SRM IST, Kattankulathur – 603 203

Sub Code & Name: 18EES102L WORKSHOP LAB

Experiment No 01

Title of Experiment RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING USING SWITCHES AND LAMP

Name of the candidate Somsubhra Chandra

Register Number RA2111002010013

Date of Experiment

Mark Split Up
S.No Description Maximum Mark Mark Obtained

1 Prelab 5

2 Execution/ Simulation 15

3 Model Calculation / Result 10

Analysis

4 Post lab 5

5 Online quiz /viva 5

TOTAL 40
Staff Signature with date

Experiment – 1
RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING USING SWITCHES AND LAMP

Pre-Lab Questions
1.Why the earth pin is bigger in size?

For the saftey of the Users

2.What are the types of circuits are used in residential wiring?

Parallel circuits

3.What is the material used for fuse?

Zinc, Cpper, Silver, Aluminum

4.What is Miniature Circuit Breaker?

MCB is a device connected to the circuit in order avoid damage

to the circuit during the overload

5.What are the colours of wires used for wiring?

Red, Black, Blue, Yellow, Green

Experiment No. Residential house wiring using switches and lamp
1

Objective
To implement residential house wiring using switches and lamps
Apparatus Required
Sl. No. Specifications of Instruments / Apparatus Quantity
(Nos.)

1 AC voltage sources 1

2 Switches 2

3 Incandescent lamp 2

4 Fuses 2

4 Wires As required
Software Required:
https://www.multisim.com/

Procedure
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram in multisim.
2. Give 230 V, 50Hz Input to the AC voltage source.
3. Check the status of the lamp under open and closed switches.
4. Plot the voltage waveform across the lamp.
SIMULATION DIAGRAM:
https://www.multisim.com/content/js2FyekjJracPNGvddDis8/ex-1_120_name/open/

Reg.no
Name:
After completing circuit diagram, End time =10.0 s and do the simulation.
Give the Analysis and annotation, Voltage and current meters→ take the response in the
Grapher

Output response two cycles

Time Minimum =0 s, Maximum=40m
Adjust the scale,
Voltage
Minimum= -230 V, Maximum=230 V
Current
Minimum = -1 A, and Maximum = 1A
Result
The wiring suitable for residential purpose using lamps were done and it was tested.
 Experiment – 1.
Residential house wiring using switches, indicators, lamp and energy meter
Post – Lab Questions
1.Why the phase conductor is connected to a switch?

phase conductor is connected in order to avoid shocks

2.Why the CFL lamps are mostly used nowadays?

3.What is the meter constant in an energy meter?

4What are the supply systems available for residential wiring?

Experiment No. Types of wiring – Staircase wiring, Fluorescent wiring and Godown
2 wiring

Objective
1. To study, obtain the connection and testing the following wiring
a. Staircase wiring
b. Fluorescent wiring
c. Godown wiring

Apparatus Required
Sl.No. Specifications of Instruments Apparatus Quantity
/ (Nos.)
1 Two-way switches 4
2 10 W 15 W Lamps and holders 3
3 /
One-way switches 3
4 Florescent lamp, starter, choke and fitting 1 set
5 Wires As required

SOFTWARE REQUIRED
hps://www.mulsim.com/

Staircase wiring
Precaution
1. The metal part of all appliances to be checked for properly earthed
2. Make sure that the supply connections protected with MCB
3. Handle care while giving connection and ensure safety of it.

Procedure
1. Study the connections of two-way switches to the lamp as per the circuit diagram
2. Place the switches for the convenience of operation
3. Observe the wiring with the corresponding terminals of switches
4. See the position of switches as marked and fix the lamp on the holder
5. Switch ON the supply to the wired circuit
6. Test the lamps with corresponding operation of two-way switches
Circuit Diagram
SIMULATION DIAGRAM

Tabulation

Position of Switch Position of Switch

Glow of the lamp
S1 S2

1-2 1-2 ON

2-3 1-2 OFF

1-2 2-3 OFF

2-3 2-3 ON
Circuit Diagram

SIMULATION DIAGRAM
 5. See the position of switches as marked and fix the Fluorescent lamp on the holder
6. Switch ON the supply to the wired circuit
7. Test the fluorescent lamps with corresponding operation of switch
Circuit Diagram

SIMULATION DIAGRAM
Trouble Shooting
Result
The wiring for the fluorescent lamp with choke and starter were done and tested.
Godown wiring

Precaution
1. The metal part of all appliances to be checked for properly earthed
2. Make sure that the supply connections protected with MCB
3. Handle care while giving connection and ensure safety of it.

Procedure
1. Study the connections of two-way switches to the lamp as per the circuit diagram
2. Place the switches for the convenience of operation
3. Observe the wiring with the corresponding terminals of switches
4. See the position of switches as marked and fix the lamp on the holder
5. Switch ON the supply to the wired circuit
6. Test the lamps with corresponding operation of two-way switches

Circuit Diagram
SIMULATION DIAGRAM
 5. What is series and parallel connection?
In series connection all components are connected end to end but in parallel connection all
components are connected across each other.

6. Why the switch is connected in series with the lamp?

Switches are connected in series with lamps in order to on and off them independently
without any disturbance.

Name: Somsubhra Chandra

Saeferhf
Reg: RA2111002010013
Section: A
 SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY KATTANKULATHUR
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EVALUATION SHEET

Name: Somsubhra Chandra

Regn. No.: RA2111002010013

Class & Branch: Batch A Mechanical

Title of Experiment: Studying of earthing and measurement of earth resistance

Date of Conduction: 4-09-21

Date of Submission: 5-09-21

Sl. Marks Split Up Maximum

No. (40) Mar Marks
Obtained

1 Pre-Lab questions 5

2 Execution of experiment 15

3 10
Calculation / Evaluation of
Result

4 Post Lab questions 5

5 Online quiz/viva 5
Signature of
Total 40 Staff withdate
Experiment – 3
Study of earthing and measurement of earth resistance
Pre – Lab Questions
 1. How the earthing saves human life?
Earthing protects the user from dangerous shocks due to blow of fuse during electric disturbance.

2. How the lightning is protected by earthing?

Earthing is provided away from the electric appliances to prevent the electric disturbances.

Lightning strikes this earthing as it is fitted in way that lightning doesn’t hit the house and disturb it.

3. Mention the components in an earth resistance tester?

The earth resistance tester uses a hand driven generator. The rotational current reverser and the rectifier are the two main part of it.

4. What is the difference between earth resistance tester and insulation resistance tester?
Insulation resistance tester is used for testing high resistance. It is also used to test the quality of resistance.

Earth resistance tester is used only for those of low resistance.

5. What value of current can withstand by a human body without the sensing a shock?
The amount of current a human body without sensing a shock is 10 milliamperes.

6. Which type of earthing is mostly used?

Pipe earthing is the mostly used earthing.

Study of earthing and measurement of earth resistance

Experiment
No.3
Objective
1.To study about earthing and its types
2.To measure earth resistance using earth resistance tester

Apparatus Required
Sl.No. Specifications of Instruments / Apparatus
Quantity
( Nos.)
 1 Earth resistance tester 1

2 Earth electrode under test 1

3 Spikes 2

4 Hammer 1

5 Connecting wires As required

Precaution
1 .Do not rotate the handle before giving connections to the terminal 2.Make sure the connections
on the earth electrode are intact
3 .Handle care while giving connection and ensure safety of it.

Procedure
1 . Connect the C1 and P1 terminal to earth electrode under test 2. Connect C2 and P2 terminal to 2
earth Spikes driven to earth 3. Rotate the handle sufficiently to get constant reading 4. Obtain the
reading in tester and check the value for less than 5 Ω5. Repeat the measurement by changing the
location of spikes
Circuit Diagram

Connections Diagram
Tabulation

Distance earth
betweenelectrodes Resistance
( ft) Ohms

Result
The earth resistance of earth electrode under test was measured using earth resistance tester.
Experiment - 3
Study of earthing and measurement of earth resistance Post – Lab Questions

1 . What is the recommended value of earth resistance as per IE rules?

As per IE rules the earth resistance should be less than 1Ohm.

2. What are the measures to be taken when earth resistance measured is high?
3. Which code of practice for earthing is done at many places?

IS 3043 is the coding done at many places.

4. What is the purpose of zig zag holes in the earth electrodes?

It provides insulation between the ground and the component so that the system may not be affected by fault current.

5. What are the factors affecting earth resistance?

Soil resistivity, moisture, dissolved salts, Climate, Location of earth pit etc….

6. What is maintenance free earthing?

It is a type of earthing in which no other maintenance is required for the earthing during the time of usage.
 Experiment – 4
Half Wave Rectifier

Pre– Lab Questions

1. What is rectifier?

A rectifier is device that converts a two directional alternating current into one directional direct
current.

