ME - FM - Turbo Machinery, Thermo-1 RAC-1, HMT-2 TOM-2 - SOL - 2450

Detailed Solutions
ESE-2018 Mechanical Engineering

Mains Test Series Test No : 3
Section A : Fluid Mechanics and Turbo Machinery
Q.1.(a) (i) Solution:
Classification of fluids on the Basis of density and viscosity
Type fo fluid Density Viscosity
1. Ideal fluid Constant Zero
2. Incompressible fluid Constant Non-zero
3. Inviscid fluid Constant or Variable zero
4. Real fluid variable Non-zero
5. Newtonian fluid Constant or Variable Non-zeo, constant
6. Non-Newtonian fluid Constant or Variable Non-zero, variable
7. Compressible fluid Variable Variable or constant
8. Perfect gas Variable zero
Q.1.(a) (ii) Solution:

id
flu
stic
Solid
Pla
tic id
p las flu
al n
e ia
Shear stress τ
Id ton
w
Ne uid
o n- fl
N an
n i uid
to nt fl
Ne
w ate
Dil
Inviscid and ideal fluid
Shear strain rate du/dy
12 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
Q.1.(b) Solution:
Total enthalpy drop, ∆h = 15000 kJ/kg
Nozzle angle, α = 18°
Blade rpm, N = 4000 rpm
1. Optimum speed ratio for simple impulse stage,
cos α u
ρ = =
2 v1
v1 cos α
u =
2
for the ideal conditions, absolute velocity is given by
v1 = 44.72(∆h)1/2
= 44.72(15000)1/2 = 5477 m/s
πDN 5477 × cos 18°
=
60 2
60 × 5477 × cos 18°
D = = 12.435 m Answer
π× 4000 × 2
2. Optimum speed ratio for single 50% reaction stage,
ρ = cosα
u = 5477 × cos18° = 5208.936 m/s
πDN 60 × 5208.936
= 5208.936 or D = = 24.87 m Answer
60 π× 4000
3. Optimum speed for two-row curtis stage,
cos α cos α cos α u
ρ = = = =
2n 2×2 4 v1
5477 × cos 18°
u = = 1302.234 m/s
4
πDN
= 1302.234
60
60 × 1302.234
D = = 6.2177 m Answer
π× 4000
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Test No : 3 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 13
Q.1.(c) (i) Solution:
c sin θ
vθ = −
r2
1. Expression for radial velocity, vr :
The continuity equation for a 2-D, steady incompressible flow is
1 ∂ ∂ (v )
(r .vr ) + θ = 0
r ∂r r ∂θ
∂ ∂
or, (rvr ) + ( vθ ) = 0 ...(i)
∂r ∂θ
For the given velocity component:
∂vθ ∂  c sin θ  c
=  −
2  = − 2 cos θ ...(ii)
∂θ ∂θ  r  r
for (i) and (ii), we have:
∂ c
(rvr ) = 2 cos θ
∂r r
r
c
rvr = ∫ r 2 cos θdr (Integrating both side w.r.t. r)
0
c cos θ
rvr = −
r
c cos θ
Radial component, vr = − Answer
r2
2. Resultant velocity:
Resultant velocity = vr2 + vθ2
1/2
 c cos θ  2  c sin θ  2 
=  − 2  +  − 2  
 r   r  
=
c ( cos2 θ + sin 2 θ )1/2 = 2
c
Answer
2
r r
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Direction of resultant velocity:
 sin θ 
 −c 2 
r 
tanφ =  V Vθ
 −c cos θ φ
 2 
 r  Vr r
tanφ = tanθ
φ = θ Answer
Q.1.(c)(ii) Solution:
y x=8
x=4
D C
y=8
A
B
y=2
x
u = 16y – 8x
v = 8y – 7x
ΓABC = ∫ (udx + vdy ) + ∫ (udx + vdy ) + ∫ (udx + vdy ) + ∫ (udx + vdy )

