Case Study on the Accessibility of

the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA), Manila

Eloisa Romero
Lyceum of the Philippines University, Manila

Abstract:

This study looked into the factors affecting accessibility of the Ninoy Aquino International
Airport (NAIA), by examining the modes of transportation used by 100 arriving passengers and
the quantity of their checked in luggage, using a structured questionnaire. The author performed
interviews with key informants to validate the results of the structured questionnaire.

Those interviewed for this case study did not veer away from the airlines’ baggage allowance
when they traveled by air. Although luggage weight is regulated, local airlines (i.e. Philippine
Airlines) do not regulate the number of checked in luggage pieces except for flights from US,
Canada, Japan, Australia and New Delhi. Passengers arriving from long haul destinations tended
to have more bags with them.

Of the various modes of transfer from NAIA, the most popular among those surveyed is the
private vehicle, including taxi. With a private vehicle, the passenger is conveniently delivered to
the doorstep at his final destination. This implies the need for ample parking space, proper
loading system in arrival areas and improved airport access roads.

Keywords: airport, transportation, transit, access, tourism

Introduction

Transport is vital to national and international economies. It provides substantial benefits to

individuals and businesses such as its impacts on employment, prices and economic growth at all
levels. Air transportation is vital in particular as it provides a major link for international
economic activities.

The Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) is the Philippines’ premiere gateway. In 2010,
NAIA received 27,119,899 passengers, which is 64.5% of the national total of 42,033,508
(Philippine Airports, 2011). However, according to studies, NAIA has almost reached its
capacity limit, leaving no room for expansion. The “Greater Capital Region Airport
Rationalization Study” was commissioned by the Department of Transportation and
Communications, particularly to address the current challenges that NAIA faces. One solution
that DOTC considers is the integration of the operations of NAIA and the Diosdado Macapagal
International Airport (DMIA) in Clark, Pampanga. (Category 1, 2011)

When considering airport locations, it is necessary to look into the airport’s accessibility as well.
How will a passenger move to and from the airport?

A quick search on Google using the keywords ‘transit/how to get to Manila airport’ shows that
the most popular mode of transportation to and from the major airport is taxi. Of the blogs on the
subject, one of the most comprehensive is www.backpackingphilippines.com. Using keywords
that refer to transit in a more general manner i.e. without the word ‘airport’ such as in ‘transit
link Philippines’, it is interesting to note that the top ten results rank a video of a Habal-habal
first (www.liveleak.com) albeit without any explanation of what the video contains except for
the title: A New Method of Mass Transit Discovered in the Philippines. In addition to the entry
in Wikipedia about transportation in the Philippines, succeeding entries are about (1) commuter
trains, i.e. LRT/MRT and (2) links to websites of private bus companies. Jeepney is not
mentioned until the sixth page, by Lonely. A search on Google.co.jp gives similar results:
Wikipedia, Habal-habal, commuter trains and buses.

Study Objectives

The main objective of this research is to contribute to the study of air travel in the Philippines, by
providing insights on the needs and preferences of air travelers, particularly when moving to and
from NAIA. Specifically this study aims to determine the following:
1. Mode of transfer used by air travelers to leave NAIA
2. Average number of checked-in luggage of international air travelers to the Philippines
3. Other factors that may affect airport accessibility
Based on these objectives, this study looks into two variables: (1) modes of transfer from the
airport and (2) quantity of luggage, while watching out for other factors that may affect airport
accessibility. The interdependence of these variables on one another is not tested and analyzed;
instead, these variables are treated separately.

