Qtrick Access* P 1t Y$ ltffi Dev - oun"

ct,
rlverage angular acceleration:
" = *i = 7
A. VECTORS AND SCALARS A. OT,IE.DIMENSIONAL MOTION Instantaneous angular acceleration:
).. Scalar: A quantity that has a magnitude but da d'0
Average velocityr, =
# = l^,rl dt dt"
no direction. Examples: mass, Ienglh, time, ffi t):
ia
dcnsiry energli and temperature. Instantaneous velocity: u(t) = Ndt Centripetal acceleration: n, = (directed
2. !'ector:A quantiry that has both magnitude toward the axis of rotation)
ffi: Ot "l
Average acceleration: 4 =
and direction. Examples: displacement, fi --
Period:r=1+=.#L
velociry force, acceleration, momentum, Instantaneous acceleration: a(t) duldt
electric and magnetic field strength. Rotadonal motion i,ith constant acccleration:
Uniformly accelerated motion: u=t,o+at
B. COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR, velocity: v = uo* ati uz = uol + 2a(x - xo)
,o' +
2.DIMENSIONS
,,)' -- 2a(0 - 0o)
position:x=xu + uot - l1at'}
r\ vector in a 2-dimensional Cartesian plane is rep- 0 = 0o1- ,,tot + \af
resented by an .r-component and ay-componenl
I. Vector components are specified by a
.r=.ro+ |lu,+u)t o = ool-
ll,.."i ,),
scalar, which determines the magnitude of
B. MOTION IN A PLANE WITH CONSTANT
the component, and a unit vecto! which ACCELERATION
determines the direction of the component. 4, = Constant, 4y = COnStant A. NEWTON'S LAWS
The unit uecto.s i ancl i have a magnitude v,= u,o+ a,t vt: rro* ort Secondlaw: F^n=,rro
of I and point along the x-a-](is and y-axis v,2 = ui+ 2a,(x - xo)
respectively.
2. A vector, A, can be represented by: A =
A, i, rvhere A, and d, are scalars.
A,i + t)
u| = uri+ Za,(y -
r=xi+yj=ro+vot+iat2
- o"'i"' n, a1";'
3. The magnitude of a vector is a scalar quan- v O,n
tity (length) given by: a ..j
,.l-ll_ ,., j'F
---lrtl:'i,., ,! >
4. The direction ofthe vector (0) is given by:
.lA The acceleration is in the direction of the
tan0:-].ord=tan-L-J applied force.
Drample: A: 3i + ,1j NeMon's second law also holds for several
v
applied forces.

<--R-+ //
,ro .)r,
,"oF; = ,nO = O/,,u
/ro
c. PROJECTILE MOTION IF = F, + Fz
Llere, n, = 0, a, = -g
Y.o = cos 0o, u = tro sin 0o
'/o , . Third law:'fo every actron, there is alrvays .rtt
u,= u,o= constant, u_, = - 8r
uo sin 0o
equal and opposite reaction: if body A exet ls
-r- = (uo cos 0o)f, y - (uo sin - : a force F, on body B, then bodY B exerts atr
")t !gt'
0

(tan 0-).r - :--&- f equal and opposite force -F, on body ,-1.

2( uo cos Uol' llence, F, = -F, or F, = -Fu.

The range: .q = t'5 sin:e ^- B

\{agnitude: t,J sinl0
iAl = j3r +4'1=i8-=5 Mirximum height:y.,. =
Dircction:
t E
D. UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

=tu
tand = * Angular displacement:'[he angle throu gh
J
li.l s.t'
d = tan-'| which a body rotates is given by g = f
\31 =
U, DOT PROOUCT -FB A
'l'he dot product of trvo vectors, a and b, is de-
llned as:
a,b = tzbcos9 Awall pushes you with the same force with
. 'fhe angle 0 is the angle benveen the vectors. which you push it, but in the opposite direction.
. The dot product berween any two vectors is
a scaiar quantiry. lt is sometimes ca.lled the
scalar product.
. If nvo vectors are perpendicular to each
other, their dot product is zero.
D. CROSS PRODUCT
The magnitude of the cross product of two vec-
tors, a anci b, is defined as:
'axbi=absinl
. 'l'he cross product beftveen vectors a and
b
f ields a tllrd vector that points perpendicuJar
to the plane in which a ar-rd b are oriented. Average angular velocity: A br-rdy rotates a
. To determine the direction of the cross prod- distance r from the axis of rotation with a
ruct, uselhe right-hand rule. Point the lingers tangential velocity u,. During uniform circular
of your right hzrnd a.long vector a, and then motion, the mzrgnitude of the tangential veloc-
curl them toward vector b. Your thumb now ity is constant. The body rotates through an
pcints in the direction of the cross product. angle 0 and the average angular velocity is given The gravitational force that the Earth exerts
. Ilnvo vectors are parallel to each other, their r....-A0-', on the moon is equal and opposite to the
cross product is zero. "t*- Lt-7 force that the moon exerts on the Earth.
. axb=-bxa Instantaneous angular velocity: c.,'(r)
tt0
= Ct
 -4q C H. ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS
Torque causes a body to rotate. It is
-a 'rX* by r = r x F (vector form) with magnitr
de.

r'F ,- rFsin0.

GmM
---;-
The electrostatic force that the +4 charge
(:xerts on tlie Q charge is equal and opposite
-
r'
to the force that the e charge exerts on the
-
+r7 charge.
B. SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES
Center of mass in vector notation: The gravitational force that the Earth
, rl exerts on a satellite is an example of a
- -il L1n,r, -- l, ivhcre .II = Irn. is thc

ry
conservative force,
total miiss. .L
Newton's sccolrrl law for a systcrn of (/.) F=-kx x
l):trticlcs: Ir"*, = ,t/a.,,,
C. WEIGHT, NORMAL FORCE, AND 'l'= torquc
FRICTION
r = radlus vector
l. IVeiglrt: The gravitational [orce exerteri on a
botly of rnass lr lt1, tlrt ll;rrtl.r. 11/ = rrrg. l<-l
x
F = appliedforce
l. Nr)r'lrlill li)r(,(.:/\ lr)t( (., N, t:rt.Ilt.rl rIr,r Itorly 0 -
tlro nrrglo fonnorl hy r nrrrl lr
l,\ ;ln{rllr't strr lircr,. I lris lirrCt, il( ls l)Ct l)Cti. 'l'he olurtlu ftirco I thut rur ltlcul sprlng Attgrrlur nlonlcntunl: L r ! x l) (vr:tttut lirrrrr)
rlicrrl:rr to lltc lrotly. lVlrt,rr ir botly is;it rt,it on
crcrtl
on un gttached rrrnss ls arr cxarnlllc of a rrrtrl nragnlturle i, -- rpsirr{t.
lr lr:vcl rrrIlact:, N = /llll. COnservatlve tbrce. l. = angular tDonlgrltr.lnl
ll. li'ic(iorr: A lor.cc b0lu,t:trt) iwo surlitcos (lllt r * rildius voctor
opl)oSeS lllc n]Otioll ttIa body.
. St:lric [rictiorr: lrriciirln;tl furcc (1..) cx_
cilc(i \vllcrr a b0d1 is at rest relative to
i
d....''' ,lo-tl
p = linear rnomentum
0 = ilngle forrned by r and p

