method
beams? Position and size of holes or pipes ?
 17
4.2 Wood Foundation

-composed of wood & plywood soaked with preservatives

-primarily developed so that a foundation could be installed in cold

weather ,when concrete cannot .

-faster construction than masonry foundation

-used where working with concrete is limited by short building

seasons

-wood foundations can be erected during freezing weather ,or

where there is too short period of time to construct a different type
of foundation.

Pressure-treated Wood
 18

5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
LIM

Superstructure is the part that above foundation or basement.

It provides the necessary utility of the building with structural safety and ventilation

5.1 Beams and Columns 5.2 Walls 5.3 Slabs 5.4 Staircase
 19

5.1 BEAMS AND COLUMNS

LIM SIEW NI
Beams and columns work together to form a comprehensive supporting system to provide
strength to the building during early stage of construction. Both serve the same function in
supporting the building structure.
 20
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN

Beam Reinforce Concrete Beam

- Horizontal structure that carries the transverse load
- Beam carries the roof slab or the floor slab
- Characterised by the profile (shape of cross- section), the
length and the materials.
- Steel reinforce bar are introduced into the concrete.It was subjected to bend
moments and shear.
- In the reinforced concrete, the rebar resist tensile forces and shear while concrete
resists compression force
-Reinforce concrete beam are used due to their high compressive strength in general,
and also high resistance to fire and water.

228

375
Concrete beam can resist
about 1/10 of its
compression force in
tension.
Cross section of
beam

Types of Beam

Fixed Beam Continuous Beam Simply Supported Beam Cantilever Beam Overhanging Beam
 21
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN

Rebar Types of Rebar

- Also known as reinforcing bar

- It is a common steel bar which is commonly used in reinforced Mild Steel Reinforcement
concrete and reinforced masonry structure
- Steel bar is used since the coefficient of expansion of steel and - Used for tensile stress of
concrete are almost the same - expand and contract at equal rate reinforced concrete beam in
- Rebar’s surface often pattern to form a better bond with the concrete. reinforced concrete work.
-There are links called stirrups are formed from small section
reinforcing bars that are cut and bent to contain the reinforcement in - These steel bars are plain in
position. surface and are round section

Stirrups to form reinforcement cage of beams -Can be cut and bent easily

Closure piece

Stirrup with open top for ease of Deformed bars

fixing reinforcement
- Rods of steels provided with lugs,
ribs or deformation on the surface Rolled ribbed bar
of bar.
Stirrup for beams
- It minimized slippage in concrete
Twisted ribbed bar
and increases the surface area and
the bond between the two materials.
Top reinforcement

Twisted square bar

Main reinforcement
 22
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN

Cross section of beam and column Formwork

Concrete Beam (On Site)

Stringer

First floor slab Headtree

First floor beam

Concrete columns (On Site)

Main bar column

Yokes

.
Side plank

Ground slab
Ground floor beam
 23
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
Installation of beam (For reference)
Step 1: Installation of reinforcement bars
Steel Reinforcement -The reinforcement bar will be set on the determined spot as
the initial stage for strengthening the beam.

- This is also known as cast-in-situ

Step 2: Installation of formwork

-After rebar is set, the formwork is constructed on top of it and

scaffolding is set up to help support the formwork and concrete

Wooden Formwork

Step 3 : Filling Concrete

- Concrete is ready to be poured into the formwork and left to set.

- After 14 days of setting, the formwork is removed to reveal the

Concrete Filling beam

*** Upper Floor Beam

For the upper floor beam, the slab and beam are usually cast-in-situ at the same
time. As the column is completed, the formwork will be built up upon the column
and then the concrete is poured into it. The same process is applied to the
construction methods of the ground beam.
Ground floor beam founded on site
 24
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN

Column Reinforced Concrete Column

- Vertical structure and designed to support the loads of roofs, floors, - Most common column that can be seen on
and walls the construction today.
- Transmit the load from the beam and also its own weight to the
foundation - Structural member designed to carry the
- Subjected to a pure compressive load compressive loads, composed of concrete
- Columns are mainly constructed by concrete
embedded with steel bar to provide
reinforcement
Cross section of
column