2. Define ripple factor of power supply.

Ripple is the residual periodic variation of the DC voltage within the power supply which is
derived from the given AC supply.

3. What are the disadvantages of half wave rectifier circuit?

1).They allow only half cycle per wave and the remaining half cycl is wasted.

2).They produce a very low output voltage.

3). The output voltage obtained is not purely DC and it still contains ripples.

4). Define voltage regulation.

5 . Explain why diode can be used as a rectifier.

An ideal p-n junction diode has zero resistance in forward direction and infinite resistance in reverse
bias.This can be used to eliminate negative cycles and allow only positive cycles in AC voltage.This
process is called Rectification which is why diode can be used as a rectifier.

SRM IST. Kattankulathur – 603 203

Sub Code & Name: 18EES102L WORKSHOP LAB

 Experiment No 04

Title of Experiment
Design and Implementation of Half Wave Rectifiers using
simulation package and demonstrate its working

Name of the
Somsubhra Chandra
candidate

Register Number RA2111002010013

Date of Experiment 12-10-21

Mark Split Up

S.No Description Maximum Mark Obtain

Mark

1 Pre-Lab 5
questions

2 Execution of 15
experiment

3 Model Calculation /Evaluation 10

of Result Analysis

4 5
Post Lab
questions

5 Online quiz/viva 5

Total 40
Staff Signature with date
Aim
To construct a Half wave rectifier using diode and to draw its performance characteristics.
Apparatus Required:

S.No Particulars Type Range Quantity

 1 Diode 1N4001 4

2 Resistor 100 to 10000Ω A

3 Capacitor 470 µF 1

4 4 V, 50Hz 1
AC voltage
source

5 2
Voltage Measurement
probe.
Software Required:
https://www.multisim.com/
Half wave rectifier
Theory
The process of converting an alternating current into direct current is known as rectification. The
unidirectional conduction property of semiconductor diodes ( junction diodes) is used for
rectification. Rectifiers are of two types: (a) Half wave rectifier and (b) Full wave rectifier.
In a half-wave rectifier circuit, during the positive half-cycle of the input, the diode is forward
biased and conducts. Current flows through the load and a voltage is developed across it. During
the negative half cycle, it is reverse bias and does not conduct. Therefore, in the negative half
cycle of the supply, no current flows in the load resistor as no voltage appears across it. Thus
the dc voltage across the load is sinusoidal for the first half cycle only and a pure a.c. input
signal is converted into a unidirectional pulsating output signal.
Another type of circuit that produces the same output as a full-wave rectifier is that of the Bridge Rectifier.
This type of single-phase rectifier uses 4 individual rectifying diodes connected in a "bridged" configuration to
produce the desired output but does not require a special center tapped transformer, thereby reducing its size
and cost. The single secondary winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge network and the load to
the other side. The 4 diodes labeled D arranged in "series pairs" with only two diodes conducting current
during each half cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in se D3 and
D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the load as shown below . During the negative half cycle of
the supply, diodes D3 and D4 conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch of as they are now reverse biased. The
current flowing through the load is the same direction as before.
Procedure:
Without Filter
 I. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
II. Give 6 V, 50Hz Input to the circuit.
III. Measure the rectifier output across the Load and input voltage.

With Filter
I. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
II. Give 6 V, 50Hz Input to the circuit.
III. Connect the Capacitor across the load.
IV. Measure the rectifier output across the different load and input voltage

Circuit Diagram:

Half wave Rectifier – With filter – Without filter

Model graph for half wave rectifier
Simulation waveform for without filter:
Simulation waveform for with filter:
Result:
Thus, the performance characteristics of single-phase Half wave rectifier were obtained.
Experiment - 4
Half Wave Rectifier

Post – Lab Questions

1 . What are the important characteristics of a rectifier circuit

A rectifier is a device that converts AC input current into DC output current.

2. What is meant by transformer utilization factor?

The ratio of DC power available at the load resistor to the AC rating of the

secondary coil of the transformer.

3. Define Peak Inverse voltage.

The maximum voltage a device could withstand in reverse biased direction before

breakdown is called peak inverse voltage.

4. What is a bleeder resistor?

They are used as a safety feature to discharge capacitors to safe voltage levels after power is
removed.
5. Define Rectifier efficiency.

It is the ratio of the output DC power to the input AC power.

 DEPT. Of Computer Science Engineering

SRM IST, Kattankulathur – 603 203

Sub Code & Name: 18CSS201J - ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

Experiment No 04 and 05

Title of Experiment Design and Implementation of Half Wave and Full Wave
Rectifiers using simulation package and demonstrate its working

Name of the candidate Somsubhra Chandra

Register Number RA2111002010013

Date of Experiment 8TH NOVENBER 2021

Mark Split Up

S.No Description Maximum Mark Mark Obtained

1 Oral Viva / Online Quiz 5
2 Execution 10
3 Model Calculation / Result 5
Analysis
Total 20

Staff Signature with date

Aim
 To construct a Half wave and Full wave rectifier using diode and to draw its
performance characteristics.
Apparatus Required:
S.No Particulars Type Range Quantity
1 Diode 1N4001 4
2 Resistor 100 to 10000Ω As per required
3 Capacitor 470µF 1
4 AC voltage source 4V, 50Hz 1
5 Voltage Measurement probe. 2
Software Required: https://www.multisim.com/
1)a) Half wave rectifier
Theory
The process of converting an alternating current into direct current is known as
rectification. The unidirectional conduction property of semiconductor diodes (junction diodes)
is used for rectification. Rectifiers are of two types: (a) Half wave rectifier and (b) Full wave
rectifier.
In a half-wave rectifier circuit, during the positive half-cycle of the input, the diode is
forward biased and conducts. Current flows through the load and a voltage is developed across
it. During the negative half cycle, it is reverse bias and does not conduct. Therefore, in the
negative half cycle of the supply, no current flows in the load resistor as no voltage appears
across it. Thus the dc voltage across the load is sinusoidal for the first half cycle only and a pure
a.c. input signal is converted into a unidirectional pulsating output signal.
Another type of circuit that produces the same output as a full-wave rectifier is that of the
Bridge Rectifier. This type of single-phase rectifier uses 4 individual rectifying diodes
connected in a "bridged" configuration to produce the desired output but does not require a
special center tapped transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost. The single secondary
winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge network and the load to the other side. The
4 diodes labeled D arranged in "series pairs" with only two diodes conducting current during
each half cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in se
D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the load as shown below . During
the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and D4 conduct in series, but diodes D1 and
D2 switch of as they are now reverse biased. The current flowing through the load is the same
direction as before.
Formula:
Half wave rectifier without filter:

I. Vrms= V2m; Vm = Peak voltage magnitude

II. Vdc=Vπm

2
√ ( Vrms ) -1
III. Ripple factor = V dc

IV. % Efficiency = 100%

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠

Half wave rectifier with filter:

Vrpp
I. Vrms ; Vrpp = Peak to peak voltage magnitude

II. Vdc=𝑉𝑚 − V2rpp

III. Ripple factor = Vrms

Vdc

Procedure:
Without Filter
I. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
II. Give 6 V, 50Hz Input to the circuit.
III. Measure the rectifier output across the Load and input voltage.
IV. Plot its performance graph.
With Filter
I. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
II. Give 6 V, 50Hz Input to the circuit.
III. Connect the Capacitor across the load.
IV. Measure the rectifier output across the different load and input voltage V. Plot its
performance graph.

Circuit Diagram:
 Half wave Rectifier – With filter

Half wave Rectifier – Without filter

Model graph for half wave rectifier

Tabulation
Without Filter
Vm (V) Vrms (V) Vdc (V) Ripple Factor Efficiency (%)

5.292 V 2.646 V 1.685 V 0.68 40.55 %

With filter
Load Resistor Vrpp (V) Vrms (V) Vdc (V) Ripple factor
10 Ω 4.64V 1.34 2.86 0.468
25 Ω 4.62V 1.33 2.89 0.460
50Ω 3.90V 1.12 3.26 0.343
100Ω 3.60V 1.04 3.93 0.264
1000Ω 0.82V 0.23 4.85 0.047

Model Calculation
Without filter
With filter:
Simulation waveform for without filter:

Simulation waveform for with filter:

Full wave rectifier

Theory
Another type of circuit that produces the same output as a full-wave rectifier is that of
the Bridge Rectifier. This type of single-phase rectifier uses 4 individual rectifying diodes
connected in a "bridged" configuration to produce the desired output but does not require a
special center tapped transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost. The single secondary
winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge network and the load to the other side. The
4 diodes labeled D arranged in "series pairs" with only two diodes conducting current during
each half cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in se
D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the load as shown below . During
the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and D4 conduct in series, but diodes D1 and
D2 switch of as they are now reverse biased. The current flowing through the load is the same
direction as before.