ailother surface. The maximum force of

JY z
sratic Iriction is: F. -
ri.N, where u is the
Y* ..."'F p=keq
'-
io;
cucfficicnt ofsraric friirion benveLn the
trvo surfaces.
. Kinetic friction: Friction force
dr
tF,)
cxcrted when a body slides acros, ari_
other surface. f. = ur.ru, where u* is the
coefficient of kinetic friction between The elastic force that is exerted on the
-q
charge by the + Q charge is an exanrple oi a
the two surfaces.
. Between any two surfaces, r.r,_ < rr.
conservative force.
WORK AND ENERGY 2, Potentialenergy:
lVork done by a force: AU= -ttt
where I,/is work done by a conservative
rr =/"n.ar= [o,rcosodr force.
(ioules), n,hr:re 0 = angle that force makes rvith 3. Conservation of mechanical energy: The x
riirection of .rrotior.r. total mechanical energy ofa particleiubject
to a conservative force is constant. Relation betrveen torque and angular
momentum:
E= K+ U =lmt + U= constanr.
4. Non-consen"ative forces:The rvork done by a dt
non-consenative force (e.g., friction) is equal Kineric energy of rotation: ( I m,r,r) ul
to the change in internal energy: W-, = 716 +
*--ffil,- -AU",, and the sum of the systems rirech:Lni-
= N{oment of inertia: The rotational analog of
mass.
l<
tr >l
cal and internal energy remains constant:
At+ AU-, = A,(+ AU+ A{,,, = o. 1= | m,r,2
ab u. LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS Angular momentum and torque can also be
\\rork done on a block, mass z.
l. Linear momentum of a particle: p : mv; \r.rittenl,= Ic.randr:Ia
Newton's Second Law can be rewritten Common moment of inertia quantities:
Irrstan(aleous power: p = dwt dt = F. u(lvatts) F = dPldt Solid sphere
t(inetic energy: ,f = nru, (Ioules) 2, Total linear momentum of a svstem:
l- p=Z p,=L Axis
WORK.ENERGY THEOREM ^,u,
i'he lvork done by the resultant external force 3. Coniervatio'n of momentum: If the ner ex-
on.a particle (or a system) is equal to the change ternal force on a system is zero, momentum
in kinetic energy of the particie (or system). is conserved in the system. If F",, = 6, thgn
1^l p = constant.
ry = A2 - K, =
Ztnu/ - )rnu,l 4. Impulse: The force applied to a bocly over
an interval of time. When the force ii con-
F. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY stant,J=FAr=Ap
i.Conservative force: A force such that the 5. Collisions: Mass ,nr traveling at u,, collides t=
r,vork it.does on a particle is independent
of with mass rn, rraveling at ur,. After'ihe colli_
the path over rvhich the force is exerted.
sron, ,T1r travels at u,,ancl m,travels at u.. If
F., = O, linear momenrum is conserved." 3un,
5
Path I frrUu* frrUr,= ffi!rrl flzUrr Thin rod oflength I rotating abour its center
. During an elastic colliSion, both nro_
mentum and kinetic energy are con- Axis
served. This generally occurs when
Path2
,- bodies collide and bounce arvay in
--P'
I

different directions. Conservation of

kinetic energy states
ll.rt
Y 1,,-,--\ \

.
ZmLub:
+
int-u-,, =)m,u,i + im.u,,-
During an inelastic collision, kinetic
\-[
End Point energy is not conserved. This generally
, M(2
'12 (a)
occurs when bodies collide and stick
together.
i*u
 IttNlr''
6' Capacitor: A capacitor is a set of two oppo- 2. Firraday's Larv: A r,,arying niagnetic l.
Electric Potential ofa point charge: tz= f sitely charged conductors (each rvith charge through a coil oi wire will induce a;r elr
Llectric Potential ofa continuous chirrge dis- Q), separated by an insulating material. If tromotiYe force (c) in the rvire.
the potential difference benveen the two ..,1,f
tribution: r=fl+ plates is AY, then
.=_i\_
dt
E. CURRENT AND CIRCUITS ^() C, MA,XV,/ELUS EOUATIONS
l. Garrss's Larv for elcctricirr':
l. Current:'l'he rate at lvhich charge, Q, flttrvs Parallel Plate Capacitor: Trvo charged co
I)ast an area in a circriit. plates rvith surface irrea,,1, separated by e E' rtrt = _-
a
J --_:,
,-dQ
'dt distance d. L Gauss's Law for magnetism:
) Iiesistance: Resistors decrease the rate at (--
-d l- ls.ae-o
J
rvhich charge floivs through a circuit.'Ihe 3. Faradat's Law of induction:
resistirity, p, of a conductor is a properry f^ ,1O
ol the material. For a cylindrical conductor bl..'ils=-.J
A. MAGNETIC FIELDS )dr
rvith length l, cross-sectional area,4, and 4.
l. Bar magnets: The magnetic field lines of a Ampere-Nlaxwell Law:
resislivitv p, R= p* bar magnet exit the north pole and enter the [g..t. l- tt t d- [e.,ut
Ohm's Law: \\hen a resistor in a circrrit is sourh pole. I-ike poles repel each other, and .) = 'u
constant over a range of voltage inputs, the r-rnlike poles attract each other.
resistor is Ohmic. Iror a circuit with resis-
tilnce R, current 1, and potential difference A. HEAT
-\f/, Ohm's Larv states AL': 1R I. Specific heat: The amouni of heat, (1,
l. (lircuit: A closed path around rvhich charge required to change thc temperanlre o[ ]
llorvs. Llircuit elernents are - -'',/'--- \\l substance of rnass ln ltv an anroLrnt -\ i'rs
L, given b1, Q = nrr;l I (c is thc spt't ilit: ltertl 1l
capaciror lltc srrltstancr:1.
Switch i--i.- * 2. [-atcnt hcitt: f]tt: Il{'at llrilt tlot'si,trk tt,
-lF \r\t cause a phase change is latent ileat r1-1, ui)(l
Connecting wire it is related to the heat aciclerl or remor',:cl in

f--
-.G- Voltmeter
3.
the system (Q) by Q: ntf.
'Ihermal conduction: -fhe rate at rvhich hcat

-o-
Battery
flo\^/s (AQ/Ar) tlrrough an area,-l ovcr
- Ammeter l-11 '- '..'rr,".
Rcsislor 2, i\lagne tic force on a moving charge: ,\ parti-
a (li(rance d is givnn r.* ' i?
-\r = rL
-iI- clc with cirarge 17 nroving at speed u through A7' is tltr: te,nl)eritltlri' rlillirrcitct' o,.i'i liii'
,\n arnrneter nleasures current, and a a magnetic field B rvill experience a force distance r/).
F = 4v x B with magnituds f = 4ttB sin 0. To .1. Thermal radiation:'fhe rate at rrhrclr u
! oltmeter measures voltage drop.
Resist0rs in series: I?.,, : 1lr + n, + n-r deternrine the direction of the force on the bod1" with ernissivi4, s and surl:rcL' urea,.i
particle, use the right-hand mle. The fingers radiates energ-r- (P) is P : a7e7':
point in the direction of v and curl toward B. LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
the direction of B. The thumb ruiil point in First Lalv of Therrnodyeramics: 'fhe rlet nirirt
rhe direction of F. added to a system (Q) r:quals the change in in-
3. Ilagnetic force on current-carrying wire:
a ternal energy of the s-ystem (A Ll plus ttre N ork
A rvire of length and direition / and current clone on the system (l44 Q = 'lU + Ili
l traveling through a magnetic field will ex- Second Law of Tlrcrrnodlrramics:
1;erience a force F = Il x. B r,vith magnitude 1, Heat does not florv spontaneousil {ronr rt
fr = 1lB sin 0. colder bod1, t6 a rvarmer bodr'.
4. Magnetic field due to a current-carryinfJ 2. FIeat energy, is never cornDlt:.elY trans-
rvire: The strenglh of the magnetic field a lornred into mechanical rvr.lrk.
distance r/ from a long rvire with current l is 3. llre rotal entronv in lhe rnriver.c '^r"a\c\
Rs rtl during all natural processcs.
B = To deterrnirre the direction of the
* I * I ,*a Entropy: The change ln entropv (ASJ is relaieri
llusistors ""irr rrarallcl:
P"'.."-" --.!-
li n.l /r. ll, magnetic field, use the right-hand rule. The to the amountof heat adcled or rernrrred lroitt,t
tl-runrb points in the direction of the current, systenl (Q) at constallt tenlperatr.rre
()
I i l.
and the fingers rvill curl around the wire in as=_l
the direction of magnetic field. i't. ll
5. Ilagnetic field due to a solenoid: The mag-
rherrrlal efficiencr': 1 = .\\ork - ' -