Column Construction Tolerance

100mm 113mm
Shaft
Columns on
the site are
differs from

COLUMN

COLUMN
the drawings
by 13mm,
therefore, it
is ‘tolerated’

Drawing Site
- Guideline for constructor to ensure the built structures are within the specific range.
- A standard range of tolerance is set to prevent out of proportion buildings due to
workmanship, materials and environment factors.
- Standard tolerance for Malaysia’s construction industry is 14mm.
 25
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
Installation of column (On Site)

Step 1: Column layout work Step 2: Installation of reinforcement bars

- Laying rope according to the - Reinforcement bar is being placed as

grids shown in the drawings then shown in the structural drawings
mark the location of the columns

-Providing column sections or

column forms bounding spaces for
the columns

Step 4 : Filling concrete into the formwork

- Concrete is ready to be poured into the

formwork and left to set.
Step 3 : Installation of formwork
-When it is done, the formwork will be
- Wooden planks are being placed removed
around the reinforcement bars as
formwork.

Completed column founded on site

 26

5.2 SLAB
NURUL SHAHIRA
A flat piece of concrete, put on the walls or columns of a structure. It serves as a walking
surface but may also serve as a load bearing member.
 27
5.2 SLAB concrete from the plant
was brought to the site

A horizontal concrete bar that is common structure in modern

buildings construction.this thick concrete slab is construct
directly on soil which is supported by foundation.
PROCESS IN GENERAL

Concrete: different
houses use different Concrete pouring
type of concrete.
During the making of Concrete was filled in the
the slab, floor and any mold (3X until full)
parts of the house that
involves concrete,
slump test has been

SLUMP TEST
Timber frame
applied. This test is to
make sure that the
mixture of concrete is BRC and spacer bar
at the right ratio.

1. Timber frame was used to maintain the shape of the slab.

2. The concrete that was brought to site from the plant or do on site with concrete mixture was poured into the
frame Poked with a stick (24X)
3. Compact machine was used
4. BRC was placed to prevent surface cracks when the concrete expand or retract
5. Spacer bar was put under the BRC to keep the space between the reinforcement.
6. Concrete was poured again and finally the finishing will be done after the construction of the whole building is
done to prevent damages on the finishing
7. Compact machine is being used again.

COMPACT MACHINE:
to remove air bumper on the concrete floor/slab
Compact machine is always used right after the concrete pouring process
while the concrete is still wet and the particles are still can be easily moved.
The usage speed of this machine cannot be too fast since it can cause the Mold was taken out and
stones to sink to the bottom. The air bubbles must be eliminated because it will the slump test result
cause the concrete to be weaken once it hardened.this is because the was obsereved. (75mm
concrete floor/ slab cannot withstand all the pressure if its hollow. +-25mm)
 28
5.2 SLAB
WHAT CAN BE SEEN ON THE SLAB
DUCTING : WHITE TUBES
WC

The piping will always be

installed before the slab and
pass through the slab for water
flow purpose. WC is for the
toilet bowl and the floor trap is Floor trap
for draining out the excessive
water on the bathroom floor.

GROUND COLUMN

The starter bar is the first step of

making staircase. The bars will later
being bent according to the
measurement of the staircase based
on design.

STARTER
BAR:
for staircase BRC
making

Ground column is
the ground floor
column that is built
from the foundation
 29

5.3 WALL
NURUL SHAHIRA
Walls are continuous bricks or stone structure that encloses or divides an area of land. It also
forms a space within a building and provide protection for a building.
 30
5.3 WALL
brick
BRICK WALL: CLAY BRICK
bricks wall are used for non load
bearing wall. commonly arranged
in running bond depending on
the requirement. These bricks
} Flush joint

are installed with flush joint.

concrete

PLASTERING

Looks like a column but Plasterwork is a finishing after

not. The bricks act as the
outer layer of the piping
system on the wall for the
aesthetic purpose.
Line as a guide or marking (brick line)
construction is done. This work is a
coating for the brick wall for an
aesthetic purpose. It smoothens the
surface of the wall and give the wall a
nicer look. Plaster is similar to
concrete but it doesnt hv aggregates in
the mixture.