AB BC CD DA
8 2 8 8 4
= ∫ (16 y − 8x ) dx + ∫ (8y − 7 x ) dy + ∫ (16 y − 8x ) dx + ∫ (8y − 7 x ) dy + ∫ (16 y − 8x ) dx +
4 2 8 2 8
8 4 2
∫ (8y − 7 x ) dy + ∫ (16y − 8x ) dx + ∫ (8y − 7 x ) dy
8 4 8
8 8 4 2
ΓABCD = ∫ (16y − 8x ) dx + ∫ (8y − 7 x ) dy + ∫ (16y − 8x ) dx + ∫ (8y − 7 x ) dy
4 2 8 8
We can observe that for AB, y is invariant and for BC x is invariant and so on.
8 8 4 2
ΓABCD =  16 yx − 4 x 2  +  4 y 2 − 4 xy  +  16 yx − 4 x 2  +  4 y 2 − 7 xy 
4 4 8 8
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
In integral (i): y = 2
In integral (ii): x = 8
In integral (iii): y = 8
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In integral (iv): x = 4
Substituting these values, we have:
ΓABCD = [16 ×2 × 8 – 4 × 8 × 8 – 16 × 2 × 4 + 42 × 4 ] + [4 × 82 –
7 × 82 – 4 × 22 + 7 × 82] + [16 × 8 × 4 – 4 × 42 – 16 × 8 ×
8 + 4 × 82] + [4 × 22 – 7 × 4 × 2 – 4 × 82 + 7 × 4 × 8]
ΓABCD = [256 – 256 – 128 + 64] + [256 – 448 – 16 + 112] +
[512 – 64 – 1024 + 256] + [16 – 56 – 256 + 224]
= – 64 – 96 – 320 – 72 = – 552 Answer
Alternate solution,
Total circulation ground a closed loop
Γ = ΓAB + ΓBC + ΓCD + ΓDA
 ∂u δy   dv δx   ∂u δy   ∂v δx 
 u − ∂y 2  δx +  v + ∂x 2  δy −  u + ∂y 2  δx −  v − ∂x 2  δy
   
 ∂v ∂u   ∂ ( 8y − 7 x ) ∂ ( 16 y − 8x ) 
=  ∂x − ∂y  δxδy =  − 
   ∂x ∂y 
= (– 7 – 16) × 24 = – 552
Q.1.(d) Solution:
Diameter at inlet, d1 = 36 cm
π
cross section area at inlet, a1 = ( 36 )2 = 1017.876 cm2
4
Diameter at throat, d2 = 12 cm
π ( )2
cross-sectional area at throat, a2 = × 12 = 113.1 cm2
4
Pressure, P1 = 13.734 N/cm2 = 13.734 × 104 N/m2
P1 13.734 × 10 4
Pressure head, = = 14 m of water
ρg 9810
P
Pressure head at throat, 2 = – 37 cm of mercury
ρg
37 × 13.6
= − = – 5.032 m of water
100
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 P1   P2 
Differential head, h =  + z1  −  + z2  [ z1 = z2 Horizontal pipe ]
 ρg   ρg 
= 14 – (– 5.032) = 19.032 m of water = 1903.2 cm
Head loss, hf = 4% of h
4
= × 19.032 = 0.7613 m
100
h − hf  0.7613 
Cd = = 1−  = 0.98
h  19.032 
a a 2 gh
Discharge or rate of flow, Q = Cd 1 2
a12 − a22
0.98 × 1017.876 × 113.1 2 × 981 × 1903.2

Q =
(1017.876 )2 − (113.1 )2
Q = 215515.267 cm3/s = 0.2155 m3/s
Rate of flow, Q = 0.2155 m3/s or 215.5 L/s Answer
Q.1.(e) (i) Solution:
Rotodynamic pumps: A rotodynamic pump is a device where mechanical energy is
transferred from the rotor to the fluid by the principle of fluid motion through it. The
energy of the fluid can be sensed from the pressure and velocity of the fluid at the delivery
end of the pump. Therefore, it is essentially a turbine in reverse. Like turbines, pumps
are classified according to the main direction of fluid path through them like (i) radial
flow or centrifugal, (ii) axial flow and (iii) mixed flow types.
Centrifugal pumps : The pumps employing centrifugal effects for increasing fluid
pressure have been in use for more than a century. The centrifugal pump, by its principle,
is converse of the Francis turbine. The flow is radially outward, and the hence the fluid
gains in centrifugal head while flowing through it. Because of certain inherent advantages,
such as compactness, smooth and uniform flow, low initial cost and high efficiency even
at low heads, centrifugal pumps are used in almost all pumping systems.
The simplest from of a centrifugal pump is shown in figure below. It consists of three
important parts: (i) the rotor, usually called as impeller, (ii) the volute casing and (iii) the
diffuser ring.
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Stationary diffuser vanes
Diffuser
Impeller
Volute
Without diffuser With diffuser
A centrifugal pump
Q.1.(e) (ii) Solution:

The impeller is a rotating solid disc with curved blades standing out vertically from the
face of the disc. The impeller may be single sided or double sided. A double sided
impeller has a relatively small flow capacity. The tips of the blades are sometimes covered
by another flat disc to give shrouded blades, otherwise the blade tips are left open and
the casing of the pump itself forms the solid outer wall of the blade passages. The
advantage of the shrouded blade is that flow is prevented from leaking across the blade
tips from one passage to another.
Impeller shroud
Depth of diffuser
(a) Single sided impeller (b) Double sided impeller (c) Shrouded impeller
Types of impellers in a centrifugal pump
Losses in a centrifugal pump:

• Mechanical friction power loss due to friction between the fixed and rotating
parts in the bearing and stuffing boxes.
• Disc friction power loss due to friction between the rotating faces of the impeller
(or disc) and the liquid.
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• Leakage and recirculation power loss. This is due to loss of liquid from the pump
and recirculation of the liquid in the impeller. The pressure difference between
impeller tip and eye can cause a recirculation of a small volume of liquid, thus
reducing the flow rate at outlet of the impeller as shown in figure below.
Q Q Q Q
Q
Main flow
Leakage flow between
blade and casing q
Leakage and re-circulation in a centrifugal pump
Q.2.(a) Solution:
The question clearly says that composite cylinder of thick cylindrical plate and wooden
plate of 80 mm diameter. Let l be the length of the wooden piece. For floating equilibrium
of the composite cylinder.
Weight of the cylinder ≤ weight of the liquid of the same volume as that of the cylinder.
2 2
π (0.08 ) π (0.08 )
Hence, {0.02 × 4 + 0.8 l} ≤ {0.02 + l}
4 4
(0.02 × 4 + 0.8l) ≤ (0.02 + l )
0.02 × (4 – 1) ≤ 0.2 l
l ≥ 0.3 m
Hence, the minimum length of the wooden portion lminimum = 0.3 m = 300 mm
G
lmax
B
lmin h
20 mm
O
20 mm
80 mm
80 mm (ii)
(i)
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The minimum length corresponds to the situation when the cylinder will just float with
its top edge at the free surface (fig.(i)). For any length l part of its length submerged as
shown in figure (ii). The upper limit of l would be decided from the consideration of
stable equilibrium (angular stability) of the cylinder.
For stable equilibrium, metacentric height > 0
The location of center of gravity G of the composite cylinder can be found as
2
π ( 0.08 )
[0.02 × 4 × 0.01 + l × 0.8 (0.5l + 0.02 )]
OG = 4
2
π (0.08 )
(0.08 + 0.8 l )
4
5l 2 + 0.2 l + 0.01
OG =
10l + 1
The submerged length h of the wooden cylinder is found from the consideration of floating
equilibrium as
Weight of the cylinder = Buoyancy force
2
(0.08 )2 ( 0.02 × 4 + 0.8l ) = π ( 0.08 ) × h
π
4 4
h = 0.08(10l + 1)
The location of the centre of buoyancy B can therefore expressed as
h
OB = = 0.04(10l + 1)
2
Now BG = OG – OB
2
5l 2 + 0.2 l + 0.01 − 0.04 ( 10l + 1 ) l 2 − 0.6l − 0.03
= =
(10l + 1 ) ( 10l + 1)
The location of the metacenter M above buoyancy B can be found out as
4
I π (0.08 ) × 4
BM = =
V 64 × ( 0.08 )2 × πh
Substituting the value of h in BM,
(0.08 )2 1
BM = ×
16 0.08 ( 10l + 1 )
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0.005
BM =
10l + 1
Therefore, MG = BM – BG
0.005 l 2 − 0.6l − 0.03

MG = −
10l + 1 10l + 1
(l 2 − 0.6l − 0.035)
MG = –
10l + 1
Using the criterion for stable equilibrium as MG > 0, we have
− (l 2 − 0.6l − 0.035 )
> 0
10l + 1
l 2 – 0.6l – 0.035 < 0
(l – 0.653)(l + 0.053) < 0
The length l can never be negative. Hence, the physically possible condition is
l – 0.653 < 0
l < 0.653
So, the limits of length are 300 mm to 653 mm Answer
Q.2.(b) (i) Solution:

Consider an elementary area dA in the form of a ring at a radius r such that
dA = 2πrdr
The average velocity u in the pipe should be given by
1
A∫
uavg. = udA
R
umax
r dr
r
u
dA = 2πrdr A = πR
2
uavg.
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R  R
1 r2  2u r3 
or uavg. = 2 ∫ max
u  1 − 2  2 πrdr = max ∫  r − R2 dr
πR 0  R  R2 0
2umax  R2 R 4  umax
=  − =
R2  2 4 R 2  2
The kinetic energy correction factor α is given by

3 R
1  u  1 u3
α = A ∫ u
 

dA =
2 ∫ 3
2 πrdr
 avg.  πR u
0 avg.
R R 3
r 
2
16 3 16
= 2 3 ∫
R u max 0
u rdr = ∫    rdr = 2.0
 1 −
R3 0   R  
The momentum correction factor β is given by
2 R
1  u  1 u2
β = A ∫ u  dA =
2 ∫ 2
2 πrdr
 avg.  πR u
0 avg.
R 2
r 
2
8 4
= 2 ∫  1 −    rdr = = 1.33 Answer
R 0  R  3
The implication of these correction factors is that the kinetic energy calculated on the
basis of the average velocity must be doubled to yield the true kinetic energy of the flow
and that the momentum calculated on the basis of the average velocity must be increased
by 33% to yield the true momentum of the laminar flow through a pipe.
Q.2.(b) (ii) Solution:

1.6
Given: µ = 1.6 poise = = 0.16 Ns/m2
10
Relative density = 0.9
Density of oil, ρ = 900 kg/m3
Diameter of pipe, D = 25 mm = 0.025 m
Length of pipe, L = 20 m
Pressure at A, PA = 58.86 N/cm2 = 58.86 × 104 N/m2
Pressure at B, PB = 19.62 N/cm2 = 19.62 × 104 N/m2
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To find the direction of flow, we have to calculate total energy head at the lower end A
and at the upper end B. The direction of flow will be given from the higher energy to the
lower energy. As the diameter is uniform, velocity at both the points A and B will be
same and hence kinetic energy at A and B will be same. To find the direction of flow,
 P 
only  ρg + z  at A and B is required to be calculated.
 
 P  58.86 × 10 4 + 101.32 × 10 3
hA =  + z = + 0 = 78.14 m
 ρg A 900 × 9.81
 P  19.62 × 10 4 + 101.32 × 10 3
hB =  + z = + 20 = 53.69 m
 ρg B 900 × 9.81
As the value of hA is greater than hB, so the flow takes place from A to B.
The loss of pressure head for viscous flow through circular pipe is given by
32µuL
Assuming laminar flow, hf =
ρgD2
For vertical pipe, hf = loss of piezometric head

hf = hA – hB = 78.14 – 53.69 = 24.45 m
32 × 0.16 × u × 20
24.45 = 2
900 × 9.81 × (0.025 )
2
900 × 9.81 × (0.025 ) × 24.45
u = = 1.3175 m/s
32 × 0.16 × 20
ρVD ρuD
Now, Reynolds number, Re = =
µ µ
900 × 1.3175 × 0.025
Re = = 185.282
0.16
As Reynolds number is less than 2000, the flow is laminar and our assumption was
correct.
Rate of flow = average velocity × area
π 2
= u× D
4
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π 2
= 1.3175 × × ( 0.025 ) × 1000
4
= 0.64673 Litre/s Answer
Q.2.(c) Solution:
A1V1 = A2V2
A2
Area ratio, AR = A = 1.8
1
P1 v1
1
A2
= 1.8
A1
P2 2
v2
Flow through a diffuser or a draft tube
A2V2
V1 = A1 = AR × V2
V 1 = 1.8 × 6.25 = 11.25 m/s
Q
A1 = V
1
100
A1 = = 8.89 m2
11.25
A 2 = 1.8 × 8.89 = 16 m2 Answer (1)
Theoretical head gained,
∆Hth =
1
2g
(
V12 − V22 = )1 (
19.62
11.252 − 6.252 ) = 4.46 m
P2 − P1 ∆H actual
Efficiency of draft tube, ηD = =
1
2g
(
V12 − V22 ) ∆H theoretical
∆Hactual = 0.85 × 4.46 = 3.791 m Answer (2)