netic field due to a solenoid is concentrated , ?,,,,,

almost entirely along a straight line at the ( ).

center ofthe loops. The strength ofthe mag- Carnotefficiency:s. = I - i.rl'r

netic fielrl lJ drie to a 5olenoid rvith n Iooos
irnd current tis ts - 1t rtl- C' GASES
Gases are Cescribeti b-v thcir pr-essurc p. rolLtnrt
7, irnd temperatr-rre 7l
1. Boyleh Law: P, V, P,Ir' -
v!,
2. Charles's l-au,: :1 = --I.
3. ldealgaslarv: F-ora gas cont:]iningrtnu:,rbrr
of moles, l']V: nI?'1'(rvhere ll is tire urrir,ers.tl
gas constant).
4. Kinetic energv per molecrrlo of an ideal gas:

6. Siot-Savart law: The magnetic fieid B a r=!mr=1nr

!t
ri frolrt u piece of nire r1l carry-
tlislrnce 5. 'lbtal intcrnal energy ol a gas: 1 1 - ;\, ntl l'
Rs irrg ctrrrurrr / is Hi'r'n hy ri IJ -- 'l dt " i i
lL
41T tr
I'orvt'r: /' /-\t' /'/l - ti; r\rrrJrerc's Lirw: l'itt' rlritgIIt-'li(: litltl IJ
:-r. Kirchholf's rrrlcs: llrorlrrr:rtl l)\, ir curr('rit-citrrf iltg lviie ol
llrrgllr r/f ir r,'lrrt,'rl t,, Ill('lr)lirl crtrrrttl / ltv
Loop'l lrt'ort,rrr: l;rlr lr corrrplt'lc cirt ttil loo1r,
.\U' t -\Y. I l!', r... 0 Itt . ,ir rt I
:itrN IJ qid-u-/JI]L.J/rJ o
J"' IJ.S. 54.95
Iunction Rule:'ilre strrn of the crrrrent B. MAGNETIC INDUCTION SRN-10:0-7.386-0743 6
{)ntering a junction equals the sLrm of the I. )lagnetic flu The amount of the l.ragnetic
current exrting the junction. field that travels pt.rpenclicularly through tllllll ill tl rjifi;'ii
an arca,.i. illlllllll
11280738"
llltlll f
9 607 436
,l-,)
= ln ',1,t o2010 Research &Edlcaiion Assoclatro^ fc
PEA' and Ou,ck Ac.ess'3re regrstBrd lftrdemails ci
Rerea.ch & Fd!.arion Assocrat,o.. Nc. Pn.r!ed . lr. !SA
 'fhin rod of length
1 rotating about one end. 'lrvo particles rvith like chargcs rept:l t'aclt otltt'r
Angular frequenry:'fhe number of radians the
Axis spring osciliates through in a period ol time.
. .-. .r? I
i 1

t
I
\
-A
..-.-.-4\
Period: l he time it takes for the spring to com-
plete one oscillation. \
I

-;\ )-G

\''''
\
l' s \t
Equation of molion: If the mass is initiallV
cornpressed a distanceA and released from rest,
' Mt2
'= 3 (b) the subsequent equation of motion is given by:
.r(r) = ,4 cos(Llr) . In this case, x,,,,., =.4, where 11
]nu' is the amplitude of oscillation.
Solid disk rotating about an axis perpendicular Velociry:.r(I) =
'dt 4 - --r.asin(.ur)
to its surface.
rvhere r,,,,,., = 1",,,1

.lcceleration: a t 0=+
dt - -d Acos(rr) = I
- 0x.l' = -;lxw
{

rvherea.,,,^ - ul
Potential energyt U = iLC 'I\vo particles with unlike charges atlracr oacil
othcr.
roral energy: u =
ii;,, - l:,l;.,
. )r,ru

no friction

J o = blockb center at rest

],urn, not'ric'!ion
llotational kinetic energy: .! /J
(lonservation of angrrlar momentum: !\4ren no
:fi-#q!i
-ffi ,
extemal torque is acting on a system, angular mo- :"ro
rnentum is conserved. If r",. = 0, L is constant.
Work: W - r0 Oscillation of a spring with mass ,n Coulomb's [,aw:'frvo particles olcl)xriic .i iin(]
Power: P = T(, distallce r an,ay fro nr eac h o iht', '.r', ll r:':L'r l
a/, a
B, PENDULUMS
Ibrce on cach other.
GRAVITATION l. Simple pendulum:.F: -mgsin 0; .- , q,q,
\ewron's larv: F = 8JI4
r 1r 1ro- center-of -rnass [or small 0, sin 0 = 0.'Ihus, I : -rngb = ntL r
ofM 9,6: = gl L and r = Z;r1f[ is rhe period. fhe iorce that 4, exerts on 17- is,:r1uai and lp
Potential energy: U: -CAA . point mass (rn) posite to the lorce that 4, exerts on .i,.
Kepler's laws:
. inexrensible,r'veigl.rtlessstring B. ELECTRIC FIELD
l. ,{11 planets move in elliptical orbirs with the All electricall_v charged particles create illr
sun as one focus. electric field. This is deflnetl :rs rhe forcr: a rcs:
Fixed
charge 4rrvould erperience ilit,,r,crc p-lrci,ri in :r
Support particular location near the chareed particle.
r-!_ (la
_.

Electric fi cld due to.rpoint chirrge: i irr strnrirII

ol the clectric field produccd bv ir pojni chir)ltl
r7, ;rt;r rli.r;rrrct'r irom ih.,.irl-: ... ,ir,,.: l,v
i mgsin 0 E=k!1,
GAUSS'S LAW
n1g cos 0'r' lllectric Fhrx: l hc arnounr of l jrc tlr:ctlir: ljr'l:l
rn8 that passes perpendicul:rrly throuilh ln an'.r..1.
.\ line jnirll69py planet t}e sun s\\eeps nut
to ,t : iE.rJrt
cqual rreas in cqua-l rimes: rlzllr1r = j r r = Simple pendulum in plane
a
(larrss's l-aw: -fhe total elecrlic flLrr iii;ougl: tr
1-l2,1 = const:rnt (1- = anraular morneritum). closctj surface eqtrals ihe i)ntr)Llnt ol riurr:,r,
rnclosed in that srlrlacc riivirlcti bv tltL, frr,lr I i
Speed oIsound rvaves (in an ideal gas): [i\ i$ ronstllnt, i
/- -40)
A0) - -\ 7' ,' ()
:...r- I
.