Significance

Through this study, the author aims to:

1. Produce a case study for use in classroom instruction for transportation management;
2. Provide statistical data which may be useful for private businesses in the transport sector;
and
3. Make initial recommendations to the Philippine government with regards to airport
accessibility based on the needs and preferences of some sample air travelers, and
possibly open up topics for further research

Conceptual Framework

Table 1: Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output
Variable 1: Luggage
- Maximum allowed Description and analysis of
Recommendations on
- Actual quantity passenger needs and
how to improve airport
Variable 2: Airport Access preferences based on the
access
- Available modes two variables
- Actual usage
Note: Variables 1 and 2 will be treated separately; interdependence is not part of this study

Working Definition of Terms

Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to which a product/service is available
(reachable) to as many people as possible; airport accessibility therefore refers to the availability
of ways to travel to, from and within the airport, regardless of the profile of traveler
Air traveler – travel is movement from origin to destination; an air traveler refers to people who
move from origin to destination on board an aircraft

Baggage/Luggage – these words may be used interchangeably in the text to refer to relatively big
and bulky containment of items which air travelers bring with them, either checked in and placed
in the aircraft’s cargo compartment or personally carried by the traveler into the passenger cabin
(see Balikbayan Box in the review of related literature)
CAAP or the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (formerly Air Transportation Office,
renamed CAAP in March 2008) is a government agency in charge of management and
operations of all national airports in the Philippines (www.caap.gov.ph, retrieved April 3, 2011)

Meet & Greet Arrangement – Webster defines ‘meet and greet’ as a reception at which a public
figure (as a politician or rock star) socializes with press members and other guests; in the
hospitality industry, airport meet and greet is a special service wherein passengers are met by a
designated staff at the airport and assisted to either a coach, car rental, shuttle service or
transferring them from one terminal to another for a connecting flight
(airportmeetandgreet.co.za, retrieved April 3,2011)

Taxicab (Taxi, Cab) is a vehicle for hire with a driver, used to move passengers between
locations of the latter’s choice, unlike in using public transportation when pick-up and drop-off
locations are determined by the service provider. Most taxis are metered while rented cars are
charged for the first 10 hours, usually with unlimited stops within the agreed area. Owing to the
privacy or exclusiveness of service, Private Vehicle is used in this study to refer to taxis, rented
cars and cars owned by the air traveler/passenger and/or his/her family/friends, unless otherwise
specified.

Related Studies

Singapore’s Changi Airport is one of the most accessible airports in the world. It can be reached
using various modes of transportation: car rental, metered taxi, coach, public bus, airport shuttle
(vans that work like Manila’s FX), and train (MRT). The airport also offers free shuttle service
to/from Ang Mo Kio District and Sengkang MRT stations, as well as parking lots for those who
wish to use their own car. From the airport, a traveler could reach the city center in a few
minutes. Even transit passengers may opt to go around while waiting for the next flight.
Moreover, the airport’s website provides all this information, with a user-friendly interface.
(www.changiairport.com, retrieved April 3, 2011)

In 2005, Banister (2005) likewise forecasted that key centers in Europe would have high speed
rail network linked to major roads and international airports, particularly at interchange between
road and rail and between road, rail and air. Global airlines’ hub operations linked to good
quality transport must be available to support the local and national centers’ population and
activity.

How does one get to and from the Manila’s Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA)? The
airport complex is situated close to the main Commercial Business Districts of Manila. Metered
taxi, hotel drivers, and car rental services are available. By public transport, passengers taking
the train (MRT, LRT) may disembark at the EDSA-Taft station, where an airport shuttle terminal
is located (at the back of McDonalds). Those travelling by city bus routes may take a bus plying
the EDSA-MIA route (MIA stands for Manila International Airport). These buses will pass
Terminals 1 and 2, while a jeepney route can take passengers to Terminal 3. There is also an
airport shuttle service to move passengers to the different airport terminals. (www.miaa.gov.ph,
retrieved April 3, 2011)

Although the description of NAIA’s accessibility sounds pretty much like Singapore’s, the two
greatly differ in reality. This is because transfers in Singapore are much more convenient and
fast. Improving Changi Airport’s accessibility, along with the progress of Singapore as a nation,
happened in less than half a century and despite NAIA being several years older than Changi
Airport.

NAIA was originally a US Air Force Base before it was turned over to the Philippine
Government in 1948. At the time it was constructed, Pasay and Parañaque were part of the
province of Rizal, and the airport was clearly in residential suburbs with a very large capacity for
air-traffic for its time. The original Manila International Airport terminal stood where Terminal 2
stands now. However, it was gutted by fire in the late 60s. President Ferdinand Marcos ordered
the construction of what is now NAIA Terminal 1. By this time residential areas have already
started sprouting around the sprawling airport, preventing it to add any more runways. Another
factor is the airport's space-consuming V-shaped runway configuration, which would have been
optimal for military bases but not for civilian operations.