Besides dowel, exmet

(expanded metal) are
also being inserted on the
dowel bar to reduce the
stress during the size
change of metals.
Marking for plastering (finishing).

Dowel bars those are fixed

to concrete wall/columns
are used to connect bricks
mechanically. The dowel
bar must be in every 4
course brick walls.
 31
CAST-IN SITU SHEAR WALL
smooth concrete wall with plaster finishing for load
bearing wall

Concrete

Empty surface

Image from the site of This cast-in situ shear

the cast in situ wall that This image shows how the floor
had been installed plan of a building using this
system in their construction. As
shown in the diagram, this floor
system is actually helping in
maximise the space of a
As usual, the process will start with timber frame work, and then steel bars and BRC
building.
and only concrete was poured inside the frame. This wall is being cast vertically. After
the making process it will be left to dry.
wall is cast on site and
installed after the
concrete had dried. This
system is for the usage
Internal wall of this
building.

2. Concrete
that was
brought from a Polystyrene
batching plant The polystyrene foam is
by concrete put there during casting
mixer truck process. This foam will
be removed after
installation for windows
framing or switches on
the wall. The purpose of
them putting the foam
there is because a part of
1. Timber frame work 3. The dried
shear wall when it is
is being set up in concrete shear wall
Concrete already dried cannot be
the site according to is placed outdoor
taken out easily and may
the size required.
cause damage on the
wall.
 32

5.4 STAIRCASE
LU CHIAO ER
Staircase is an important component of a building providing access to different floors and roof
of the building. It consists of a flight of steps and one or more intermediate landing slabs
between the floor levels. Different types of staircases can be made by arranging stairs and
landing slabs
 33
5.4 STAIRCASE

STAIRCASE REQUIREMENT NUMBER OF RISE & TREAD CALCULATION

Number of Riser Calculations:
a. Total rise (Floor to floor) = a
b. Assume a Unit Riser Height = b
c. Approximate No. of Risers = a/b
The number of Risers must be a whole number.

Total Run Calculations

Tread (Run) can range from 225mm to 300mm
Assume 275mm per unit run.
Total Run = (NO.Risers -1) x Unit Run
= (14-1) x 275mm
= (13) x 275
= 3375mm
Hence the staircase well opening will be 3375 mm long

STAIRCASE SPECIFICATION

Tread : The part of the step that stepped on

Riser : The vertical portion of the step between steps
Nosing : An edge part of the tread that extends from the riser beneath
Stringer : The structural member that supports the treads.
Typically 2 stringers, one on either side of the stairs
Handrail : A rail that fixed parallel above the pitch line at the side of stair
Baluster : Vertical members that support the handrail
Run : Total horizontal distance between the first steps until the last
steps
Rise : Total vertical distance between the first steps until the last steps
Newel : A vertical post provide support for handrail and the upper end
of an outer string
Newel Cap : The member placed at the top of the newel
 34
5.4 STAIRCASE
REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

STEP 1: STRUCTURAL WORK STEP 2: FORMWORK STEP 3: CASTING

Starter bars, ground and first floor stems are Steel bars are railed, formwork are Concrete are poured from the top and
marked and built constructed according measurement given let it flow to the bottom

STEP 4: REMOVE FORMWORK STEP 5: INSTALLATION OF HANDRAIL STEP 6: INSTALLATION OF TILES

Wait for 14 days to dry process and remove Position of handrial are marked and installed Install the tiles on treads
the formwork
 35
5.4 STAIRCASE

CONSTRUCTION SITE : SETIA ALAM 2 QUARTER LANDING R.C STAIRCASE

2 quarter landing staircase is staircase that have 2 landings. The landing changes a direction of the flight by 180 degrees and serve a place for rest when
moving. The landing divides the staircase into 2, thereby reducing quality of treads in one flight and making the movement of human more comfortable.
Cement rendering is used for building staircase with material of concrete.