,,, = \"
,,' I - ., = ratio ol
specific hcats, LI
c.,l,r -
n t\ri 11 : i)ressllre, 0,, = densit-v. D. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
-o

'l-Ilc cloctric potential, also

llelation to frcquency and rvavelenglh: klrrti",rr;rs voli::rgr:, i.
M cicfineri as the electric potentiitl cncrq. ot'r Ltnit
I)rrssrrrc wirve: /, :: sin(l-{ - uJl
cltarge.'J lrc l)otenliill rlilfrn'irr:r 1,. 1ur,r'n 1\,,1
/r0 - 1X}'),
poittts, A and [], in an t:lcclric lilirl is rltlin,rrl tr,
I = 2nlX, a - Zxl = 2rlr
\lrrrrrling rllrtcs: Lx;nttnlr,s ilrr.:lt) orgltn piPr. tlt0 rvork rlottc I:r'itn t'lltrrt;rl lrtJt t i0 Il0rt ]
I.T. rr'r r opr.rr ;tl lrotit tnrls r't ;r stt'irtq Iixr,tl itl ltotlr r.ttrlr. l('\l ( lliuli(:, 4,, lrorl lroirrt ,\ io lrrrrrl i) rii,..irlr.rl
'
I.rrv rrl pr.rrrrls rr ( ,,\, ,r.r,rrl
I , .t,t, r'll. llrtylllt ol lript,or :;lrirrg)
l)\' ll!. lr..il ( llltll(,
// \r'rili rrr,rjor lrxis) lirr ,\f - rrr. .\t' t' l
l!

tl
I )oyrplr.r t.l li'r't: / \\'lrlrr rvorl tlorrr.lrt llrL r,ilr {r rl lrr,lri rir irrr,,.
is
olrservtti lrrrl rrctrral l'rr:rltrerrcies, u lhe sl)cc(j ol' itrl; r7,, lrorrr lloirrl r\ lo rroirrt Ii, tll!.r,r)l( ntrrl
A. SPRING WITH A MASS ttl
'I lrt.lirrt:r: on a ln:rss ilr sirnple sotrrrrl, r.,,, tltt:.:;pccrl o{ llrr: ottservcr, anrl r, (}tc rlilli'rt'rtr-e is givcn lry,\i.'
lrarnronit.rnolior.r
is;rlrv;rys rlirccltrl opltosilc lo llrt rlirt.r.liorr rrr spr'r,rl ol sorncr'.
l)ott'rrt iul rlil li,rt,rrt c i,,,,,,,,i ti,'11i,,,1.'r.l r ir f ir.lri:
rvlriclr tlrl rrr;tss is rrrovittg. .\l/ ll, \.', /:'rl {rvircr,,r/ i:; ilri,rlirl rrrll l,r.
Irrrrct': /r lt (l sprirrg corrst;rrrt, .r rlis Irllr.rr lroirrls r\ itntl ll)
t;rn('(' Irotn erltrilibrirtrn posilioil) A. ELECTRIC CHARGE Llt'('lric I)0lcrttilrl Irrrt.rgy 0l rr poiilt r lIrr,,r'.
I rr.<lrrr.rrcy: I lrt, rrrrtrrltr.r ol ost.ill;r(iorrs l]tr. lrl('( tri( ( ltirrs(. ts ir Irrrrrliurrrlrlall l)t.ol)cllV Iltt polcrrllrl r.rrt.rliY ol ,r ir.,,i r lr,lril(. i,/ ilt
ol
sltrirrg cortrlllt'lcs irt ir pt'riorl ol titrtt'. n;rlul(.. I lt(,r'l]irrgt'0rr ir lltrrli<:lc catr lrt';l0sitir,,r, rrrr llr,t:trir' !itlrl lrlrrlrrcr.ri lrv ilri,, l1;111,1,,1,.,
I l,A ()r u(.,litli\,(..
tt r 'r-\rrt
 ,l)
w Plt YSIIS t0UATI0ilt S 8, flt{$ilrfi$
*' Quick Access*
c. DOT PRODUCT - The dot product of two B. TWO-DIMENSION,AL PROJECI'ILE
vectors, a and b, is defined as: MOTION - A projectile is :r boclv,.vitose nt:r rron
i Ar:cri.r,trio;r tltte I 9.8 t m/s a.b=aDcos0 is affected or.rlv bv the force oi gra,".it;
I to cra\rtv
. 'l'he atrgle 0 is the angle
between the vectors.
. 'l'he dot product
betrveen any rwo vectors is
Clravitational c 6.67 r Io ,, N:+! a scalar quantitv. It is sometimes called the
constant Kg- scalar product.
. If lrvo vectors are perpendicular to each
Coulomb's t e x ro,Napi other, their dot producl is zero.
('()nstant
CROSS PRODUCT - The magnitude ot
i Spced oflighr C 3.0 x 108 m/s the cross product of trvo vectors, a and b, is
defined as:
(iharge of electron - 1.60 x 10- r' C a x b rhsn-t1
I)lanck's constant lr U.63 x I0-3r J.s
. l'he- cross product benveen vectors a and )r,
b yields a third vector that points perpen- ! --- 7,
ii
B.B5 x 1o r,-L
l'ermittiviry' of free € dicr.llar to the plaue in rvhich a and b are
r space \'.rn oriented.
l'crrneabiliw of ' ]b deterrnine the direction of the cross . Ignoring air resistance. a projel:t:ie :rcceler-
lt,, procluct, use the right-hand rule. point the
I rre s pace
ates tolvard llartir:rt a consrant ratp ol !,
fingers of vor-rr right hand along vector a, lvhich is ihe acceleiation clue ro ,{ravi1\.:
\fass of Frrth fil i.9i x I0rrkg ancl then crrrl them toward vector b. your . TIre "r- and y-components of :lctiol lrrr
thurntt norv points in the direction of the independent of each other.
lladius ol llarth 6..17 r I0" m cross product. If a projectiie is launcheci rr.irh r spcetl ir, ei
. Iftwo vectors are parallel to each other, their
\[ass ol sun tfl 1.99 x 10ro kg an angle B above the horizontal, the rnorion is
cross product is zero. clescribed as loilorvs:
. axb:-bxa Ilorizontal motion: Constilnt rclocirt.
n,= 0
A. VECTORS AND SCALARS u\o = I,'., cos 0 = constallt
l. Scalar: A quantiry that has a magnitude btrt A. ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION
no direction. E.ramples: mass, Iength, time, l. Displacement: 'fhe distance between the \-y - tr./: tr,,f COS 0

density, energy, and temperature. initial and final locations of a bodv in mo- Vertical motion: Accclerates al a r:tle 1tl.!i
2. \'ector: A quantiry that has borh magnitude tion: -r - -r -,ro
and direction. Examples: displacement, . [Jnits: merer (m) r/yc : L; sin I
velocil1, lorce, acceleratjon, nromcntrrnr, . I)isplacernent is a vector quantity. j
. r]i - (i'|r sln /r I
;sr
electric and magnetic field strength. r'ote: The total distance an objcct travels
3. COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR, mav nor be the same as its displace- Ran ge: 1'he total iiorizontal riis ranr:e trayel t:ci:
2-DIMENSIONS - A vector in a rnent. If an object travels one full cycle I,]
around a I00-m circular track, the total .R= llsin2d
2-tlimensional Cartesian plane is represented
by an .r-component and a.l golnponent. distance traveled is 100 meters, but the ilIa-rimunr height: r\r rhis poinr, t' . 0:
l. Vector components clisplacement is zero. u..r sinr 0
are specified by a
2. \i'locity:The rate ar $.hich an object changes )r,,- ) o
scalar, which determines the magnitude ol
the component, and a unit vector, which oosition. I")xarnple:.\n object is Iauncher.l ,.rrrlr ;rn ir r:i.ri
.\,, .,.uo" velociw, r, : ]'I speed of20 r,/s at a 25" engle abore tire hr,:i-
cletermines the direction of the component. ,\ l
'1-he unit
vectors i and i have a rnagnitutle In\lantrrneous vclocify: u,,' -dx
- zontal. 1 {olv firr lrlvav is the ob.ject :o ::: it:; i r j I :lI 1