The capacity problems plaguing NAIA now is no different from that which plagued Kai Tak
International Airport in Hong Kong, which led to the construction of Chek Lap Kok 100km
away. The distance between NAIA and Diosdado Macapagal International Airport (DMIA) in
Clark, Pampanga and that between Kai Tak and Chek Lap Kok are very similar. The advantage
of Chek Lap Kok is that it has a high-speed railway line to Victoria Harbor.

As modes of transportation, particularly air transportation, have much impact on a country’s

economy, careful planning is therefore necessary. However, Page (1994) noted that much of the
existing knowledge available on transportation’s supply chain issues has been generated only
through interviews with managers in each sector of the transport industry and their commercial
practices (i.e. contracting arrangements, profit margins and global strategies). It is rare to find
researches being given access to commercial information on supply (and demand) issues, owing
to the confidential and sensitive nature of the data and the perceived threat it may pose to their
competitive advantage if rival operators obtained such information. Thus, the relationship
between transport supply and tourist remains poorly understood.

Page (1994) likewise noted that geographers have typically analyzed travel as a response to
satisfy human desire for movement and the spatial outcome of such journeys. Geographers have
also considered the spatial variables in the transport system (locations and place) and how these
affect the costs and production of other social and economic activities. For the geographer,
transport facilitates the process of movement which has economic and budgetary cost while
behavioral factors (i.e. perception and preferences for particular forms of transport) determine
the journey in terms of the available infrastructure and routes. In analyzing the transport system,
they have considered: (1) the linkage and flows within a transport system, (2) the location and
places connected by these linkages (center and nodes, or hub and), and (3) the system catchments
and relationships between places within the network.

Lumsdon (2004) described taxi, urban bus and metro train as utilitarian transport modes while
scenic walks, cycling lanes, and novelty rides like balloons and horse-drawn carriage are at the
other end of the continuum dubbed as ‘transport for tourism’.

One of the most cited works in tourism is Leiper’s systems model for tourism, which divided
tourism space into (1) tourist-generating region, (2) transit region, and (2) destination. Among
the three, most research and discussions focus on destinations (Mason 2008) followed by transit
regions as secondary destinations (Beeton 2006); while transit is the least studied area. J.J.J.
Pigram and John Michael Jenkins (2006) viewed Leiper’s model as that giving more emphasis
on the destination rather than the tourist generating region because it is actually difficult to
identify tourists from the general populace; it is noteworthy however that Pigram and Jenkins
(p.318) made reference to the origin and destination but not to the transit route.

Development has become a complex business. It is no longer possible simply to build a bridge or
a power plant. There are also social and environmental concerns to consider. (Kelles-Viitanen,
1997)

Related to the social context is the Filipino practice of using Balikbayan box. Balikbayan
literally means returning to one’s hometown. Balikbayan box is a ubiquitous corrugated
box containing any number of small items and sent by a Filipino who lives abroad to relatives in
the Philippines. The box either ‘goes home’ on its own (i.e. shipped) or accompanied by the
Filipino returning to the Philippines by air, as part of the checked in luggage. An article on The
Washington Post published on December 24, 2004 captures the story behind balikbayan boxes
particularly from the Filipino immigrants in the US. A reason behind the balikbayan box may be
the race’s gift-giving culture, and another reason could be economic, as it is cheaper to send
small presents for everybody by one-time shipment. The contents of the box need not be
special—most of them are actually available in the Philippines; they range from food and
household consumables to clothes and electronics. Yet things inside a balikbayan box bring joy
to recipients, especially at Christmas. Ly (2004) calls it “care package”; it is the thought—the
care—that counts.
An undergraduate study at the Lyceum of the Philippines University Manila (de los Reyes 2010)
further revealed that although price is still a consideration, Filipinos prefer modes of
transportation that are comfortable, and those that would require less transfers and less walks
between transfers.

Methodology

This study is designed using the descriptive method and qualitative analysis.

