IB NitrogeNotes HL/SL Chemistry Summary

Topic 1: Stoichiometric Relationships

Some Disclaimers.
1. Tbh it’s just like Sec 3 work, except with some new formulas!
2. But exam questions aren’t gonna be that easy anymore… :)

Contents Page!

c1.1: Introduction to the Particulate Nature of Matter and Chemical Change 2

A. States of Matter and Change of State 2
B. Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 2

1.2: The Mole Concept 3

A. Introduction 3
B. Empirical + Molecular Formula Determination 3
C. Combustion 3

1.3: Other Equations 4

1.4: Ideal Gas Law and its Shenanigans 4

A. The Kinetic-Molecular Theory 4
B. Ideal Gas Equation 5
C. The Three Laws 6
D. Other Equations 6

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1.1: Introduction to the Particulate Nature of Matter and Chemical Change

A. States of Matter and Change of State

This stuff is really elementary so I am going to skim through it.

Solid Liquid Gas

● Particles close ● Particles slightly ● Particles far apart

together further apart from one another
● Least Energy ● More energy ● Most energy
● Rotate and vibrate ● Move freely while in ● Move rapidly and
about fixed positions close proximity randomly into space
● Strong FoA ● Moderate FoA ● Weak FoA

B. Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

Guess the only important part is this.
Homogenous mixture
● 2 or more substances evenly distributed throughout mixture
● Uniform composition and properties
Heterogenous mixture
● 2 or more substances unevenly distributed throughout mixture
● Non-uniform composition and varying properties

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1.2: The Mole Concept

A. Introduction
● Mr - relative molecular mass
○ Weighted average mass of a molecule compared to 1/12 of one 12C atom mass
● Note: Mr has no units!
● The three Triangle Sisters :)

B. Empirical + Molecular Formula Determination

¿ of atoms × A r
% Composition of element = ×100 %
Mr

How to find Empirical Formula

1. Write down mass of each element
2. Write down Ar of each element
3. Divide each mass by Ar to obtain # of mol
4. Divide each number by smallest number of moles
Best to do in table form!

C. Combustion
The MASTER EQUATION!
C x H y O z+ ¿

● Water product is always liquid, the rest are gas

● Sometimes, a good method of calculating gas volumes is the ICF method
○ I = Initial, C = Change, F = Final

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1.3: Other Equations
Experimental Yield
Percentage Yield = Theoretical Yield × 100 %
Massof pure substance
Percentage Purity = Total mass of sample ×100 %
No. of moles
Concentration (in dm3) =
Volume of solvent (¿ d m3 )

1.4: Ideal Gas Law and its Shenanigans

A. The Kinetic-Molecular Theory

Assumptions
● Volume of gas particles is negligible compared to volume of gas (utter bs)
● Gas particles do not attract each other at all - negligible FoA (also utter bs)
● Gas particles are in state of continual and random motion
● If collisions occur between gas particles, there is no loss of kinetic energy
● Absolute temperature of gas proportional to average kinetic energy of gas particles

First 2 points are main basis of arguments with the nature of real gas.

Avogadro’s Law
● At 273K (0oC) and 100kPa (STP), gas vol ⇒ 22.7dm3/mol
● At 298K (25oC) and 100kPa (SATP), gas vol ⇒ 24.8dm3/mol

Real Gas vs Ideal Gas

Real Gas Ideal Gas

Each particle has definite volume, thus vol. Particles have negligible volume, thus vol.
of gas is vol. of space between particles and of gas is vol. of space between particles
particles as well.

Attractive forces present Attractive forces negligible

Collision of particles non-elastic, there is Collision of particles elastic, no loss of

loss of kinetic energy kinetic energy

● Only ideas gases obey PV = nRT

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 ● Gas behaves like ideal gas at high temperatures and low pressures
Factors affecting deviation from ideal gas behaviour
● Pressure
● Temperature
● Nature of gas (intermolecular forces)

B. Ideal Gas Equation

PV=nRT
P = Pressure in pascal (0.001 kPa)
V = Volume in m2 (1000dm2 or 106 cm3)
n = mols
R = gas contant = 8.31 J K-1 mol-1
T = temperature in Kelvin (K = oC + 273)

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C. The Three Laws

Boyle’s Law
1. If temperature is constant, PV is constant
2. If temperature is constant, then P ∝ 1/V

Charles’ Law
1. If pressure is constant, then V ∝ T

D. Other Equations

mRT mRT
Finding Mr in gaseous state (where m = mass): PV = M → M r = PV
r

P Mr
FInding density in gaseous state (where ρ = density): ρ=
RT

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