Model Graph:
FORMULA:
Full wave rectifier without filter:

I. Vrms= Vm; Vm = Peak voltage magnitude

II. Vdc=2 Vπm

2
√ ( Vrms ) -1
III. Ripple factor = V dc

IV. % Efficiency = (𝑉𝑑𝑐 )2 ×100%

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠

Full wave rectifier with filter:

Vrpp
I. Vrms ; Vrpp = Peak to peak voltage magnitude

II. Vdc=𝑉𝑚 − Vrpp

III. Ripple factor = V rms

Vdc

Procedure:
Without Filter
I. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
II. Give 6 V, 50Hz Input to the circuit.
III. Measure the rectifier output across the Load and input voltage.
IV. Plot its performance graph.

With Filter
I. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
II. Give 6 V, 50Hz Input to the circuit.
III. Connect the Capacitor across the load.
IV. Measure the rectifier output across the different Load and input voltage. V. Plot
its performance graph.
Circuit Diagram:

Full wave Rectifier – Without filter

 Full wave Rectifier – With filter
Tabulation
Without Filter
Vm (V) Vrms (V) Vdc (V) Ripple Factor Efficiency (%)

2.3V 1.626V 1.464V 0.482 81.06%

With filter
Load Vrpp (V) Vrms (V) Vdc (V) Ripple factor
Resistance
10 Ω 4.93V 1.424V 0.23V 6.19
25 Ω 3.79V 1.095V 1.39V 0.78
50Ω 2.59V 0.742V 2.63V 0.28
100Ω 1.58V 0.456V 3.64V 0.125
1000Ω 0.20V 0.057V 5.08V 0.011

Model Calculation:
Simulation waveform for without filter:
Simulation waveform for with filter:

Result:
Thus, the performance characteristics of single phase Half wave and Full wave
rectifier were obtained.
 Name:Somsubhra Chandra

Reg no:RA2111002010013

Pre-Lab Ques ons:

1 . List the types of power in an electrical circuit.

. According to the nature of connec ng load in the electrical circuit, AC power

is classified into three parts .
• Ac ve Power.

• Reac ve Power.

• Apparent Power .
2 .What are the powers consumed in a purely resis ve and purely
induc ve circuit?

In a purely resis ve circuit, all circuit power is dissipated by the resistor. Voltage and
current are in phase with each other. In a purely reac ve circuit, no circuit power is
dissipated by the load. Rather, power is alternately absorbed from and returned to
the AC source.

3 .What is desirable power factor, lower or higher?

A higher power factor is more desirable because this would compensate

for losses during transmission and also improves voltage regula on at the load.
Thus,power is used more effec vely.

4 . What is the func on of current coil and pressure coil in wa meters?

The Wa meter is an electrodynamic instrument used for measuring the
electric power of any given electric circuit. The electric power is measured in
Wa s.
Wa meter usually consists of two coils known as Current coil and Poten al coil. The
Current coil is connected in series with the electric circuit whereas the Poten al coil
is connected in parallel. The current flows through the Current coil genera ng an
electromagne c field around the coil. A needle connected to the poten al coil
indicates measurement of the electric power.

5. What are the type of wa meters used in electrical circuits?

There are two types of Wa meters given below: Dynamometer Type Wa meter,
Induc on type Wa meter.

Output Waveform

Voltage

Power

Current
 Simula on Diagram:

Output Waveform

V RMS

Power Consumed

Table:
R Load :

S.No Power(W)
Voltage Current Power Factor
(volts) (Amps) (cos φ = P/VI)

1. 200 0.2 40 1

2. 250 0.25 62.5 1

 3. 300 0.30 90 1
RL Load:
S.No Power(W)
Voltage Current Power Factor
(volts) (Amps) (cos φ = P/VI)

1. 200 0.19 36.4 0.956

2. 250 0.238 56.9 0.956

3. 300 0.286 81.92 0.954

RLC Load:

Voltage Current Power(W)

Power
S.No ( volts) ( Amps)
Factor (cos
φ = P/VI)

1. 200 0.20 40 1

2. 250 0.25 62.59 1

3. 300 0.30 90 1
Model Calcula ons:-

For R load:
1 .P=40W, V=200V, I=0.2A

Cos ∅= P/VI=40/(200)(0.2)=1

2 .P=62.5W, V=250V, I=0.25

 Cos ∅= P/VI=62.5/(250)(0.25)=1

3 .P=90W, V=300V, I=0.30 Cos ∅=

P/VI=90/(300V)(0.30)=1 For RL load:

1 .P=36.4W, V=200V, I=0.19A

Cos ∅= P/VI=36.4/(200)(0.19)=0.956
2 .P=56.9, V=250V, I=0.238A

Cos ∅= P/VI=56.9/(250)(0.238)=0.956

3 .P=81.92W, V=300V, I=0.286A

Cos ∅= P/VI=81.92/(300)(0.286)=0.954

For RLC load:

1 .P=40W, V=200V, I=0.20A

Cos ∅= P/VI=40/(200)(0.2)=1
2 .P=62.5W, V=250V, I=0.25

Cos ∅= P/VI=62.5/(250)(0.25)=1

3 .P=90W, V=300V, I=0.30

Cos ∅= P/VI=90/(300V)(0.30)=1

Result:
The electrical quan es such as voltage, current and power were measured for
R, RL, RLC load and the corresponding power factor was calculated.

Post – Lab Ques ons

1 .What would be the effect in the wa meter reading when the connec on
between M and Cis changed as L and C?
 If connec on between M and C is changed as L and C, it will damage the
wa meter
2 .What would be the effect in the wa meter reading when the connec on
between
M and Lis reversed?
A wa meter has two inputs, a voltage coil and a current coil. If you reverse either

one, the meter will read downward if you reverse both the meter will s ll read

upward 3 .What is a power triangle?

Power Triangle is the representa on of a right angle triangle showing the rela on
between ac ve power, reac ve power and apparent power. Base, Perpendicular and
Hypogenous of this right-angled triangle denotes the Ac ve, Reac ve and Apparent power
respec vely.

4 .What do you mean unity power factor and lagging power factor?

Unity Power Factor is the power factor of 1.0, obtained when current and voltage are in phase, as
in a circuit containing only resistance or in a reac ve circuit at resonance. The term 'lagging power
factor' is used where the load current lags behind the supply voltage. It is a property of an
electrical circuit that signifies that the load current is induc ve.

5 .Write the formula for finding mul plica on factor in LPF wa meter.

Mul plica on Factor =

( voltage range × current range × power factor) / ( range of the wa meter scale).
 Experiment – 7
Design of wiring lay-out for a residence and estimate the quantity of materials
Pre – Lab Questions
1. What is the difference between an isolator and Miniature Circuit Breaker?
Isolator is a manually operated electrical device, but Miniature circuit breaker is a self
operating electrical device.

2. How much current in the sub circuit wiring to switch board in Hall? Current upto 5
amp can be drawn for the devices like Fans, hair dryers, TVs current upto 15 amp can be
drawn for devices like Fridge,washing machine,Heater etc..

3. What are the components in the Main Board?

Main breakers, circuit breakers, bus bars

 4. Draw various types of switches used in wiring.

5. How many 1.5 mm 2 PVC wires can be drawn in a 19 mm PVC pipe for wiring?

Around 13 1.5sqmm wires can be drawn in a 19 mm PVC pipe.

6. Write the purpose of HDBC wire used in residence wiring.

These are stranded circular hard drawn bare copper conductors which are mainly used for
Overhead transmission systems, Overhead traction system, Transformer earthing, etc.

Experiment No. Design of wiring lay-out for a residence and estimating the
3 quantity of materials
Objective
1. To draw a plan for position of switches and switch boards
2. To decide the number of sub circuits
3. To draw the single line diagram and estimate the materials required
Data Given
Tube Light Plug
Rooms Fan Points Light Points
Sl.No. Points Points
1 Hall 2 1 2 2
2 Bed Room 1 1 1 1
3 Kitchen 1 1 1 1
4 Bath Room - - 1 1
5 Toilet - - 1 -
Assumptions
Height of ceiling - 3.5 m
Thickness of wall – 0.3 m
Power factor – 0.8
Power supply – single phase
PVC Conduit – concealed type
Each sub circuit – 800 watts

Connected load calculation

Type of load Quantity Rating Total

tube light 4 40 160

ceiling fan 3 60 180

ordinary light point 6 60 360

plug point load 5 300 1500

Total connected load 2200W

Plan of residence
Lay-out for wiring arrangement

Determination and Arrangement of sub circuits

No. of sub circuits = Connected load / 800 watts
First Sub Circuit:
hall points=7
Second Sub
Circuit:
bedroom and bathroom points=7
Third Sub Circuit:
kitchen points=8

TOTAL=14

Calculation of line current

Line current = Connected load / ( voltage x power factor )