Research Instruments

Primary sources of data – This study utilized survey questionnaire as the primary research
instrument; results were validated through interviews of key informants representing various
stakeholders.

Secondary sources of data – This study made use of relevant statistics and studies from
concerned government agencies, associations, mass media, as well as academic and
infrastructure funding institutions.

Population and Sampling

In 2010, NAIA received 27,119,899 passengers. Due to the limitation of time and resources, only
a sample size of 100 was targeted. Respondents were randomly selected at the arrival area of
NAIA Terminals 1, 2 and 3, on varying days of the week and at varying daytime hours.
However, respondent selection was not strictly random, but rather inclined to convenience
sampling, although effort was exerted to cover as many flights as possible.

Pre-test and Survey Proper

The questionnaire was tested on February 26, 2011, and the survey proper was conducted on
March 5-26, after adjustments were made on the questionnaire based on the pre-test.

Analysis

One hundred two responses were considered valid. The data gathered were recorded, tallied and
analyzed using descriptive method and basic statistical operations such as percentage, mean and
mode. While mean refers to the average, mode refers to the value that occurs most frequently in
a given data set.
Results were then validated through interviews with key informants representing various
stakeholders, such as passengers, relatives and friends of passengers who pick them up at the
airport, drivers of airport taxis, car companies, airport officials, and transportation
experts/scholars.

Conclusion and recommendations were then drawn from the results of the survey and interviews.

Findings

For the structured questionnaire, there were 102 respondents, 45 (44%) of them are male. More
than half of the respondents are from Middle East and East Asia, about one-fourth from each of
these two Asian regions. On a per country origin, most of the respondents arrived from Japan
(20), sixteen of whom are Japanese nationals, while the rest (4) are Filipinos. Japan is followed
by Canada (10); while Singapore and Hong Kong are tied at third place, both rendering nine
respondents each.

Majority of those interviewed are returning Filipinos (68%), including Filipino-Americans (5%)
and Filipino-Canadians (10%). Sixteen (16) are Japanese nationals, one Swiss and one Dutch.
The study is therefore more inclined to describe Filipino travelers, but unable to provide enough
data on foreign tourists in the Philippines.

For reference, tourist arrivals in the first half of 2010 reached about 1.7 million, the top three
countries of origin are South Korea (19.5%), US (18.5%), and Japan (10%). (Source: Department
of Toutism, as cited on www.manilastandardtoday.com, retrieved April 2, 2011)

Table 1: Respondents’ Final Destination

Frequency
(No. of
Destination pax)
NCR 39% (40)
Northern Luzon 26% (27)
Southern Luzon 22% (22)
Visayas 10% (10)
Mindanao 2% (2)
Others 1% (1)
100%
TOTAL (102)
Note: NCR=National Capital Region; Southern Luzon refers to CALABARZON area (or within
150km from the airport), with the exception of one passenger headed for Masbate Island
Based on this data, it seems that it is favorable to at least one-fourth of the respondents for flights
to land at the Diosdado Macapagal International Airport (DMIA) in Clark, Pampanga. However,
about half of the respondents are headed for Manila and Southern Luzon.

Variable 1: Luggage

One hundred two (102) respondents carried a total of 237 checked in luggage to NAIA in March
2011, distributed as follows:
Table 2: Average Number of Checked in Luggage per Passenger
No. of checked in Frequency
luggage per (No. of
passenger pax)
1 12% (12)
2 62% (63)
3 18% (18)
5 or more 9% (9)
100%
TOTAL (102)
Note: Eight (8) passengers carried one balikbayan box each, which are included in the luggage
count; a balikbayan box usually measures 23in x 17in x 20in (length+width+height=60in)

Based on this data, an arriving passenger carries an average of (2.32) 2-3 checked in luggage.
Minimum is one checked in luggage, maximum is 9 (one passenger from Canada had 9 checked
in luggage), and mode is 2. Aside from air travelers from Canada, those who brought 5 or more
checked in luggage are from long haul destinations like Europe and some Middle Eastern
countries.