,j,
ol I and point along the .r-a-xis and _t aris, . [.lnits: m1s position after 0.5 seconclsi.
respectivell'. . \'elocin'is a vector quantit_v. It is repre- i. Irind tire-r- and.y-positiotrs ol'lre ob jci:r:
2. r\ r,ector, A, can be repiesented by: A = A,i + sented bv a bodv's speed in a particular -r- po sitio n:
rl, .i, rvhere A. ;ind ,'.1, are scalars. rlirectiort. l"\: =
ll, r,, - tr- cos I f
3. l'he magnitude of a vector is a scalar quan- r..ote: Il the velocity of a body is constant 1-1: 120 m/s)lcos 25',)(r:).5 sl
tiri, (length) given bv: nr er a period of rirnc, lhe in\tantxneous Ar: I rrr
;l = r[ -.,n ]-+lj ve)ociry of the bocly equals the average ve- .r.position:
Iocih.a( even'mornent over the periocl. .\i - ,rr sin [/ll .l
{. I he tiirecrion ol r}re vector (t/) is givcn b1,: ,\cceleration:'l'lrt, rrte irt tvhich r,elocity
Sr,
,1 .1
'\.l, = (20 nr/s)(sirii:,")10.r, 'l
l;ttr u . or l/ - t,lt) I .-' r I t.tt rgt s.
.,r.llrrr cj U.i,rr
.rl,
'at:rc('elcration: n .= +l'
.\r't.rirge
-\_1, - 11 ,n
[xample: r\ = :11 * ,11
2. 'l'hc rlistanco r of titr: olrjt'r't Irorr iir,,
= !ll
In\l:rnlirn(.()us irct't.lerttlion: tilt\'dt
v . l]nits: nt/sr r,;ri13in is rlescribed t;\' tlri.,,r.r:ior:
{. KinenraticErluations:Relatedisplacement, r-9i*-t.i
r t.lor itt, ;tnJ irt celtratinn. lrind the nragnitrrdc ol rltis vccioi:
:\-t = r,,r + -] rzll r,=19=11;- '.q6
r .- l).5 nr
r,+ l,
_\.r=l _,r
I

t,-- l" l (tl

1rr.1:,,r,1111-r NEWTON'S LAWS
. I:irst Larv::\n oirjcct irr nroliorr rvili stat irr r;ro
Only applicable rvhen acceleration is
tion wilh constant,,,elocirv unless actecl on bv
constant.
an external force. lOr, an object itt r:i:st \vill \lir!
Example: An object accelerates at a con-
stant rate from rest to l2 m/s over a distance at rest unless acted on hv an rxtcr neLl iirrce.)
Sccond lau': [:,,"t = ittl
ol36 m. \\tat rvas its acceleration?
,Uagnirude: trl = t/ol + 2aA;f * Third lau': To everv irctioil thr:re il rlrvavs
i/\l=.i3r+,1r =.,25 =: an equal and opposire reilction: Ir, - it,
I': t" t 12 rn/r]r - 0 or F, =
Direction: ^ -Fs.
2Al 2(36 m)
tana={ rr = 2 nt/sr
B. FORCES AND FREE BODY DIAGRAMS -
A force is a push or pull on an objecr. |:e wtl)n's
{/=11p-ritj=rr" 2^d Larv states that lvhen an unb:rhnci:rl
force, or net force, acts on a body, it causes an L Note that m, will accelerate downrvard, and Conservative force: A force slrch \.
alceleration. rn, rvill accelerate uprvard. Assumingthe rope nork it does on r parlit lc ir irtii'':'': ..
. llnits: )Jcrfion: N = *8','
L does not stretch, the acceleration of each the prth over rrhich tlre [orct, is ' rrr'cr
s' mass and the tension on each mass are the Examples: graviw, springs, electriL: iorce
. Nct force is a vector that acts in the same sarne. Write Nert4on's 2^d larv lor each mass: Work-Energv Tlreorem:
riirection as the acceleration of a body. t't. F.,,,- rtt a = rtt$ I- a. 'fhe rvork done by the resrLltant €rxt€rrita\
l. \Veight:The gravitational forceexerted otr a tn.: F,,", = tn ,a = ilt ,8 - T force on a particle (or a svstern) is equal
body of mass rn by Earth. W = trtg.
2. Solve each equation for T and set them
to the chanBe in kinetic energv oi the
2. Cornponents of weight: The lveight of a
equal to each other:
particle (system):
bodv on an inclined plane that makes an 'l'- tn! I
iulgle , ,r,ith the horizontal is resolved into '['= tt1,g-
nltg t1r = J,( - ,L nti -- ), ,nt.,,,.

paralie I irnd perpendicular components tn.g

b. I he rvork done bv i) con\crtirlL. ( 'i.r, '.'
along the plane: tllS + ttltg: t11.9- ttl.(t on an oblect is equal anci opposile tr) llrrl
l_ = rngcos I 3. Solve for ri: change in potcntial energ-y oi the obji:ct:
F =rngsin0 ttll+m,a=m,g-ttl,g t!,= -ay
3. \ormal Force: A force, N, exerted on a bodv L.tir) - -J' F. dx
ulnr,.+ rn.J = g(r?. - /7?r)
bv another surface. 'l'l-ris force acts pcrperl-
. Cravitational potential energl:
A(rn- rn,)
I)"- 11ry7
clicular to the interface benveen the bodv (l--
lntt+ tn
and the sr-rrlace. \\hen a body is at rest on a Conservation of mechanica.l energv: 'f irr'
)

'1.
levelsrrrface,N=,18. ^' (q.8 nr/srt(10 kg - l0 lg) total mechanical energy ola particle subjrct
.1. Friction: A force between nvo surfaces that mts+ lolg to a conservative force is constant:
opposes the motion of a body. a = 3.3 nt/sr K,+ U,= Kr+ U,:
Er,,,r = coltstant
a. Static friction: Frictional force (d) ex-
Example: A box slides from rsst dolvn a
erted ivhen a body is at rest relative to 6. Centripetal Force:'fhe fbrce that causes a
body to move in a circle. For a body of mass ramp I m long lvith a 45' angie. :\ssumir.ig
another surface. The ma-dmum force of there is no friction betrveen llie box an,-i
static friction is -F = rr,N, lvhere Il, is the /n traveling with linear speed u a distance r
from the atis of rotation: ramp, holv last is the bor trzrvclinrl at the
coefficient of static friction between the bottom of the ramp?
nvo surfaces. r- = tn_f
ll

llxarnple: ,\ box with mass I5 kg is at rest . Centripetal

on a 35' incline. \Mrat is the coefiicient
force is directed inward,
ofstatic friction benveen the box and the rris of rotation.
torvard the
i nclitre?
. Centripetal force is an example of
N I- rna,w|cre o equals f. This acceler-
ation is calletl centripetal acceleration,
and it is also directed torvard the axis of
rotatio n.
Example: A person srvings a 2-m rope with
a 0.25-kg ball attached to the end. The per-
son exerts a force of5 N on the rope as she
swings the ball in a circle. What is the speed
of the bail?
Calculate the hcight ol rhe riinrp:
'\ turs ol rotalion
-. sin0=tt -
h = { sin B: (9 rn) sin(45")
I. \Vrite Newton's 2nd Larv for the forces fu=6.4m
rhat act perpendicrdar and parallel to the lnitjallli the mass has onl.v gravitarional
incline. Since the box is at rest, d = 0: potential energ,v. At the bottom ol the
l)erpendicular: ramp, it has onl-v kinetic encrfl,r .\p])lv
l:,,",= tta = 0 = N- tngcos 0 conservatio n of enert'"-:
,V - //lgcos I E - F.
l'araLlel: ,t
l',,", = rna = 0 = l' - rngsin 0 =; ttlt'- -
tngn

l - tttgsin t) ' .I,,,, - .:r!fr rn \ ,i I ,.