= 2200/230x0.8

= 11.956

Length calculation
For each light on wall (vertical) - 0.5 m from ceiling
For each switch board (vertical) – 2 m from ceiling
For Main Board (vertical) – 1.5 m from ceiling
For sub circuit No. -
Description Length Total Length
Horizontal (ceiling) 5 m+6m+2.5m 13.5 m
Vertical (Wall) 1.5m+2 m+0.5m+0.5m 4.5
Total 18 m
 Wastage 10% 1.8 m
Grand total 19.8 m
For sub circuit No. -
Description Length Total Length
Horizontal (ceiling) 4 m+2m+4m+1.5m+1.5m+1.5m 14.5 m
Vertical (Wall) 1.5m+2 m+0.5m+0.5m+2m+0.5m+0.5m 7.5 m
Wastage 10 % 2.2 m
Grand total 24.2 m
For sub circuit No. –
Description Length Total Length
Horizontal (ceiling) 1 m+2m+2m 5m
Vertical (Wall) 1.5m+2 m+0.5m+0.5m 4.5 m
Wastage 10 % 0.95 m
Grand total 10.45 m
Length and size of PVC pipe / copper wire / earth wire
PVC Pipe

PVC Copper wire length of

the wire 60x3=180m wastage
10% = 18m
total = 198m
Earth wire length of the 14SWG Earth wire= length of the
PVC conduit

=60 m
wastage 10% = 6m

total = 66 m
Single line diagram

Result
The single diagram for the given residence was done and the materials required for
the wiring was estimated.
 Experiment – 3
Design of wiring lay-out for a residence and estimate the quantity of materials
Post – Lab Questions
 1. What is the cross-sectional area of a SWG No. 14 copper wire used for earthing?
Diameter of SWG No.14 copper wire =2.032mm cross sectional area=3.243mm2

2. How much the current carrying capacity of various PVC copper wires with respect
to its cross-sectional area?

3. Why the multi stranded copper wire is used for wiring than single strand wire?
Flexibility. Stranded copper patch cables are the preferred and accepted way to connect
a device inside a room to a keystone jack, for example. The cable might get handled
frequently and the copper strands are able to withstand frequent bending.

4. How to calculate the rating of MCB used in each sub circuit?

: By calculating the maximum Current Flowing Through a Circuit the rating of the
MCB can be calculated. It can also found in the information sticker of the MCB

5. What is the current capacity of SWG No.8 G.I. Wire used for earthing and
mention where it is used?
33.3A. It is used at the DP isolator connected to all the fuses.

6. List few PVC accessories used in concealed type wiring.

PVC conduit bend, PVC Conduit pipe, PVC Conduit Elbow, PVC table.

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

KATTANKULATHUR
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EVALUATION SHEET

Name:
________Somsubhra Chandra_____________________________________________________

Regn. No.: ________RA2111002010013_______________________

Class & Branch: ________MECH A__________________

Title of Experiment: _________________________________________________________

Date of Conduction: ____________________

Date of Submission: ____________________

Sl. Maximum Marks

Marks Split Up Marks Obtained
No. (40)

1 Pre-Lab questions 5

2 Execution of experiment 15

3 Calculation / Evaluation of Result 10

4 Post Lab questions 5

Online quiz /viva

5 5

Total 40
Signature of Staff with date
 Experiment – 7
Design of wiring lay-out for a residence and estimate the quantity of materials
Pre – Lab Questions
1. What is the difference between an isolator and Miniature Circuit Breaker?

2. How much the current in the sub circuit wiring to switch board in Hall?

3. What are the components in Main Board?

4. Draw various types of switches used in wiring.

5. How many 1.5 mm 2 PVC wires can be drawn in a 19 mm PVC pipe for wiring?

6. Write the purpose of HDBC wire used in residence wiring.

Experiment No. Design of wiring lay-out for a residence and estimating the
3 quantity of materials
Objective
1. To draw a plan for position of switches and switch boards
2. To decide the number of sub circuits
3. To draw the single line diagram and estimate the materials required
Data Given
Tube Light Plug
Rooms Fan Points Light Points
Sl.No. Points Points
1 Hall 2 2 2 2
2 Bed Room 1 1 1 1 1
3 Bed Room2 1 1 1 1
4 bathroom1 - - 1 1
5 bathroom 2 - - 1 1
6 toilet 1 - - 1 -
7 toilet 2 - - 1 -
8 dining area 1 1 1 1
9 kitchen 1 1 1 1
10 TOTAL 6 6 10 8
Assumptions
Height of ceiling - 3.5 m
Thickness of wall – 0.3 m
Power factor – 0.8
Power supply – single phase
PVC Conduit – concealed type
Each sub circuit – 800
watts Connected load calculation
tube lights: 6*40=240W
fans:6*60=360W
Light points:10*60=600W
Plug points:8*300=2400W
TOTAL: 3600W
Plan of residence
Lay-out for wiring arrangement

Determination and Arrangement of sub circuits

No. of sub circuits = Connected load / 800 watts
First sub circuit:-1
Hall connections:-8
Second sub circuit:-2
Kitchen:-8
Third sub circuit:-3
Bed room 1 connections:-7
Bed room 2:-7
Fourth sub circuit:-4
Calculation of line current

Line current = Connected load / ( voltage x powerfactor )

= 3600/230x0.8

= 12.521 A

Length calculation
For each light on wall (vertical) - 0.5 m from ceiling
For each switch board (vertical) – 2 m from ceiling
For Main Board (vertical) – 1.5 m from ceiling
For sub circuit No. -
Description Length Total Length
Horizontal (ceiling) 2 m+2m+8m+2.5m 14.5 m
Vertical (Wall) 1.5m+1.5m+2m+0.5m+0.5 m 6m
 Wastage 10 % 2.05 m
Grand total 22.55m=23 m
For sub circuit No. -
Description Length Total Length
Horizontal (ceiling) 4 m+1m+1m+1m+2m 9m
Vertical (Wall) 0.5m+0.5m+1.5m+1.5m+2 m 6m
Wastage 10 % 1.5 m
Grand total 16.5 m~17m
For sub circuit No. –
Description Length Total Length
Horizontal (ceiling) 1.5m+1.5m+2m+1 m+1.5m 7.5 m
Vertical (Wall) 0.5m+0.5m+1.5m+1.5 m 4m
Wastage 10 % 1.15 m
Grand total 12.65 m~13m
For sub circuit No. –
Description Length Total Length
Horizontal (ceiling) 7 m+4m+3m 14 m
Vertical (Wall) 1.5m+0.5m+2 m 4m
Wastage 10 % 1.8 m
Grand total 19.8 m~20m
Length and size of PVC pipe / copper wire / earth wire
PVC Pipe
Total length of 19mm PVC
pipe=20m+13m+17m+23m=73m(75m) PVC Copper wire
length of wire=3x75=225m wastage 10%=22.5m total=247.5m
(250m)
Earth wire
Length of the 14swg earth wire = length of PVC pipe=75m
wastage 10%=7.5M
grand total=82.5m (83m)
Single line diagram

Result
The single diagram for the given residence was done and the materials required for
the wiring was estimated.
Schedule of materials

Description of materials Quantity

Sl.No.

1 16 A,250V grade DP isolator switch 1

2 4 way,250V,6A distribution box 1

3 PVC pipe 250V grade 1.5mm copper wire 250 m

 4 19 mm PVC conduit pipe 75 m

5 Ceiling rose PVC type 6A 240V 7

6 Plug socket with switches 3 pin 5A 5

7 Batten holder 250V 6

8 Flush type switch 5A,250V 13

9 19 mm PVC conduit elbow 1

10 19 mm PVC conduit bend 10

11 TW BOARDS (30 BY 20)cm 4

12 TW BOARDS (15 BY 10)cm 1

13 6 A 250v MCB 4

PVC conduit junction

box: single way two 8
8
14 way
7
three way
7
four way

15 Earthing set 1

16 8 S.W.G.H.D.B.C WIRE 5m

17 Wooden screws req no.

18 PVC insulated tape(½) 2 roll

19 14 S.W.G.H.D.B.C WIRE 83 m

20 Earthing thimbles with nuts and bolts 2

Experiment – 3
Design of wiring lay-out for a residence and estimate the quantity of materials
Post – Lab Questions
1. What is the cross-sectional area of a SWG No. 14 copper wire used for earthing?
 2. How much the current carrying capacity of various PVC copper wires with
respect to its cross-sectional area?