R.C.CONCRETE

NO. OF STEPS
LANDING

FLOOR PLAN SECTION

The site’s staircase is reinforced concrete with timber strip. 900mm high of m.s. handrail.
tread= 255mm
riser= 166mm
 36
5.4 STAIRCASE
SITE’S STAIRCASE
 37
5.4 STAIRCASE
STAIRCASE MATERIAL USED IN SITE

CONCRETE
Concrete is a materials that commonly used in this country for built a staircase. Concrete is a mixture of sand, water, and aggregates. Before built the
staircase, the concrete must be tested the strength using slump test and the design of staircase must be qualified by the engineers.

ADVANTAGE: DISADVANTAGE:
- High compressive strength - Tensile strength to compressive strength ratio
- Adequate tensile strength - Uncertainty of final strength
- Fire and weather resistance - Larger column section
- Durability - Shrinkage causes crack
- Economy to mold any shape
- Low maintenance cost
- Economy as a construction
material
- Less deflection
- Less skilled labor have to be use
 38

6.0 DOORS & WINDOWS

ROOF
CLARE TSISIKA AYISI
TEOH ZHE KHAI
Doors and windows are openings on a structure that act as a transition between spaces, be it
interior or exterior. These structures affect the circulation, natural lighting, ventilation and
spatial quality of the building.
 39
6.1 DOORS
A door is a moving structure used to allow access between spaces, an entrance to or within an enclosed
space, such as a building. Doors are very important in determining the flow of circulation of the structure or
space.

TYPES OF DOORS (ON SITE)

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5

Swing doors

D1- Solid core timber door (Living room)

D2- Plywood flush door (Guest room, master bedroom & SD3
bedrooms)
D3- Plywood flush door with 1 layer of non laminated PVC
(Bathrooms)
D4- Timber Louvres door ( Store rooms)
D5- MS Grille door (Yard)

Sliding doors

SD1- Aluminium sliding glass door (Living room)

SD2- Aluminium sliding glass door (Corner/ End lot)
SD3- Aluminium sliding glass door (Master bedroom)

D1 SD1

SD1 SD2 SD3 FRONT ELEVATION

 40
6.1 DOORS
SWING DOOR INSTALLATION

Double rabbet door frame V-shaped metal strap.

used at the site.
1.Confirm the door location and verify the 2.Align the door frame against the
dimensions of the opening. setting out lines and secure it
temporarily.

3.After verifying the alignment of the 4.Grout the gap between the
frame, fasten the frame in position wall and the door frame.
using metal straps.
6.1 DOORS
6.Install the architrave.Ensure
the mitre-joints are flat and
square. Apply bonding agent to
the under-side of the architave.

5.Install the door panel. Then, install the lock set and door
handles or any other door hardware.

7.Lastly, ensure a good and even stick by

tapping indirectly on the surface with a
hammer.
Completed door frame at the Completed flush door at the site.
site..
 41
6.2 WINDOWS
A window is an opening in a wall, door or roof that allows the passage of natural light and ventilation. There are various types of windows that
serve different functions.

TYPES OF WINDOWS (ON SITE)

AWNING MOULDING TOP RAIL

CASEMENT WINDOWS
HEAD
-Consists of operating sashes that are
side-hinged and usually swing outwards.
-Ventilation : 100%
FRICTION HINGE

JAMB AWNING
LOCKING
-Consists of operating sashes
HANDLE
that swing outward on hinges
TRANSOM
attached to the top of their frame.
-Ventilation : 100%

FIXED LOUVRES GLASS WINDOW

CILL
BOTTOM RAIL -Consists of horizontal glass louvres that is
slanted in a fixed angle in a common frame.
-Ventilation : 100%
STAY
MULLION

SLIDING WINDOW

WINDOW ELEMENTS -Consists of one or more

operating sashes that slide along
horizontal grooves or tracks.
-Ventilation : 50%
 CAST-IN WINDOW SYSTEM 42
6.2 WINDOWS
WINDOW CONSTRUCTION

Our site uses precast concrete lintel. They

are placed above window openings as a
support beam to withstand the weight of
the bricks above by transferring it to the
walls on either side. This will prevent the
framework of the windows from bending.
Setting out of window frame in precast wall panel casting mould.
Window frame must be protected throughout the fabrication and
construction process.

