LECTURE 12/7: GMOS

review: genetic modification

adding to, deleting, changing organism's DNA

longstanding: artificial selection

newer: CRISPR

key difference: now can add genetic capabilities not already gene pool

wild cabbage artificially selected

different than ability to make targeted change

chickens

food is now labeled GMO if

CRISPR
but NOT if just articicially selected (or mutagenesis through radiation)

GMO's for animals

disease modeling and research

transgenic mice registries

study gene function in mice, understand what it does in humans

evaluate disease progression in ways you can't do in humans

where is protien being expressed: flourecents

"ruppy" first transgenic dog produces red flourescent protien

LECTURE 12/7: GMOS 1

 transgenic monkeys with human brain genes, 2019 and 2020

pharmaceutical production
"pharming": GMOs to manufacture drugs

bacteria modified, insulin and hemophilia

10 goats = traditional manufacturing plant

produce blood clotting factors in their milk

rabbits produce drugs for hereditary hemangioedema in milk

chickens lau eggs w cancer drugs

human plasma producing cows

tomatoes which contain L-dopa, dopamine neurotransmitter drug treats

schizophrenia

biomanufacturing other materials

transgenic spider goats produce biomaterials: lewis lab inserted gene for spider
silk protein into goat genome
synthetic spider silk extrated from goats' milk and converted to fibers

sourcing for xenotransplantation

transplantation of animal organs or tissues into human recipients

address organ transplant shortage

skin drafts current trial

valve replacement

solid organ transplants are some time away

issues of immune incompatability

human rejects transplant

research preventing rejection with genetic modifications

LECTURE 12/7: GMOS 2

 insert human genes into swine genome to modify donor's cell surface protients
that active an immune response with person

kardashians each have their own matching genome pig "oh my god is that a
chicken"

animals consumed in being used for organ transplants

research into genetic modifications to decrease risk for zoonosis - disease

from animals to humans

food production and enhancement

transgenic salmon

fast growing
growth hormone

18 months vs 3 years to get to full size

other food enhancement applications underway:

transgenic cows w human genes to make breastmilk substitute (2011): 80% the
same as human breastmilk, has not hit market because of GMO concerns

cultural backlash, esp in europe

*natural vs artificial boundaries can blur: modifications intend to replicate existing

mutation i.e. muscular cows

environment and animal welfare

genome-edited hornless cattle don't have to undergo painful horn removal
(2016) - not in practice bc people don't care about the well being of cows

phytase transgenic pigs: enviropigs

phosphorus in feces - environmental pollution

LECTURE 12/7: GMOS 3

 disease control in domestic animals
TB resistant cows

use less antibiotics, saves antibiotics for humans, solves public health issue

disease control in the wild

pathogens from wild animals to humans

make mosquitos malaria resistant

GM mosquitos resistant to malaria

eukaryotic pathogen: can't use antibiotics

add a set of genes that generate antibodies to malarial parasite harbored by

mosquito

use GMOs to get rid of mosquitos 😈

gene drive

through crispr...
force homozygosity: only one allele inherited

sweep malaria resistance gene throughout population

transgenic mosquitos with self-limiting gene - Oxitec's OX513A strain

conditionally kills offspring that inherit it

study of how regulation of biotechnology is a hot mess

current trial going on in the US

concern: releasing into wild is different from releasing into animals kept in captivity
glofish >O

"what happens in my fish tank stays in my fish tank" - jenny <3

do you regulate process or animals?

other?

LECTURE 12/7: GMOS 4