3. Why the multi stranded copper wire is used for wiring than single strand wire?

4. How to calculate the rating of MCB used in each sub circuit?

5. What is the current capacity of SWG No.8 G.I. Wire used for earthing and
mention where it is used?

6. List few PVC accessories used in concealed type wiring.

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

KATTANKULATHUR
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EVALUATION SHEET

Name:
________Somsubhra Chandra
_____
Regn. No.: _________RA2111002010013______________________

Class & Branch: _____MECH A_____________________

Title of Experiment: _________________________________________________________

Date of Conduction: ____________________

Date of Submission: ____________________

Sl. Maximum Marks

Marks Split Up Marks Obtained
No. (40)

1 Pre-Lab questions 5

2 Execution of experiment 15

3 Calculation / Evaluation of Result 10

4 Post Lab questions 5

Online quiz /viva

5 5

Total 40
Signature of Staff with
date
 Experiment – 8
Measurement of energy using three -phase energy meter
Pre – Lab Questions
1. What are the rating of a three phase energy meter?
The rating of a three phase energy meter is 10-40 Amperes.

2. What is the difference between single-phase and three-phase energy?

In a single phase power supply, the power is supplied through two wires called Phase
and neutral. three phase power supply, the power is supplied through three wires. The voltage
of single phase supply is 230 V whereas in three phase supply it is 415 V.

3. What is the principle of operation of an electronic three-phase energy meter?

The working principle of the three phase energy meter is similar to that of Single phase
energy meter. When the load is connected to the meter both the pressure coil and
the current coil of the two elements mounted on the shunt and series magnet
produces magnetic lux. This lux when links with the discs cause an eddy current to
low in it.
Interaction of eddy currents with the lux imposed by the two coils causes the
production of torque on discs. Since two discs are attached to one spindle, the torque
exerted on the two discs added mechanically. Hence, rotation of the shaft gives the 3-
phase energy consumed.

4. Name the terminals of single-phase energy meter.

Ans: There are two terminals in single-phase energy meter they are

1 . Current terminal

2 Voltage terminal

5. Write the components in three-phase energy meter.

The Components of the three-phase Energy meter are

1 .Pressure coil

2.Metal Disc

3.Breaking Magnet
4. Current Coil

5.Shunt Magnet

6.Series Magnet

7.Spindle

6. Write short notes on creeping.

Whenever there is a current passing through the current coil with the coil excited, the
disc of the energy meter rotates and measures the amount of energy consumed.
Experiment
No. Measurement of energy using three-phase energy meter
8
Objective
1. To measure the energy consumed in a three-phase resistive circuit
2. To find error in three-phase energy meter

Apparatus Required
S.No. Components Range/Type Quantity
1 Ammeter 0 – 10 A 1
2 Wattmeter 5 A / 10 A, 150 / 300 / 600 V, UPF 2
3 Resistive load Three-phase, W 1
4 Energy meter 415 V, 10 – 20 A Three-phase 1
5 Connecting wire - As required
Circuit Diagram
Theory
Energy meters are interesting instruments and are used for measurements of energy in
a circuit over a given period of time. Since the working principle of such instrument
is based on electromagnetic induction, these are known as induction type energy meters.
As shown in fig.1, there are two coils in an induction type energy meter namely current
coil (CC) and voltage coil (VC), the current coil is connected in series with the load
while the voltage coil is connected across the load. The aluminium disc experiences
deflecting torque due to eddy current induced in it and its rotation are counted by a gear
train mechanism.
The rating associated with the energy meter are:
1 . Voltage rating 2. Current rating 3. Frequency rating 4. Meter constant
Formulae Used (3 φ Energy Meter)
 1. Energy meter constant 240 revolutions = 1kWhr 1 revolution = = 1500
(𝑊−𝑠)
E i = Energy for n revolution = n x 1500 (W-s)
2. Total power (P) = W 1 + W 2 ( W)

3. E c – Calculated energy = P ⋅ t (W-s)

(𝐸−𝐸)
4. % Error = 𝑖 𝐸 𝑐 ×100
𝑖

Precaution
1. The metal part of all appliances to be checked for properly earthed
2. Make sure that the supply connections protected with 4 pole MCB
3. Handle care while giving connection and ensure safety of it.

Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply.
3. Load is increased in steps and each time the meter readings are noted and
also the
time for one revolution is also noted down.
4. Repeat the step 3 till the rated current is reached.
5. Ensure that the current reading showing by ammeter does not exceed ____ A.
6. Switch off the power supply.
7. Calculate the energy (indicated / calculated) and its error using the given formula
8. Draw the graph for current vs % error

Connections diagram
Tabulation
 Time Wat Wat Wat Watt Calc Indicat Percentag
Sl.No Current( tmet tmet tmet meter ulat ed e
A) Taken er-1 er-1 er-2 -2 ed Error
For Obs Actu Obs Actu Ene Energy
‘n’ ( %)
erve al erve al rgy Ei (w-
revolut ( W)* s)
d ( d E
ions ( t M.F
( W) ( ( w-
secs)
W) W) s
*M. )
F (
W1
+
W
2)
*t
1 2.656 15 159
528. 533. 529. 534. 50. 15869.9 0.506206
512 797 545 52
29 635
8404
5
2 1.328 12.5
264. 266. 264. 267. 665 6617.36 0.512468
256 899 773 1.2 4
293
4207 76
3
3 0.885 8
176. 177. 176. 178. 283 2821.48 0.500204
170 931 515 5.6 8
148
2801 01
5
4 0.664 6
132. 133. 132. 133. 159 1587.08 0.500487
128 449 386 5.0 4
687
7098 27
6
5 0.531 4
105. 106. 105. 106. 850 846.446 0.500251
702 759 909 .68 64
9680 04
9
Tabulation

Model graph
Result
The measurement of energy using three phase energy meter for the given load
was done and the errors were notified.
Experiment – 8
Measurement of energy using three-phase energy meter
Post – Lab Questions
1. For the electronic meter constant of 1600 impulse/ kWh, the time taken for 1 pulse for
a load of 2200 W is

2.62 sec

2. The electronic meter constant is 1600 impulse/ kWh. If the time taken for 4 impulses
are 100 secs, the connected load will be

2304 watts

3. What would be the time taken for 4 impulses if the load is 20 % increased from
Q.No.2

8.34 secs
 4. What would be the time taken for 4 impulses if the load is 20 % decreased from
Q.No.2

12.49 secs

5. What is the connection for the current coil in a three-phase energy meter?
Series Magnet

6. What is the connection for a voltage coil in a three-phase energy meter?

Shunt Magnet

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

KATTANKULATHUR
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EVALUATION SHEET

Name: _____Somsubhra Chandra_______

Regn. No.: _RA2111002010013__

Class & Branch: __Mech A__

Title of Experiment: _________________________________________________________

Date of Conduction: ____________________

Date of Submission: ____________________

Sl. Maximum Marks

Marks Split Up Marks Obtained
No. (40)

1 Pre-Lab questions 5

2 Execution of experiment 15
 3 Calculation / Evaluation of Result 10

4 Post Lab questions 5

5 Online quiz /viva 5

Total 40
Signature of Staff with date

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

KATTANKULATHUR
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EVALUATION SHEET

Name: ___Somsubhra Chandra_____

Regn. No.: ____RA2111002010013_____

Class & Branch: __ mech A___

Title of Experiment: _________________________________________________________

Date of Conduction: ____________________

Date of Submission: ____________________

Sl. Maximum Marks

Marks Split Up Marks Obtained
No. (40)

1 Pre-Lab questions 5

2 Execution of experiment 15

3 Calculation / Evaluation of Result 10

4 Post Lab questions 5

 5 Online quiz /viva 5

Total 40
Signature of Staff with date
Experiment – 9
Measurement of energy using single-phase energy meter
Pre – Lab Questions
1. What are the rating of a single-phase energy meter?

230 V, 0-10 A.

2. What is energy in watt-sec for 0.1 kWh?

3 ,60,000 watt-sec.

3. What is the principle of operation of an energy meter?

There are two coils in an induction type energy meter namely current coil ( CC)
and voltage coil (VC), the current coil is connected in series with the load while
the voltage coil is connected across the load. The aluminum disc experiences
deflecting torque due to eddy current induced in it and its rotation are counted by a gear
train mechanism.

4. Name the terminals of single-phase energy meter.

Single Phase Voltage and Current.

5. Write the components in single-phase energy meter.

The Components of the single-phase Energy meter are
1.Pressure coil

2.Metal Disc
3.Breaking Magnet

4. Current Coil

5.Shunt Magnet

6.Series Magnet

7.Spindle

6. Write short notes on phantom loading.

Phantom Loading is a loading condition in which an energy meter is connected to factious or

phantom load for testing of energy meter with high current rating. Such loading is favorable
to avoid wastage of energy during the test of measurement instrument.

Pressure coil (PC) is connected across the source and Current coil in series with the load for
the test purpose. In another words, we can say that meter is directly connected to the load.
This is known as direct loading. Direct loading of meter for testing is only adopted where the
current rating of meter is considerably low. This method of directly connecting the meter to
the circuit leads to wastage of appreciable amount of energy when the current rating of
energy meter is high. Therefore, we must devise a new way to test energy meters having high
current rating. Phantom Loading is that new way. In Phantom Loading, the pressure coil is
connected to the normal supply voltage and the current coil (CC) circuit is connected to a low
voltage supply (phantom voltage). As the impedance of CC is low, therefore it is possible to
circulate rated current through the CC with low voltage supply. The arrangement is shown
below. In the figure value of voltages are just taken for example. These values will vary with
rating of meter.