2. Srrl)stitute the tlefinition ol stltic lric- l'.=lltn/s
tion into thr: parallel equation.'l'herr i 5. Non-conscrv:rtive forccs: \\'lrc;r 'iott-
sribstitute the expression for norinal l. \\'rite Newlon's 2"'i [-alv lor the ball: conservirtive forces lsrrc:[r irs friction rrr lp-
ject
[orce and solve: l'=ttn=tt1+,,] plied forces) do rvork on an
AI = Ll/ ,,,",
ob lll'.,,.,.,r:
p,N = ing sin 0
2. Solve for r,:
+ LI + I\/
rrgliyy A' = K.= ll.
|,,, , ,v
{ F,.",- rni - 6. Power:'fhe rate ofchange oIenerg] o\:er'tinlr:

,t -.\ !rZ*
lrg sin 6 1. ,\verage porver:
/' - lrtgcos H ., - \ ::!ltJ .U.Z; (gr o-At--\tll
'--\r--1,
p. = tan 0: tan(35")
WORK AND ENERGY 2. Iil\tfl nlirrrt.()lrs po\r'('r:
1L'=070 l. \Vork done by a force: \Vhen a force moves
b. Kinet;cfriction: Friction fbrce (/i) ererted pi1 - dW_: -r--(r)
. L,(t)
an object over some distance, ri, the force {Lt
rvhen a bodv slides across another sr.lr- does rvork on the object: . l]nits: \Vatts {\\'l: Iis
filce. li : lr^rv, lvhere rrr is tlle cocfficicnt ol lV = lr . rl - l.r1 r:os 1l
D. LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS
kirrctic Iriclion l)ctweelr tl)e two srrrlirce:r.
Icnsion: I Ire lrrrce tllJl r \lrir)t or rupl . lJr)lt5: loults tl,: " t''
kr.r
N.,,, l. [,incar rrr()rnor)lunl of lr plrrticlr::
S'
exerts on an object. P - ttlu
Example: A l0-N lorce is exerted on a box . Newton's Second Larv cln l;e rct'l ilterr:
Iixample: The Arwootl lvlachine. Trvo mass- ;rl lr (i0'lngle rtlrovr: the lrorizontal. fhe box ,lr t
cs, rn, - I 0 kg anrl rn, = 20 lg,11e srrspentit:rl slirit s a lrorizontal rlistance of5 ltt. Calcrrlirte It= ltt(t - rll '.

Irortr rr grrrllt,y itttrl rr:lr,;rsctl Irorrt rcst. Wlr;r{ is Ilrc rvork rlorrt, by tlrt, Iirrt'r,. I )rrits: kg . rrr/s
tlrc rrct r.lcrirtiort ol tltt: systenr?
2. 'liriirl Iincirr rrtrlrrrclrlturr ol-ir rvslrrrr:
r/-t/'-Frrrl
(lorrscrv:rliolr of nrorlt'rtttrrrr: Ii llt,r lrct tr
lenutl litrt:t'ott a svslctlt is 7{'t{), r1r{,tirnlltll
is Iottsr'rvrrl itt l)tr'';\'slIttt: ll I',. t), tlIrr
,1, l ()l)slill)1.
( lollisiorrs:
l'vl;tss ttt, tt;rvllinli ;11 1,,, r'ollitlcr n'illt ,;rr",
lri-.lLt!r'lttrg ir( l'-.,. ,\lt( l 1ltI r rrllt'tou, itt.
lrilv('ls ill l,rr,illrl tI.. ltirV|ls ;ll r',,. ll 1 ,, 0.
Iint-'ar morricnttur is r'oltst:r,.,r'rl:
ilt.t t ttl..l._ ttt,l.. t t,1 t ..
 ' a. I)rtrirlganelasticcollision,bothntomen_ velociry r,,. il it r.orares lhrough an angle
lurn arld kinetic energy are conserve<i. ,9, its Moment of ir:ertia: 'l lte rottrrionlrl irrriLiog ol'
'fhis generally :rngultrr vclocitl' (:,,) is given by:
occurs when bodies collide I n ilss.
anC horrnce away in different directions. _,=^q=1
.\1 r 1=lntr!
b. I)uritrg ar inelastic collision, kinetic ener- . During uniform
gv is not conserved. This generally occurs
circular motion, Ihc Crlttrrnon ntomcnt of inertia (luir:rtiti(.\:
rnagnitude of the tangential velocirv is (,.lssrr//re all ltodies lie ftnt in llie x-y
rvhen bodies collide and stick rogerier 1t{tine rtrt:L
consrant" Ilorrever, the direction ofihe ttttnte abo!tt tl t ..-rtrii. tr:tl.,s5 ,t11.,',,.,.; ,.
5. Irnpulse: The force applied to a bodv ovcr
rrr)genlial velocin is consranrlv charrs_ ,,,....
rn interval of rime. \Vhen rhe force ii c,rrr- Jied; nt is rnass rtndR is radius)
irrg, LJLre ro rhc centripetal lorce.
stant: i=FAt=Ap
E. GHAVI'iATION Instantaneous angulir velociry: ,stt) .. d.0_
Universal Law of Gravitation: l\vo massit,e Pcriod: Tht.p(rio(! is tl)r, l::np i, ,rf .. rX'd, ,u
bodies, li, and rrr-,, exert attractive gravita-
f