Checked in luggage
Philippine Airlines (PAL) and Cebu Pacific do not limit the number of checked in luggage for
each passenger. For most domestic and international flights of local airlines, the total maximum
weight allowed for checked in luggage per passenger flying economy class is 15kg. For PAL,
this excludes flights to/from the US and Canada which is on piece system (maximum of two
pieces, 23kg each), and flights to/from Japan/Australia/Delhi which allow 23kg max. (Sources:
www.philippineairlines.com and www.cebupacificair.com, retrieved April 3, 2011)

Table 3: Allowed Number of Checked in Luggage per Passenger

PAL
Origin/Destination Maximum checked in luggage per passenger
US/Canada 2 pieces (maximum of 23kg each)
Japan/Australia/Delhi 23kg (weight system, no limit on number of
 bags)
15kg (weight system, no limit on number of
Others bags)

Carry-on luggage
PAL’s rules stipulate that each passenger is allowed to carry one piece of carry-on luggage small
enough to be placed in the overhead rack or under the passenger seat of the aircraft cabin. The
carry-on luggage must be within the following specifications:
 size (length+width+height) shall not exceed 45in or 115cm
 weighing not more than 7kg or 15lbs

Cebu Pacific’s rules stipulate that carry-on luggage allowed on board must not exceed the
dimension 56cm x 36cm x 23 cm (22in + 14in + 9in = 45in), and must not weigh more than 7kg
for Airbus flights, which is the same with PAL; but for smaller aircrafts, Cebu Pacific has
smaller size and weight (5kg) limit. Furthermore, Cebu Pacific does not allow umbrellas of any
size as part of the passenger’s hand baggage.

Traveling with Luggage in Commuter Trains

In commuter trains within Metro Manila (i.e. MRT, LRT), huge luggage and sealed boxes are
not allowed.

Key Informants Interview

An interview with ten (10) Filipino frequent travelers revealed that they do not go beyond what
is allowed by the airlines because they do not like paying for excess luggage. They also said that
it is more convenient to move around with as less luggage pieces as possible. These interviewees
use the international airport at least twice a year and the domestic airport five to six times in a
year. On the other hand, interviews with car rental companies with operations in NAIA gathered
similar results saying that their passengers carry one to two bags on average.

Variable 2: Airport Access

There are several ways to reach NAIA from various points of Metro Manila:
1. Private vehicle (own car or rented car)
2. Taxi
3. Commuter bus
4. Jeepney
5. MRT + airport shuttle
There are four types of taxis in Manila:
 1. The usual metered taxi, flag down rate of P30.00 plus P2.50 per additional 300 meters or
2 minutes waiting time (From January 2011, tariff hiked to P40.00 plus P3.00 per 300
meters, but only taxis that issue receipts with updated meters may apply the new tariff.)
2. Yellow airport metered taxi, flag down rate of P70.00 plus P5.00 per additional 300
meters or 2 minutes waiting time
3. White airport taxi with fixed rate per area (i.e. Makati, Manila, Quezon City, Bulacan,
etc.)
4. The cheapest shared taxi, more commonly known as FX, which works like a shuttle with
tariff starting at P10.00 plus P5.00 from one common stop to the next (but points/stops
are vague)
What mode of transportation then do passengers actually use when leaving the airport?
Table 3.5: Modes of Transportation from NAIA
Frequency
Mode of (No. of
Transportation pax)
rent a car 42% (43)
own car 17% (17)
metered taxi 33% (34)
bus/train 1% (1)
(connecting
flight) 7% (7)
100%
TOTAL (102)

Based on this data, nine in every ten air travelers use private vehicle, including taxi, when
leaving the airport. With a private vehicle, the passenger is delivered to the doorstep at his final
destination, without having to deal with strangers (except for the driver in some cases) and
unnecessary stops. After a long and tiring flight, most air travelers in the Philippines do not have
the patience to commute.

Moreover, due to the size and number of bags carried by air travelers, public transport is not so
popular among them, especially the last three means of transportation mentioned in the list above
(bus, jeepney, and MRT + shuttle). Nonetheless, these three are useful for those who work at the
airport.