Experiment
No. Measurement of energy using single-phase energy meter
9
Objective
1. To measure the energy consumed in a single-phase resistive circuit
2. To find error in energy meter
Apparatus Required
S.No. Components Range/Type Quantity
1 Ammeter 0 – 10 A 1
2 Voltmeter 0 – 300 V 1
3 Resistive load Single-phase, W 1
4 Energy meter 230 V, 10 – 20 A Single-phase 1
5 Connecting wire - As required
Circuit Diagram

Theory
Energy meters are interesting instruments and are used for measurements of energy in
a circuit over a given period of time. Since the working principle of such instrument
is based on electromagnetic induction, these are known as induction type energy meters.
As shown in fig.1, there are two coils in an induction type energy meter namely current
coil (CC) and voltage coil (VC), the current coil is connected in series with the load
while the voltage coil is connected across the load. The aluminium disc experiences
deflecting torque due to eddy current induced in it and its rotation are counted by a gear
train mechanism.
The rating associated with the energy meter are:
1 . Voltage rating 2. Current rating 3. Frequency rating 4. Meter constant

Formulae Used (Single-phase energy meter)

1. Using energy meter constant 750 revolutions = 1kWh 1 revolution = 1 ⋅ 1000 ⋅

3600 / 750 = 4800 W-s

 Indicated energy for one revolution E i = 4800 W-s
2. Calculated energy E c = V x I x T W-s
T – Time taken for n revolution in seconds
(𝐸−𝐸)
3. % Error = 𝑖 𝐸 𝑐 100
𝑖

Precaution
1. The metal part of all appliances to be checked for properly earthed
2. Make sure that the supply connections protected with MCB
3. Handle care while giving connection and ensure safety of it.

Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply.
3. Load is increased in steps and each time the meter readings are noted and
also the
time for one revolution is also noted down.
4. Repeat the step 3 till the rated current is reached.
5. Ensure that the current reading showing by ammeter does not exceed ____ A.
6. Switch off the power supply.
7. Calculate the energy (indicated / calculated) and its error using the given formula
8. Draw the graph for current vs % error

Connections diagram
Tabulation
Calculated Indicated
Time taken for Percentage
Energy energy
Sl.No Voltage Current ‘n’ revolutions error
. ( V) ( A) ( secs) E c E i ( %)
( w-s) ( w-s)

4
 5

Model graph

Result
The measurement of energy using single phase energy meter for the given
load was done and the errors were notified.
Experiment – 9
Measurement of energy using single-phase energy meter
Post – Lab Questions
1. For the meter constant of 750 rev / kWh, the time taken for 1 revolution for a load of
2200 W is

1.23 sec

2. The meter constant is 750 rev / kWh. If the time taken for 4 revolutions is 100 secs,
the connected load will be

108 watts
 3. What would be the time taken for 4 revolutions if the load is 20 % increased from
Q.No.2

20.38 secs

4. What would be the time taken for 4 revolutions if the load is 20 % decreased from
Q.No.2

31.2 secs

5. The meaning for the positive error is

Positive error mean the observed reading is greater than the actual value
6. The meaning for the negative error is

Negative error mean the observed reading is lower than the actual value.
 SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
KATTANKULATHUR
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EVALUATION SHEET

Name: Somsubhra Chandra

Regn. No.: RA2111002010013

Class & Branch: Mechanical A

Title of Experiment: _________________________________________________________

Date of Conduction: ____________________

Date of Submission: ____________________

Sl. Maximum Marks

Marks Split Up Marks Obtained
No. (40)

1 Pre-Lab questions 5

2 Execution of experiment 15

3 Calculation / Evaluation of Result 10

4 Post Lab questions 5

5 Online quiz /viva 5

Total 40
Signature of Staff with date
Experiment – 10
Troubleshooting of equipment: fan and iron box
Pre – Lab Questions
1. Mention the various parts in iron box

Ans: Sole Plate, Pressure Plate, Heating Element, Cover Plate, Handle, Thermostat,
Capacitor, Behind cover.

2. Name the type of motor used in fan, mixer, grinder, etc.

Universal Motor

3. Explain the working of fan

First, the capacitor of the ceiling fan torques up the electric motor, thereby causing it to
start and run. As the electrical current reaches the motor, it enters coils of wire that are
wrapped around a metal base. When this current passes through the wire, it creates a
magnetic ield which further exerts force in a clockwise motion. In this way, the electric
energy is converted into mechanical energy and causes the motor coils to spin. The blades
attached to the motor also start gaining motion with the spinning of the coils.

4. What is the difference between ceiling fan and pedestal fan?

Mobility: The ceiling fan cannot be moved easily while you can carry pedestal fan.

2. Method of Power supply: Ceiling fan has direction connection to

circuit, while the pedestal fan needs a plug point to get power supply.

3. Range of air circulation: Ceiling can circulate air to whole room

while pedestal fan concentrates the circulation to the area pointed at.

5. What are the problems encountered in fan?

1. Noise

2. Low Speed

3.Jamming of Motor
4.Not Starting
Experiment No.
Troubleshooting of equipment: fan and iron box
10
Objective
1. To study about the trouble shooting of electrical equipments like fan and iron box

Apparatus Required
S.No. Components Quantity
1 Ceiling fan and Iron Box 1 No. each
 Troubleshooting of ceiling fan

Sl.No. Fault Cause Remedy

The bearings must be
It is due to worn out replaced if worn out;
bearings and absence of otherwise lubricate with
lubricating oil or grease proper lubricant

1 Noise Humming or induction

noise is due to non-
uniform air gap owing Dismantle and
to the displacement of reassemble properly
rotor.

Replace the capacitor

It is due to defective or with one of the same
leaky capacitor values and voltage
3 Low speed
Check the voltage and
Low voltage applied adjust it possible

Dismantle and assemble

4 Jamming of rotor It is due to misalignment property after proper
lubrication

Check the voltage and

Low applied voltage adjust if possible

Check the supply points

at switch regulator ceiling
Supply failure rose and the terminal of
the fan

Check for the continuity

5 Not starting of auxiliary and
Open in winding
main winding

Check the capacitor with

Condenser open or short a megger

Check for open or loose

Open in regulator resistor contact in the resistor or
contacts
Troubleshooting of electric iron box
Sl.No. Trouble Possible Causes Corrective Action To Be Taken
No power at outlet Check outlet for power
Defective cord or plug Repair or replace
1 No heat
Loose terminal connections Check and tighten the terminals
Broken lead in iron Repair or replace lead
 Loose thermostat control knob
Defective thermostat
Defective heater element
If cast in, replace sole-plate
assembly
Clean and tighten
Replace thermostat
replace the element if separate
Open terminal fuse replace

Low line voltage Check voltage at outlet

2 Insufficient heat
Incorrect thermostat setting Adjust and recalibrate thermostat
Adjust and recalibrate thermostat
Incorrect thermostat setting or replace
3 Excessive heat
Defective thermostat Replace thermostat
First repair the thermostat
control.
4 Blisters on sole-plate Excessive heat
Then replace or repair the sole-
plate
Remove these spots with fine
Rough spot, nick, scratch, emergy and polish the area with
5 Tears Clothes
burn on sole-plate buff.

Check the thermostat switch

contact. Open them by force. The
Iron cannot be Thermostat switch contacts contact points should be in open
6
turned off are welded together condition at off position of the
control knob

Loose connection Clean and tighten

7 Power cord
Broken wire Repair or replace
Dirty sole-plate Clean
Iron at a lower temperature. Use
Excessive starch in clothes less starch next time.
8 Sticks to clothes Wrong setting of the
thermostat knob Set the knob to correct temperature

Iron too hot for fabric

being ironed Lower the thermostat setting

Check earth connection and

Disconnected earth connection connect properly

Check insulation resistance of

Weak insulation of heating heating element; If necessary
9 Iron gives shock
element replace element

Earth continuity with Check the main earth continuity

common earth not available and connect properly
Parts of electric iron box
Connection Diagram
 Arrangement of thermostat

General Arrangement of electric iron box

Connection diagram of ceiling fan

 Internal Parts of ceiling fan - 1

External Parts of ceiling fan - 2

Result
The troubleshooting of ceiling fan and electric iron box were studied.
Experiment – 10
Troubleshooting of equipment: fan and iron box
Post – Lab Questions
1. Name few problems in iron box

1. No heat

2. Iron Gives Shock

3. Cloths Sticks to Iron

4. Power Cord

2. What is the power consumption of various electrical gadgets?

Fan - 45watts

Iron – 1100watts

Refrigerator- 90kWh

Mobile Phone- 5watts

3. Mention the various parts of fan motor

1 .Top canopy

2 .Down Rod

3 .Bottom Canopy
 4 .Blades

5 .Rotor

6 .Stator

7 .Ball Bearing

8 .Spindle

9 .Top and Bottom

10.Cover
11.Fix Screw

4. What is the use of capacitor in fan?

The capacitor is used not only to start the fan but also to make it spin. In simple
words, the capacitor creates a magnetic flux ( torque) which makes the fan rotate. A
motor with either a start or run capacitor becomes an electrical capacitor that changes
the current to multiple windings of a single-phase AC induction motor. This creates a
magnetic torque. In other words, a fan will have a single-phase induction motor in it.
The problem here is that this motor does not start by itself. It requires an external force to
run it at the time of starting.

