Course: Thermo- Fluids Laboratory (MEC327)

Major Topic: Friction factor

Prepared By: Sunny Kaura

Assistant Professor (Thermal Engineering)
UID: 19316
School of Mechanical Engineering
Lovely Professional University
 Flow through pipes:

The total energy loss in a pipe system is the sum of the major and minor losses. Major
losses are associated with frictional energy loss that is caused by the viscous effects of
the fluid and roughness of the pipe wall.
Major losses create a pressure drop along the pipe since the pressure must work to
overcome the frictional resistance. The Darcy-Weisbach equation is the most widely
accepted formula for determining the energy loss in pipe flow.
In this equation, the friction factor (f ), a dimensionless quantity, is used to describe the
friction loss in a pipe. In laminar flows, f is only a function of the Reynolds number and
is independent of the surface roughness of the pipe.
In fully turbulent flows, f depends on both the Reynolds number and relative roughness
of the pipe wall.
Practical 4
 Course: Thermo Fluid Lab (MEC327)
• Major Topic: Lumped Capacitance

Prepared By: Mr. Sunny Kaura

Assistant Professor(Thermal Engineering)
UID: 19316
School of Mechanical Engineering
Lovely Professional University
Unsteady state heat transfer
 Course: Thermo Fluid Lab (MEC327)
• Major Topic: Radiation

Prepared By: Mr. Sunny Kaura

Assistant Professor(Thermal Engineering)
UID: 19316
School of Mechanical Engineering
Lovely Professional University
 Course: Thermo- Fluid Lab(MEC327)
• Major Topic: Minor pipe losses

Prepared By: Sunny Kaura

Assistant Professor (Thermal Engineering)
UID: 19316
School of Mechanical Engineering
Lovely Professional University
 Flow through pipes:

The total energy loss in a pipe system is the sum of the major and minor losses. Major
losses are associated with frictional energy loss that is caused by the viscous effects of
the fluid and roughness of the pipe wall.
Major losses create a pressure drop along the pipe since the pressure must work to
overcome the frictional resistance. The Darcy-Weisbach equation is the most widely
accepted formula for determining the energy loss in pipe flow.
In this equation, the friction factor (f ), a dimensionless quantity, is used to describe the
friction loss in a pipe. In laminar flows, f is only a function of the Reynolds number and
is independent of the surface roughness of the pipe.
In fully turbulent flows, f depends on both the Reynolds number and relative roughness
of the pipe wall.
Practical -5
 Course: Thermo Fluid Lab (MEC327)
Major Topic: Venturimeter and Orifice meter

Prepared By: Mr. Sunny Kaura

Assistant Professor(Thermal Engineering)
UID: 19316
School of Mechanical Engineering
Lovely Professional University
Practical applications of Bernoulli’sequation
Venturimeter
Contd…
Contd…
Contd…
Value of h given bymanometer
Contd…
Orificemeter
Contd…
Contd…
Contd…
Contd…
Contd…
Practical 2
Venturimeter apparatus
Contd…
Orificemeter apparatus
Contd…
Contd…
Contd…
 Course: Thermo Fluid Lab (MEC327)
Major Topic: Pitot tube

Prepared By: Mr. Sunny Kaura

Assistant Professor(Thermal Engineering)
UID: 19316
School of Mechanical Engineering
Lovely Professional University
Pitot tube
Contd…
Contd…
Contd…
Practical 3
Apparatus
Contd…
Contd…
Contd…
Contd…
Practical -1

Determination of Meta centric Height

To determine the Metacentric Height and position

of the Metacentre with angle of heel of Ship
Model .
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY

The force that tends to lift the body is called the buoyant force
and is denoted by FB.

we conclude that the buoyant force acting on the plate is equal

to the weight of the liquid displaced by theplate.
The buoyant force acting on a body immersed in a fluid is equal
to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body, and it acts
upward through the centroid of the displaced volume. - This is
known as Archimedes’principle.
A solid body dropped into a fluid will sink, float, or remain at rest at
any point in the fluid, depending on its density.
Stability of Immersed and Floating
Bodies
(a) is stable since any small disturbance (someone moves the ball to
the right or left) generates a restoring force (due to gravity) that
returns it to its initialposition.
(b) is neutrally stable because if someone moves the ball to the
right or left, it would stay put at its new location
(c) is a situation in which the ball may be at rest at the moment, but
any disturbance, even an infinitesimal one, causes the ball to roll off
the hill—it does not return to its original position; rather it diverges
from it. This situation isunstable.
Stability of submerged body
For an immersed or floating body in static equilibrium, the weight and
the buoyant force acting on the body balance each other, and
such bodies are inherently stable in the vertical direction.
The rotational stability of an immersed body depends on the relative
locations of the center of gravity G of the body and the center of
buoyancy B, which is the centroid of the displaced volume.
An immersed body is stable if the body is bottom-heavy and thus
point G is directly below point B.
Stability of floating body

The rotational stability criteria are similar for floating bodies. Again, if the
floating body is bottom-heavy and thus the center of gravity G is
directly below the center of buoyancy B, the body is always stable.
But unlike immersed bodies, a floating body may still be stable when
G is directly above B.
Meta centre

A floating body is stable if point M is above point G, and thus GM is

positive, and unstable if point M is below point G, and thus GM is
negative.
Metacenter(M)—It is the intersection point of the lines of action of
the buoyant force through the body before and after rotation.
Practical

Apparatus: Tank 2/3 full of water, floating vessel or pontoon fitted

with a pointed, Pointer moving on a graduated scale and weights
adjusted on a horizontal beam.
Procedure

Note down the dimensions of the collecting tank, mass density of

water.
Note down the water level when pontoon is outside the tank.
Note down the water level when pontoon is inside the tank and
their difference.
Fix the strips at equal distance from the centre.
Put the weight on one of the hanger which gives the unbalanced
mass.
Take the reading of the distance from centre and angle made by
pointer on arc. 7. The procedure can be repeated for other
positioned and values of unbalanced mass.
Calculations

𝑤× 𝑥
𝐺𝑀 =
( 𝑊 + 𝑤) tan 𝜃
Observation

W =8 Kg
w =500 gm (0.5Kg)
𝜃=8°
𝑥=10 cm
Calculation

𝑤 ×𝑥
𝐺𝑀 =
(𝑊+𝑤) tan 𝜃

0.5×10
𝐺𝑀 =
(12+0.5) t a n 10
=2.27 cm