INSTALLATION OF WINDOW FRAME

LUG SYSTEM
3.The window frame is then checked
for plumb, levelness and
alignment.After confirming the
position of the frame, the galvanised
1.Clean and wet the wall surface straps are ram-setted to the wall.
around the opening. Then, Check
the number, dimensions, and
spacing of galvanized straps.

4.Apply sealant along the bottom

edge of the wall. Install the bottom
frame and seal the gap between wall
2.Timber V-shaped wedges are used and bottom frame. Lastly, Fix the
to temporarily hold the window frame main frame to the wall .
in position within the wall opening.
 43
6.2 WINDOWS
SUB-FRAME WINDOW SYSTEM

The sub-frame system comprises a sub-frame which is either cast in or anchored to the
wall. The main frame is then installed onto the sub frame at a much later stage of the
construction. This is the installation method used at our site.

1. Position the sub-frame using ride up blocks or

aluminium shin plates. Proper alignment and setting out
of the sub-frame is crucial in ensuring the ease of
operation of the window.

4. After completion of all the wet trades around the window

opening, the main frame is then fixed onto the sub-frame. Millet
should be used to knock the finishing trim in place.

2. After confirming the setting out of the

sub-frame, Fix the sub-frame to the wall.
Sub-frame should be temporarily stiffened
with timber packs near the point of anchoring.

3. Seal the anchor/bolt heads and joints

between external wall and sub-frame.
Prior to fixing the main frame, the
subframe should be checked for any
physical damages.
 44

7.0 ROOF
CLARE TSISIKA AYISI
Defined as a structure forming the upper covering of a building and in this position is fully
exposed to rain, wind, sun and general atmosphere. The roof functions as the primary
sheltering for the interior spaces of the building.
Nowadays, people adapt their houses in accordance to the climate and weather conditions of
the place. However, aside serving their primary purpose, the roofs used in urban areas have
been transformed into an ornamental artwork that is appealing to the eye.
Roofs are majorly classified into: Pitch roof and Reinforced Concrete roof.
 45
7.0 Roof
BASIC ROOF TYPES
Manufacturing of Steel roof Truss

Step One
Galvanized steels are made and cut into specific lengths and sizes.
They are then stacked together ready to be assembled.
Gambrel Roof

Step Two
Mansard Roof Individual parts of the trusses are now ready to be assembled and it’s
Gable Roof placed in the jig.

Step Three
Individual parts of the webs of trusses are screwed together.
Hipped Roof
Step Four
The roof trusses that are ready to be delivered are loaded on the truck
directly from the assembly station and are now ready to be used to
build the roof.
Flat Roof
Shed Roof

TYPE OF ROOF (ON SITE)

Gable Roof with steel trusses

The roof on our site was a Gable roof, with

two sides sloping upwards and meets at
the ridge of the roof. The steel trusses are
supported by concrete beams. It is then
fitted on with steel tiles.
 46
7.0 Roof
Roof Installation
Installation of the Roof on site consists of five main stages: RIDGE

1. Installation of Truss
2. Laying of Waterproofing PURLIN
3. Installation of Counter lathing
4. Installation of steel tiles
CLEAT
5. Ceiling installation PRINCIPAL
RAFTER

Installation of Truss
This is a first step of installation of any type of roofing. Type of truss used on site is
steel roof truss. A steel roof truss is a plane frame consisting of a series of grid
triangles composed of compression members (rafters and struts) and tension
members (ties).
They opted for steel truss so as to prevent weathering and termite assault, and
besides that, it is lighter than wooden frames.
GUSSET PLATES

Roof Beam

The Roof beam is

supported by
concrete beams
 47
7.0 Roof
Functions of the Layers.
Laying of waterproofing
Thermal and Heat Insulation Foil
After the installation of truss system, they lay down the
waterproofing, with overlaps. For the additional durability, it is 1. Heat reflecting, sound insulation and anti-vibration
glued with special tape. This is the stage where they initiate 2. Suitable for tropical areas like Malaysia
installation of the insulator (thermal and heat insulation foil) and 3. Light, soft, dust free, retardant and easy to install
Mineral wool. 4. Moisture and thermal protection.