To overcome this shortcoming, a capacitor is used. It is connected across a part of the

winding in the fan motor.

5. When a low voltage is supplied to fan, what happens and why?

A low voltage is a major cause of motor overheating and premature failure. A low
voltage forces a motor to draw extra current to deliver the power expected of it thus
overheating the motor winding

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 KATTANKULATHUR
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EVALUATION SHEET

Name: ___Somsubhra Chandra____

Regn. No.: __RA211100201013___

Class & Branch: _Mech A_

Title of Experiment: _________________________________________________________

Date of Conduction: ____________________

Date of Submission: ____________________

Sl. Maximum Marks

Marks Split Up Marks Obtained
No. (40)

1 Pre-Lab questions 5

2 Execution of experiment 15

3 Calculation / Evaluation of Result 10

4 Post Lab questions 5

5 Online quiz/viva 5

Total 40
Signature of Staff with date
Experiment No. 11
Design of Solar system for small houses
Pre-Lab Questions
1. What is Renewable Energy?

Renewable energy is energy from sources that are naturally replenishing but low-
limited; renewable resources are virtually inexhaustible in duration but limited in the
amount of energy that is available per unit of time.

2. How do photovoltaics work?

 When sunlight hits the top silicon layer, it ‘excites’ the electrons and gives
them enough energy to move. The electrons begin to flow from the top layer
to the bottom. And as we know, when a bunch of electrons starts to move
along in the same direction, we have electricity. Put two metal contacts on
either side of the silicon sandwich and we have electricity moving through a
circuit. The electricity generated by PV solar cells is DC (direct current). The
electricity used in your house is AC (alternating current). So the current from the
solar panel system has to go through an inverter, to convert it from DC to AC before
it can be supplied into our house.

3. How can we get electricity from the sun?

Solar radiation may be converted directly into electricity by solar cells (photovoltaic cells). In such
cells, a small electric voltage is generated when light strikes the junction between a metal and a
semiconductor (such as silicon) or the junction between two different semiconductors

4. Why is solar sometimes termed the primary renewable energy?

Solar energy being the natural source of energy from the sunlight, which is present on earth
in abundance. With just the sunlight, we can convert the energy into electricity. This energy
is clean and sustainable. These are the bene its that solar energy entails make it the primary
source of renewable energy

5. How much solar energy reaches the earth’s surface at any given moment?

A total of 173,000 terawatts (trillions of watts) of solar energy strikes the Earth continuously
Experiment No.
Design of Solar system for small houses
11
Objective
1. Understanding the basic concepts Solar PV system.
2. To design a Solar PV system suitable to a given location and end-use requirements.
 Study of Solar PV system Design

Aim

To study the basic concepts of Solar PV system and planning a solar electric system for
small house (1KW)

SOLAR PV SYSTEM

Solar photovoltaic system or Solar power system is one of renewable

energy system which uses PV modules to convert sunlight into electricity. The
electricity generated can be either stored or used directly, fed back into grid line or
combined with one or more other electricity generators or more renewable energy
source. Solar PV system is very reliable and clean source of electricity that can suit
a wide range of applications such as residence, industry, agriculture, livestock, etc.

The main layers of a solar cell are

 SOLAR MODULE

A PV module consists of a number of series connected solar cells (typically 36 connected in

series) encapsulated into a single, long-lasting, stable unit. It’s rating in watt peak (Wp).

It has 6 stages:
1. Aluminum Frame: Use to support the solar panel.
2. Toughened Glass: Use to protect the solar cells from environmental elements.
Having up to six times the strength of normal plate glass
3. EVA Sheet: Ethyl vinyl acetate sheet is a thin plastic sheet, called an encapsulant –
Solar cells are sensitive to moisture, oxygen and weather.
4. Solar Cell: For electricity.
5. Backsheet: A backsheet is needed to protect the solar cells and electrical
components from water and hot temperatures. A polymer sheet is used.
6. Junction Box: For Connections.

Solar modules are

⮚ Available in 10 W to 300 Wp
⮚ No. of cell may be 36, 48, 54, 60, 72

⮚ One cell has 0.5 to 0.6 V

⮚ Module voltage may be 12, 24, 36 V

⮚ The area of 250 W, 60 Cell panel is 6 x 3 foot

SOLAR PANEL

Solar panel is the no. of solar module connected in series to get higher voltage.
SOLAR ARRAY OR STRING

Solar array is the no. of solar panels connected in parallel to get higher power.
WORKING OF SOLAR CELL

When sunlight hits the top silicon layer, it ‘excites’ the electrons and gives
them enough energy to move. The electrons begin to flow from the top layer to the
bottom. And as we know, when a bunch of electrons starts to move along in the same
direction, we have electricity. Put two metal contacts on either side of the silicon
sandwich and we have electricity moving through a circuit.
The electricity generated by PV solar cells is DC (direct current). The
electricity used in your house is AC ( alternating current). So the current from the
solar panel system has to go through an inverter, to convert it from DC to AC before it
can be supplied into our house.

TYPES OF SOLAR MODULE

1. Monocrystalline solar panels :

The most efficient and expensive solar panels are made with Monocrystalline cells.
These solar cells use very pure silicon and involve a complicated crystal growth process.
Long silicon rods are produced which are cut into slices of 4 mm thick discs or wafers
which are then processed into individual cells that are wired together in the solar panel.

2. Polycrystalline solar panels:

Often called Multi-crystalline, solar panels made with Polycrystalline cells are a little
less expensive & slightly less efficient than Monocrystalline cells because the cells are
not grown in single crystals but in a large block of many crystals. This is what gives
them that striking shattered glass appearance. Like Monocrystalline cells, they are also then
sliced into wafers to produce the individual cells that make up the solar panel.
3. Amorphous solar panels:
These are not really crystals, but a thin layer of silicon deposited on a base material
such as metal or glass to create the solar panel. These Amorphous solar panels are
much cheaper, but their energy efficiency is also much less so more square footage is
required to produce the same amount of power as the Monocrystalline or Polycrystalline
type of solar panel. Amorphous solar panels can even be made into long sheets of
roofing material to cover large areas of a south facing roof surface.

DESIGN AND COSTING OF SOLAR ROOFTOP PLANT FOR A HOME

Consider five points for design:

1. Load calculation and plant capacity
2. Calculation of numbers of solar modules and rating
3. Rooftop Area
4. Inverter Size and
5. Total cost estimation of the system.

1. Load calculation and plant capacity:

The sanction load is mention in your home light bill, suppose it is 3 kW then as per Govt.
Solar Power policy, you can set up 1.5 KW (50% of the sanction load) capacity plant at your
home.
In light bill, suppose 2 month Usage reading is 211 kWh
Then, 211 x 1000=211000 Wh (2 Month=60 days)
211000/60=3517 Wh/day = 3.5 Unit per day

2. Calculation of numbers of solar modules required: Total PV panel’s

energy required:
3517 X 1.3 = 4572 Wh/day
Where 1.3 factors is the energy lost in the system.
Total Wp rating of panels: 4572/4.56 =1002.63 Wp = 1 KWp
( Where 4.56 is the “panel generation factor” For Tamilnadu)
 Total No. of PV panels required:
Modules are available in 100 W, 200 W, and 250 W etc. If we choose 250 W solar module
then 1058.33/250 = 4.01 = 5
So this system should be powered by at least 5 modules of 250 Wp rating
Hence, numbers of solar modules required=5

3 . Rooftop Area:
Normally, one panel of 250 W required 1.62 m 2 Area.
As per calculation, 5 panels of 250 W needed.
Then 1.62 x 5 = 8 m 2 Area + as per thumb rule 30% extra area required,
2
So, 8+2.4= 10.2 m
In round Figure 10 m 2 shaded free area required

4 . Inverter Size:
The total wattage of the Home appliances is 1013 Watts,
So, 1 kW Capacity inverter required.