"
complete one revolLrtion. lr is the reciprocal oi
tional forces on one another. This attraction frequ encl:
is inverselv proportional to the square of the r_ I ?t j=
2irr Strlid clli:trler. sc,lid rlisc. rllin h/,, )l)
distance r benveen thent. '-, It D rotaling about the _r, ory,axis
. LJnits: seconcls (s)
r! =9!.1":
r! Average alrgutar acceleration:,,
'llirn disc rotating
abour,r 0r.y
. = *, =?
G is called the gravitationel constant
Instantaneous angular acceleration:
and is equal to
ti.rj; x lo r, N1L lor14_l cr(r) = d='-- 4x
Kg I \9.\ l dt dt- I Iollolv sphere
. Centripetal acceleration: ..=
'l'lre distance r is measured from
thc to\vard the axis of rotation) '
+ (directed
center of mass of each body. I hin rod crf Iength f rotatjrlg
Ilotational motion rvitJr constatrt acceleradon: irDout Its cenrer
Acceleration due to gravity (a/s o callerl,'graui-
rr=lro+Oa
t{ttionaIfiekl'1: -fhe acceleration that any bodv 'ilrin lod of length I ror.tring
,.xl)erienc(,s drre to rhe grevitarional pull ,il
ur=--ur+2(\'O- g,))
abour one enri
.rlrrtl)cr lro{y, 11, is givr,n hV: 0:ou+a,1 +)rat,
,, (;1\'I Rotational kinetic cnerlav:
o=0,,+L(ou+,",)r
'lirrtlue causrs a body to
r=Iflrrir,.l*,,=),r"
r ltn rotate.
Pot('ntial energy: 1,/ .-"'+"', . When an L,xtcrnal iorce, /:, is applied to a
Work: I,li= r0
Power: P = zo'
I:scape velocity: The rninintum speed at rvhich bodv a disrance r from a pivoi point (or
.r lro,it, llr, cirrr e.cape from liarths (rri.l gravita- rrris ofrotation), the rorque on ihe bodv
Rotational and Translation:rl,\nalogs
' ir rr131,,,,11 rrirhnLrt f;rlling blrck lorvarrj'rlie
Fltrrlr is rlellned lrs:
. T: rx Quantiry Iiansluiion;il
occurs rvhen its kinetic energy,(= U : Frvith rnagnituder= r|sin0.
. 'lbrque is the rotational analog to force,
I
ctn ttn, atrrl it has an analog to Newtorx 2.d l.arv: displacer nent
)u ,, ,, . - a =ld
. litrque alu'ays poinrs perpetrdicular to
,, - \\-!t';ttr '
'"-
]
rllc plane in rr,[rich a bod1,is acct l cration

Keple/s laws:
. Counter-clockrvise rotatioltrotating.
is usuallv
1. All planets mor".e tlelirrcd ;rs '1lo:itive torque, and clock-
itr elliptical orbits rvith the
rvise rotation is usuall-v defined as ,,nega_
srin as one fbcus.
2. A Iine.joining any planet to the sun srveeps tive torque."
nrrt r.qllal areac in erltral linrc::
. lJr.rits: N. rn
planet
Ii-rample: A 5-N lorce is applied at a _15.
/ angle to rhe eclge of a 0.25-m disc. \,Vhar is
lhe torque on tlle disc?
,l
Momentum
ursof
\-]-'.olation
-1*
i I:l ;1,', itl,'l id' I ri rirt
A. SPRING WITH A MASS - 'l-ire forc.: on a
mass in simple harmonic motion is alrvrrvs
riirectetl oppo<ire lo rhe Cirecri,,n in .vii:r I iir,.
mass is moving.
Forcc:f - -Lr(k=\pringeolt\t:r:1.:. -,ti.,:r.,,.
trom equilibrium posirion
'lhe time it planet to travel from
tal<es a Froquency: "lhe nuntber of osr:iilat,orrs rlrc
r

,/ to ,? is the same as the time it tales to spring complere. irr a period ,ri r.r:,e:
travel from t, to lJ. r_l r )*1 .tr)lt
3. hrv of periods: The squaie oithe period of r
.r planers orbir around the sun {f is propor- xF . Units: cvcles/s,
tional to the cube of its semi-major zr_xis (a):
tr = rF sin d = (0.25 m) (5 N) (sin .15")
or s-r. or herrz
Angul:rr frequency:'l'he nrunber of t.ircl:rns tht,
11 lzl

- 4r:a' iTi =0.9N.m spring oscillates throLrgh in a lreriori 1f ri.rc:

(; Lt tJsing rhe right-hand nrle, we can see tllat
,--a-a .
the to-r(lue vector points rrprvard along the ) \nt
^
aris of ro t a tion. .
,\ngtrlar rnomcntullr is analogous to linear llnits: rad/s
A. UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION l)eriod: fhe tinte it takes tbr ilttr sltriltg io corrr_
\lrgular tlisplircemenl: flte angle throuitlr rnomentum. A f)article rotating with linear mo_
rrhich I hodl rorares is gj\.(n hv /t:. s rnentrrrn p a riistance r from the axis olrotation plete one oscillarion. 'l'-2ui!
- .i. ti
Iras atrgular rnonlentLlm rlcfinetl br,:
. I. . r l) l\(,(.tor f,rnrrl lrrrd nrugttifurlc I'.r;rratiorr ofrrrolion: Ir rIc.1,-11,j11,.r ,r. i r
cornpressecl a tlistance .l antl rrlt,ascrl l;orir
I. - nttr) si:.. 0.
. I:or a rigid roraring bociy, 1_ /,r, rvherc I res.t, the srrbseqLrent nrotion i:; rlivtn lr1.
= J//) =rlcos/-rt,.lrtlhrs,Js,,..r i,..rltrr,.
rs tllc rnom{.nt of inerria olrhr body. is r heplirut jc o f ost.ili;rt iorr'"
. Ilela{ion benveen torque and anguiar
..1 a nr
Velocitv: r (1) - ,{! -' -*?1 sin(^./
,rrrr,r,a,r,,,,r, , = 44 dt
rlr rvhere t:,,,,.,
(.onsen,ation of arrgular monrenturn:
\!hen no = a.,,1

t,xternal torrlue is acting on .\cccleratiorr:

a svstem, angrilar mo_
II)entunl . .t1'
_*-
consened. Ilr,", - 0, L is constant.
is ,,t, =,,,t,i- .lcu\ ..,r : *..r ,
. \,rte: \\herr ,)
rlre rorque rrcting on a s\ s_ ivhere a,,.,, - ,.;,-1
tent is parallel to the vector, r, berlveen
.\!'erilge angular r.elocitl.: A botlv rotares a dis_ Potential energv, U =
rhe bodv and the axis of rotation, the ner | Lr,
';ilr( p r irom thr..L\iS ofrot:rljon n ith a trngentiJ torque on tlre :r',tenr iq zero. 'fotulr'ners1:O=r, .]I.,,,,,
 Example: A 5-kg object is attached to a verti- 2. Add up rhe forces.
cal spring iind stretches the spring 0.20 m. L =F',t'
\Vhat is the natural frequency of oscillation -tt -:s
A. MAGNETIC FIELDS
0f tlrrs system? . kq kq, 3kq. l. Bar magnets: The magnetic fieid lines of a
+BB bar magnet exit the north pole and enter rhc
U i- _ 3tfl.99 r l0eN.m:'/cr)(1.0 x I0-"C): south pole. Like poles repel each ottrer, ilnd
rsr,
€.:
-::
>.: \'a i""" =
=
ox ro, N.tir:I;d to rhe rishr
unlike poles attract each other.
Magnetic field units: Tesla ('f )
:<->n ELECTRIC FIELD -
,.N\
.o+)O-(-0 electrically charged A1l
L . rn/S A. III
particles create an electric field. This is defined
-- spnns ar
eodrrrbrium
'iI ;(:
(
E-----]-\ -c.2om
as rhc force a tcst clrarge q., rvorrld experience
2. Nlagnetic force on a moving charge: A
particle hrith charge 4 ntoving at veloctt!'
if it rvere placed in I 1:a.ricirlar localion near
l"l I
the clrarged parricle.
,-F
t=,L
v through a magnetic field B rvill e:rperi-
ence a force: F =
p-
= quB sin0.
{v x B wirh nr:rgr.irurlc
I . To determine the clirection of the forr:e
mg c. GAUSS'S LAW on the particle, use the right hancl nrlc:
\Vhen the nrass/spring svstent hangs at Electric FIux Tl.re amounr of rhe electric Reld The fingers point in the dircction ol v
rest, the forces acting on it are balancecl: that passes perpendicularly tlrrough an area A. and curl toward the clirection ol B. The
L-,t,.t= nta = 0 = rrig-.t"r ,r.J= [r:. ae rhumb rvill point in the direction oi F.
Example: A magnetic {ield of strength i.5
/7rg = f,T Gauss's Law: The rotal electric flux thror-rgh a
closed surface equals tlte amount of cl.rarge
x 10']'f points along the positive 1, a-us. A
Dl ,t proton travels through the field at ir specd
cnclosed in that surface divided by the permit-
['lrrg in the expression for f,'l/n into the tivity constant, eo.
l].0 x 1 06 m i s alon g the irositiYe -y- il\is. \\hai
e(luation frlr the freqr:enc.v ol oscilla-
tiort:
, ()
le.,1rr=-:1lrl.
is the force on the proton?

t - i-
,-;- J :n
Comrnon electric field conligurations. In all
\ti
cases, 11, is a test charge in the field.