Reinforcement
Foil Tape

Mineral Wool
Installation of the Layers
1. Thermal Insulation
Thermal and Heat Insulation Foil 2. Acoustic Insulation
3. Fire protection
- Insulation is freely supported by itself and lies over the 4. Water-resistant and vapor permeable
purlins. 5. Ecologically safe
- The insulation sheets are laid with overlaps, and are taped
with reinforcement tapes to join the sheets.

Mineral Wool

- The Mineral wool is then applied onto the Insulation

sheets
- A metal sheet is first laid, then the wool is applied onto it.
The technique is to use the weight of the metal sheet to
secure the wool.

7.0 Roof
Installation of counter lathing
Counter lathing is necessary for the creation of
ventilated space between insulation and
waterproofing layers under the roofing. Aside
that, it helps to secure the steel tiles onto the
roof.
48
Installation of steel tiles
Installation of the roof tiles starts with the bottom row, and the tiles are installed
looking up from the ground. The tiles are laid from the gable ends, then from the
hips, into the valleys. The panels are lined up with the eaves, and not the gable.
Additional fastening needs to be provided, as the roof pitch decreases. For
example, you can use additional screws. A small distance is left between tiles on
the eaves so as to ensure the necessary air access and ventilation under the
roof.
After the installation process is complete, excess material is trimmed off using
sander. Then the roof is cleaned to remove all the debris and dust from it.
Roof tiles shape
Pan tiles
The steel tiles have an S-shaped profile, allowing adjacent
tiles to interlock. These result in a ridged pattern
resembling a ploughed field.
Characteristics of the Roof Tiles (from Site)
- Interlocking tiles
- Lightweight
- Supplied with a good coloured finish
- Corrosion resistant
 49
7.0 Roof
Materials
Metal Tiles (steel)
Metal tiles are suitable for use in many climates, since the material adapts well to sudden changes in temperature. This particular
type of roofing material is used to cover new buildings as well as renovate the finished structures. Externally metal tile resembles
traditional natural tile. Galvanized steel sheets are used for its production; they are primed and passivized (coated with a special
protective structure that averts zinc from oxidation) from different sides. A decorative layer of acrylic paint is applied onto one of the
sides; the other one is covered with a protective layer. Metal tiles are produced with a goffered, wavy surface or in the form of small
scale-shaped tiles. They are also light in weight and inexpensive.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
- Aesthetic. - Noise. For instance, when it rains.
- Lighter than clay and concrete - Dents
tiles.
- Fire resistant.
- Strong and durable.
- Easy to install, as they are light
in weight.
- Moisture resistant
- Minimal maintenance and costs.
 50
7.0 Roof
Ceiling Installation Steps of Ceiling installation (from site)

The final work on the roof is the installation of

the ceiling to cover the visible structure of the
1. 2.
roof. This leaves the roof, and the entire building
with an aesthetic look.

HANGER HANGER

PRIMARY CHANNEL
- A hanger is placed on a point - The primary channel is
and secured by mechanical attached to the hanger
fastening. horizontally and secured by
mechanical fastening.

METAL TILE
3. 4.
PLASTER
BOARD
MINERAL WOOL

INSULATION SHEET

ROOF BEAM

PRIMARY
CHANNEL

CEILING CEILING FURRING

WIRE FURRING
CLIP

- Ceiling furring is attached with - Plasterboard is attached to the

HANGERS Primary channel using grid ceiling furring and secured by
CEILING FURRING system. It is the attached with mechanical fastening.
PLASTER BOARD a wire clip.
 51
7.0 Roof
Roof Construction Details (On Site) Gutter
The main purpose of a rain gutter is to protect
the building’s foundation by channeling water
Ridge
away from the basement.
The ridge of a roof is the horizontal area where two sloped
roof sides meet. The ridge area should be capped to ensure a
watertight roof system as well as aesthetic appeal. The ridge
is also utilized for enhancing attic ventilation. In most
occasions, the roof vent is usually installed on the ridge.
RIDGE TILE

MORTAR ROOFING

RIDGE TREE

METAL SHIELD
METAL TILES
RAFTER
BATTEN FASTENER
UNDERLAY METAL
RETURN
Eaves
An eave is the edge of a roof; usually projects beyond
GUTTER
the side of a building serving both a decorative and STRAP
practical function.