5 . Total cost estimation of the system: The below rate is as per current market:
Required Equipment Rate per Watt Total Cost
Solar Panel (250 W x 5 ) 30 37,500
Inverter (1 kW) 18 18,000
Structure 6 6000
Cable 6 6000
File Charge 1.5 1500
Labor 3 3000
Total Plant Cost 72 ,000/-
Required Equipment Rate per Watt Total
Summary of 1 KW Solar rooftop plant:

⮚ Area Required

⮚ No. of Panels Required

: 100 Square Feet. (10 m 2
⮚ No. of Units Generated per day
)
⮚ Inverter Size : 5 of 250 Wp
: 4
⮚ Total Cost of Plant : 1 kW
: Rs.72000/-
⮚ Cost of Plant at customer level : Rs.40,000/-
Result
 Thus the Solar PV system suitable to small houses was studied and total cost
for 1 kW solar system was estimated.
Experiment No. 11
Design of Solar system for small houses
Post-Lab Questions

1. Design a Solar PV system for the given requirements

2 CFLs(18 watts each),2 fans (60 watts each) for 6hrs a day,
Calculate
● Load estimation
● Estimation of number of PV panels
● Estimation of battery bank
● Cost estimation of the system.

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
KATTANKULATHUR
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EVALUATION SHEET

Name: Somsubhra Chandra

Regn. No.: RA2111002010013

Class & Branch: Mechanical A

Title of Experiment: _________________________________________________________

Date of Conduction: ____________________

Date of Submission: ____________________

Sl. Maximum Marks

Marks Split Up Marks Obtained
No. (40)

1 Pre-Lab questions 5

2 Execution of experiment 15
 3 Calculation / Evaluation of Result 10

4 Post Lab questions 5

5. Online quiz /viva 5

Total 40
Signature of Staff with date
Experiment – 10
Study of D.C, A.C. Motor and Transformer
Pre – Lab Questions

1. What are the major parts of the DC generators?

The Major parts of DC generators are yoke, poles, pole shoes, armature core, armature winding,
commutator, brushes, magnetic ield system, commutator, end housings, bearings, and Shafts.

2. Give the classification of AC machines.

There are two types of AC generators and they are:

1.Induction generators

2.Synchronous generators Difference:

An induction generator is also known as an asynchronous generator that has a working

principle similar to that of an AC generator. The only difference between a normal AC generator
and an induction generator is that the induction generator is a rotating device. It is known as
asynchronous because the speed of the induction generator is less than that of the synchronous
generator.

3. What is the use of brushes in D.C.Motor?

Brushed DC motor s are one of the simplest types of DC motor. It uses brushes to deliver
current to the motor windings through mechanical commutation

4. In a D.C.Motor, the rectification process carried out in order to get unidirectional output
D.C. This rectification process is carried out by

Rectifier
 5. Why the armature of D.C.motor is laminated?

The armature of the D.C Motor is laminated to Prevent/Minimize the eddy current losses by
increase the resistance of the armature

Experiment No.
Study of D.C, A. C Machines and Transformer and its parts
10
Objective
1. To understand the construction and principles of operation of D.C.Motor, A.C.Motor
and Transformer
2. To understand the function of each part of the machines

Apparatus Required
S.No. Components Quantity
1 Commutator, brush, field 1 No.
winding, Armature, yoke, pole,
conductors, shaft of a D.C.Motor
2 Cage rotor, stator, conductors, 1 No.
core stampings, shaft, bearing of
a squirrel cage Induction Motor
3 Transformer 1 No.
Study of DC and AC Machine Parts

Aim: To know the construction of practical DC, AC machines and identify the parts.

DC Generator:
A DC generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. This energy conversion is on the principle of production of dynamically
induced emf.
The basic construction and working of DC generator is outlined below.
Construction of DC Machine:
A DC generator can be used as a DC motor without any constructional changes
and vice versa is also possible. Thus, a DC generator or a DC motor can be broadly
termed as a DC machine. The basic constructional details are valid for the construction
of both DC motor and generator.
The above figures show the constructional details of a simple 4-pole DC machine . A
DC machine consists of two basic parts; stator and rotor. Basic constructional parts of a
DC machine are described below.
Yoke: The outer frame of a DC machine is called as yoke. It is made up of cast iron
or steel. It not only provides mechanical strength to the whole assembly but also carries
the magnetic flux produced by the field winding.
Pole and Pole shoes: Poles are joined to the yoke with the help of bolts or welding.
They carry field winding and pole shoes are fastened to them. Pole shoes serve two
purposes; ( i) they support field coils and (ii) spread out the flux in air gap uniformly.
Field winding: They are usually made of copper. Field coils are former wound and placed
on each pole and are connected in series. They are wound in such a way that, when
energized, they form alternate North and South poles.
Armature core: Armature core is the rotor of a dc machine. It is cylindrical in shape with
slots to carry armature winding. The armature is built up of thin laminated circular steel
disks for reducing eddy current losses. It may be provided with air ducts for the axial air
flow for cooling purposes. Armature is keyed to the shaft.
 Armature winding : It is usually a former wound copper coil which rests in armature
slots. The armature conductors are insulated from each other and also from the armature
core. Armature winding can be wound by one of the two methods; lap winding or wave
winding. Double layer lap or wave windings are generally used. A double layer winding
means that each armature slot will carry two different coils.
Commutator and brushes: Physical connection to the armature winding is made through
a commutator-brush arrangement. The function of a commutator, in a dc generator, is to
collect the current generated in armature conductors. Whereas, in case of a dc motor,
commutator helps in providing current to the armature conductors. A commutator consists
of a set of copper segments which are insulated from each other. The number of segments
is equal to the number of armature coils. Each segment is connected to an armature coil
and the commutator is keyed to the shaft. Brushes are usually made from carbon or
graphite. They rest on commutator segments and slide on the segments when the commutator
rotates keeping the physical contact to collect or supply the current.

AC Machine (Three phase Induction Machine):

The three-phase induction motor is the most widely used electrical motor. Almost
80% of the mechanical power used by industries is provided by three phase induction
motors because of its simple and rugged construction, low cost, good operating
characteristics, the absence of commutator and good speed regulation. In three phase
induction motor, the power is transferred from stator to rotor winding through induction.
The induction motor is also called asynchronous motor as it runs at a speed other than
the synchronous speed. Like any other electrical motor induction motor also have two main
parts namely rotor and stator.
Stator: As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of induction motor. A stator
winding is placed in the stator of induction motor and the three phase supply is given to it.
The stator of the three-phase induction motor consists of three main parts
1. Stator frame,
2. Stator core,
3. Stator winding or field winding.
Rotor: T he rotor is a rotating part of induction motor. The rotor is connected to the
mechanical load through the shaft. The rotor of the three-phase induction motor is further
classified as
• Squirrel cage rotor,
• Slip ring rotor or wound rotor or phase wound rotor.

Parts of Three Phase Induction Motor

3- Phase Induction Motor

Stator Frame

Stator Core
Stator Winding or Field Winding

Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

Slip ring Induction Motor

Result

Thus the construction and operation of DC and AC Motor was studied.

Study of Transformers

Aim: To know the construction of practical Transformer and identify the parts.

Transformer:
The transformer works on the principle of Electromagnetic Induction. The induced emf
in
a transformer comes under the classification of statically induced emf. Conductors are
stationary and the magnetic flux is varying with respect to time. The transformer is static
apparatus used to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another. Two circuits are
magnetically coupled.

One of the circuits namely primary is energized by connecting it to an AC supply

at specific voltage magnitude, frequency and waveform. The transformer core is generally
laminated and is made out of a good magnetic material such as a Transformer Steel or
silicon steel. Such a material has High Relative Permeability and Low Hysteresis Losses.
There are two types of transformer core - Core type and Shell type
Core type

Shell type
Result

Thus the construction and operation of transformer was studied.

Experiment – 10
Study of D.C. Motor and A.C. Motor and its parts
Post – Lab Questions
1. Why we need starter for machines?

A machine starter provides defense by irst controlling the electrical output of your device or
equipment at its initial point of operation (when you turn it on or it engages). From that point,
the starter continues to protect your system, operating as a fail-safe.
2. Name any four the domestic electrical machines with nameplate details. Fan , Grinder,

Mixer and Washing Machine

3. Difference between3-phase squirrel cage and slip-ring induction motor?

Slip ring Induction motor has a rotor which is cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots
and each slot consists of one bar.

In Squirrel cage, The slots of rotor are not parallel, but are skewed

4. What are the various types of rotors used in the alternators?

1. Salient Pole rotor.

2. Squirrel cage rotor.

3.Wound rotor.

4. Non-salient rotor.

5. What are the applications of D.C motors?

toys

Wheelchairs

Blowers in heater and air conditioners.

Presses

Electric shovels

Reciprocating machine

Conveyors
Stamping machine

Elevators

Compressors

Rolling mills Boring mills

Shapers

Blowers

Spinning and weighing machine

Centrifugal pumps

Washer