Based on the responses, some of the north-bound air travelers take a taxi from the airport to the
nearest provincial bus station. These buses have the space big and clean enough to accommodate
huge bags and boxes.
Lastly, pre-arranged airport pick up is popular in the country, too. Greeters may range from hotel
or travel agent representative, to families and friends—as many as the vehicle can carry.

Conclusion

Luggage

Philippine Airlines (PAL) and Cebu Pacific do not limit the number of checked in luggage for
each passenger. For most domestic and international flights of local airlines, the total maximum
weight allowed for checked in luggage per passenger flying economy class is 15kg. For PAL,
this excludes flights to/from the US and Canada which is on piece system (maximum of two
pieces, 23kg each), and flights to/from Japan, Australia and New Delhi which allow a maximum
of one 23-kilogram luggage.

Nonetheless, those interviewed for this case study carried only an average of 2-3 (2.32) checked
in luggage when they travel to Manila from another country. The minimum is one checked in
luggage, while the maximum is 9 (one passenger from Canada had 9 checked in luggage), and
the mode is 2. Aside from air travelers from Canada, those who brought 5 or more checked in
luggage are from long haul destinations such as Europe and some Middle Eastern countries.

The interviewees for this case study do not veer away from the airlines’ baggage allowance when
they travel by air. Thus, while there may be as many luggage pieces as allowed by the airlines,
these bags would not be heavier than 23 or so kilograms. Some of the reasons that these
passengers cited are the unwillingness to pay for excess luggage and the convenience of moving
their luggage around.

Modes of Transportation to/from the NAIA

There are several ways to reach NAIA from various points of Metro Manila: private vehicle
(own or rented car), taxi, commuter bus, jeepney and MRT (using a shuttle from the airport to
the train station). Of these, the most popular among those surveyed is the private vehicle,
including taxi. With a private vehicle, the passenger is delivered to the doorstep at his final
destination, without having to deal with strangers (except for the driver in some cases) and
unnecessary stops. After a long and tiring flight, most air travelers in the Philippines do not have
the patience to commute.

Moreover, due to the size and number of bags carried by air travelers, public transport is not so
popular among them, especially the last three means of transportation mentioned in the list above
(bus, jeepney, and MRT + shuttle). Nonetheless, these three are useful for those who work at the
airport.
Based on the responses, some of the north-bound air travelers take a taxi from the airport to the
nearest provincial bus station. These buses have the space big and clean enough to accommodate
huge bags and boxes.

Lastly, pre-arranged airport pick up is popular in the country, too. Greeters may range from hotel
or travel agent representative, to families and friends—as many as the vehicle can carry.

Recommendations

What does this information imply then? This means that these passengers, most of whom prefer
private transfers, need ample parking space which is accessible from the airport’s arrival area
with proper pedestrian sidewalks and provisions for bringing luggage trolleys up to the parking
lot. Ample space in the loading bays and proper loading systems are also necessary.

The passengers should have prior information, too, about these systems (i.e. the numbered
loading bays in NAIA Terminal 3 and the ‘lettered’ bays in NAIA Terminal 1), by having this
information available on the terminal website, www.miaa.gov.ph, alongside information on
available modes of transportation to/from the airport and on waiting areas for visitors.

Proper signage at the airport would be helpful, too, as well as re-training frontline airport
personnel, including security guards and porters, on how to direct arrival traffic. Information
campaign needs to be enhanced for passengers to know their transfer choices better. Aside from
the modes of transportation, passengers should also know the option offered by ‘park and fly’
arrangements.

Moreover, the travelers’ preference for private vehicle also results to bad vehicle traffic
congestion, not only in airport roads, but in highways leading to the airport as well. For instance,
although the Makati Central Business District is only 7 kilometers away, ample time is needed so
as not to miss one’s flight at rush hour. Therefore, should the government consider improving
airport access or should the government consider moving the airport outside Manila, access roads
to/from the airport would be a very important factor.

In terms of improving access to Clark International Airport, this would mean that the connection
between the North and South Luzon express way and improving traffic flow from Clark to
Manila must be prioritized over building a fast train, because the fast train involves not only the
infrastructure but a change in the Filipino’s mindset as well.
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