METAL GUTTER

METAL FASCIA
 52
8.0 Summary

8.0 SUMMARY
From this project, we have gain a lot of knowledge about the construction
process of a building. We’re able to analyse many elements from the
construction sites. We’ve deepened our knowledge of the construction
methods, processes of involved for each element, detail, construction
terminologies, application of materials, safety, hazards, and the
machineries used on the site.

Besides, we’re able to learn the things that can’t be learnt from being
confined in the four walls of classroom. These are the things that we can
only be learnt from experience. The construction process is more
complicated than we thought because every single step and procedure
are linked and important to each other. Therefore, it has to be carried out
specificity and caution to ensure the final buildings are safe to the client
and also the whole community.
Site Safety ( Dixon )
-Worker safety, Retrieve October 18, 2016 from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
53

9.0 REFERENCES
-Backhoe Loader, Retrieve October 18, 2016 from http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/backhoe-loader1.htm
-Machinery , Retrieve October 18, 2016 from http://www.hst.uk.com/news/different-types-plant-machinery/

Preliminaries work ( Theresa )

- General Information for Trench Design,Retrieved October 17, 2016 from http://www.iowasudas.org/manuals/design/Chapter09/9B-1.pdf
- Installation and Construction, Retrieved October 17, 2016 from https://plasticpipe.org/pdf/chapter-6_installation_construction.pdf
-Guide to Earthwork Construction, Retrieved October 17, 2016 from http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sar/sar_8.pdf

Foundation ( Yau Vern )

-Bryan, T. (2010). Construction technology: Analysis and choice. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Blackwell.
-Illingworth, J. R. (2000). Construction methods and planning (Second ed.). London: E & FN Spon.
-@. (2013). TYPES OF PAD FOUNDATIONS. Retrieved October 16, 2016, from http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/types-of-pad-foundations/7514/

Superstructure
Beams & Columns ( Siew Ni )
-Building Construction Handbook, Fifth Edition | PDF Download. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from
http://zeabooks.com/book/building-construction-handbook-fifth-edition/
-Love, T. W. (1973). Construction manual: Concrete & formwork. Los Angeles: Craftsman Book of America.
-Powers, J. M. (n.d.). Patent US6920728 - Column and beam construction and method. Retrieved October 18, 2016, from
https://www.google.com/patents/US6920728
-L. (1970). Beam and slab. Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://construction-greatopportunity.blogspot.my/2012/03/beam-and-slab.html

Walls & Slabs ( Nurul Shahira )

@. (2010). RCC SLAB CASTING – WORK PROCEDURE. Retrieved October 10, 2016, from
http://theconstructor.org/concrete/rcc-slab-casting-work-procedure/1656/
Concrete slab - Reinforcement. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2016, from
https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/10_floor_systems/03_concrete_slab_reinforcement/page_001.htm
What is the meaning of the term B.R.C ? (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2016, from
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070324144002AAXHHnO
B. (2015). Pouring concrete slab for a small building. Retrieved October 10, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3-abjVk3A0

Staircase ( Qiao Er )
-Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2010). Building construction handbook (7th ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
-Stair Construction. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://schools.ednet.ns.ca/avrsb/133/ritchiek/notes/Text/grade10/stairconstruction.htm

Doors & Windows ( Zhe khai )

-Window installation,Retrieved October 18, 2016,from
https://www.bca.gov.sg/Professionals/IQUAS/..%5CIquas%5Cgpgs%5CAWindow%5CAWInstallation.pdf
-Door Installation, Retrieved October 18,2016 , from https://www.bca.gov.sg/Professionals/IQUAS/others/doorinstallation.pdf

Roof ( Clare )
-Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (1999). Construction technology (3rd ed.). Harlow: Longman.
-Steel Tile Co. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://steeltile.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/install-manual.pdf
-All types of roofing and roofing materials, USA - Hantekor. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2016, from http://www.hantekor.com/