,: _L_.l{ _ -t_.g.!f!l!: Clrarge configuration: Poirrt ch(trge, q.l

' :it i Y l;i' \ 0.t nr
f- r-tllz 'l'he E-field: E = r-11
r'
B. PENDULUMS -
periocl of a sirnpie .^-, r -Qo .-
penclulum \vith length 1 is given bv -
t
-:;1i i
1

I Clrarge configurationi lnlinite line clnrge witlt

A. ELECTRIC CHARGE -
Electric cl.rarge is a
lundarnental properfl, of nature.'l'he charge on
.r I,irr{icle c:ln he positivc or negetive.
. 'fu'o particles rvith like charges repel
r.ach other.
. 'l\vo particles with unlike charges at-
tract each other.
tJnits: Coulomb (C)
Coulomb's Law: Tlvo particles of charge 4, irnd
r7-, a clistance r arvay from each other rvill exert a
lorce on each other:
,_ , 4,4.
r'=i-
r'
Ihr' fbrce that r/1 eKerts on r/. is eqLlal and op-
posite to the force tltat 4, exerts on ql.
Note:-lb determine the direction of the electric
lorce, riecide rvhether the force is attractive or
rL'prrlsive, given the signs of the charges.
[)xarnple: r\ charge of I pC is placed 2 m to tile
right ol the origin. A charge of -2 pC is placed
I rn to the lelt olthe origin.!\'hat is the force on
a charge o1 -- 1 rrC located at the origin?
v Ix)lential dilicrence [)etrveen trvo points, A anrl B,
(lalcrrlate the lorce tltat cach charge ex-
orts on -q. fhe positive charge (+4) rvill
r'xerl ,il1 itttlaCtive lorce sirrce opposttcs
irttracr, so it r.r.ill be directed to the right.
I he negative ch arge (-2q)."vill exert a re
ptrlsive force because Iike chzrrges repel,
so it rvill be directed to rhe right also.
,.
1.,-^__-
,. (q)\-tl)i
l;n!
l: , - a rlirecrcd ro rhe righr
,. , t-tLltl-q)l
,'/-lr
l'rt:
/' , - ,i rlirr.cred lo rl)e righr
unifornt density, A 1. Calculate the magnitude ol the n)agn{'ti('
fbrce. Ihe charge on a proton is 1.00 y
f -field: I: 2I' rl.
l0 I'C. llte rngle fl,,(\voen Il)e 'r;1,{nHric
field and the velocilv vector is Sll'.
F= i1.ti0 x l0-'nC),3.0 x l0n nt,'s l
5 . Irt -..:\--,1 si;rl:lr;.)
L . n-1, s.
('-\t:t,) i lr= 7.2 x 10'r'N
2. Determine the direction of the lr.rc: us-
Clrarge configuration: Rirrg tt,ith clnrge Q anrj ing the right-hand rr,rle. The finllers poin:
radius R. irlong the clirection of the particle's vcloc-
Il-field:E=['O=-:!:
- !(rr + I?rll iry (,r-a-{is) ancl curl tor,r,ard the niagnetic
he)d (1,-2L111. TLe thumb points along the
positive z-atis. Thus, the magneiic f'l.ld
l)oints in lhe positivr: direcriolr.
3. trlagnetic force on a currenl-crrn inq n i rc:
A wire of length and direction I anri i:urrcnt
/ traveling through a milgnetic fielci u.'ill cx-
Charge configurationi ltiitlite clnrged plane perience a force F : 1t x B !\,irh nl.igltitude
ruitlt clmrge density o l;: /lll sin 0.
Il-ficld: [=, Nlagnctic field arotrnd a current-(:arryi:tg
rvire: The strengith of the rnagntrtic lir'lrl u
D. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL - 'l'he electric po- distance r/ liom a long rv'irc'rvith currelrt 1i:;
ten(ial, also know.n as voltage, is defined as the
electric potential enerp, per rrnit charge. TIie n: ,;7
5. I{agtrctic ficld :rrorrnrl a solenoirl: i iri'
irr rur tLrtric licLl is r[,lirrrrl irs tlrc lvork rlrrrrc lly tllrtIl)(:li(' l]clti rtrottttrl lr sollrtoir j is crirrr'r.r:
inl ('xl(.rnitl Iirrt r. lo rnovr.l llsl cltirrl;r.. ry,,, l.rrrtp lr;rllrl ;tltttosl lrr(irlly ;rlorrlg tr sl ltililrt iirrr. rrt
I)oint,,\ to poirrl lt rlivirlL.tl lrv llrt,test clrirrge: llll) (('nt('r ol tltc loolls. I llt sll('t)Htl! (il 1ir.
Iy rtl;rgn(:lic lit:ltl /l lrrortnrl:r solt:rroirl u,illr l
fl' lr, I, ,/,"' lortps atttl ('ulrrnt I is 1l . 1r,,rrl.
. \Vlrclr rvork is rlorrt: lry thc elcctric ficld B, MAGNETIC INDUCTION
in lnor,,ing r7,, lrorn poirlt A lo point B, the l. l\'[agnetic fltrx:'fhe antotrnt ol thc nurgtIliic
lrott,nlilrl rlilli,rt'trcc is Hivcrr ltv lir:lti tlrlrt tllvr'ls l)('rl)('n(lit rrl;ult, tlrrrrrriiir
I v.u an a rca -,i:
_ _d
" - -
O =JB . rlA
Note: Elecrric fotentiai energy is analogous
to gravitational potentiirl energ)'. 2. l:araday's l-arv: ,\ r':rrt irrg Inarcnet;{t iitl(l
tilrough a coil oi wirr: ,"r,ill iritlrrct u;r t'1,,:--
n"ote: Electric field lines point from high to
trnnrotive Ioral r--: in tlr,,ui.e:
lorv potential. A positive charge placed in an
tlectric lleld rvill accelerate from high to low .
: - -rv',,1,1,
tlt
potential, while a negative charge in an elec- -
tric field rvill accelerate from low potential to
high potential.
Potential difference in a uniform electric field: lsBN- 1 3: 978-0-7386-C714-3
I v" = l,; - l', = Ed (rvhere ri is the distance be- rseNJ.ro:o-i:Bs-o7ar-a U.S.SJ.95
l\\'r,r.n Pr)ints.\;rnti Br trt
I:lectric Potential ola point etrarge: f .- 'f
lll lllllll ilillii lll llllll lll,rli;i',il i;[i
Electric Potential of a continuous charge dis-
9 il790738"607443fi
tnhutlon:i.. -(J -r
r do LO2010 Fesearch & Educaiion Assoc Jt or. Inc
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