Additional power generated is given by
= ρQg∆H a = 1000 × 100 × 9.81 × 3.791 × 10–6

= 3.72 MW Answer (3)
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Loss of head due to losses in the draft tube

= ∆Hth – ∆Hact
= 4.46 – 3.791 = 0.669 m Answer (4)
Q.3.(a) (i) Solution:

The horizontal component of force acting on the gate is the horizontal force on the projected
area normal to the x-axis.
6 cos30°
O
30°
6 sin30°
6m
FH = ρgAx
6 sin 30°
FH = 1000 × 9.81 × ( 6 sin 30°× 2 ) ×
2
FH = 88.29 kN
The vertical component of force on the gate is upward but numerically equal the weight
of liquid imaginarily supported by the curved surface.
2 30° 6 cos 30°
Area of shaded part = π× 6 × − × 6 sin 30°
360° 2
= 9.424 – 7.794 = 1.63 m2
The vertically upward force acting on the gate
FV = 1.63 × 2 × 1000 × 9.81 = 31980 N or 31.98 kN
Resultant force, FR = FH2 + FV2
= ( 88.29 )2 + ( 31.98 )2 = 93.9 kN Answer
The angle which the resultant force makes with the horizontal is
C
2m
FH
FR
θ = 19.9°
Fv
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−1  Fv 
θ = tan  F 
 H
−1  31.98 
= tan   = 19.9° Answer
 88.29 
Q.3.(a) (ii) Solution:

Given: Schematic diagram:
d = 0.6 m Drainage
pump
2m 2
2.8 m
1
d = 1.2 m
P 2 = 28 cm of Hg (abs)
⇒ 0.28 × 13.6 = 3.81 m (abs)
Now, A1V1 = A2V2 (from continuity equation)
π π
× 1.2 2 × v1 = × 0.6 2 × v2
4 4
4v1 = v2
p1 patm
also, = + 2.8 m
ρg ρg
V22
and Hf = 0.1
2g
applying Bernoulli eq. between point (1) and point (2)
P1 V12 P V2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + H f
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
Patm V12 P2 V22 V22

+ 2.8 + +0 = + + 2.8 + 2 + 0.1 (eq. is in water head)
ρg 2g ρg 2 g 2g
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1.1V22 − V12
10.3 + 2.8 – 3.81 – 4.8 =
2g
( )
2
1.1V22 − V2 /4
4.49 =
2g
4.49 × 2 × 9.81
V 22 =
1.1 − 0.252
V 2 = 9.215 m/s
π
Discharge, Q = A2V2 = × 0.6 2 × 9.215
4
Q = 2.605 m3/s Answer

Diameter of pipe, D = 0.8 m
D 0.8
Radius of pipe, R = = = 0.4 m
2 2
Length of pipe, L = 4500 m
Discharge, Q = 0.8 m3/s
Average height of roughness, k = 0.48 mm = 0.48 × 10–3 m
4 fLv2
Head loss, hf =
D× 2g
for a rough pipe, the value ‘f ’ is given by:
1 R
= 2.0 log 10   + 1.74
4f k
 0.4 
= 2.0 log 10  −3 
+ 1.74 = 7.5816
 0.48 × 10 
1
4f = = 0.1319
7.5816
f = 4.35 × 10–3
4Q 4 × 0.8
Average velocity, v = =
2 = 1.59155 m/s
πD2 π× (0.8 )
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4 fLv2
Head lost in friction, hf =
D× 2g
2
4 × 4.35 × 10 −3 × 4500 × (1.59155 )
= = 12.64 m
0.8 × 2 × 9.81
Power required to maintain the flow is given as,
P = ρgQhf
= 9810 × 0.8 × 12.64 × 10–3 = 99.2 kW Answer

(v – u) (v – u)sinθ
θ
(v – u)cosθ θ = 15°
v u
jet of water
Moving curved plate

Fx = mass striking per second x
[Initial velocity with which jet strikes the plate in the direction of jet – Final velocity]
Fx = ρa[(v – u)[(v – u) –(–(v – u) cos θ)]
Fx = ρa(v – u)2 [1 + cosθ]
Diameter of the jet, d = 10 cm = 0.1 m
π 2 π 2
Area of jet, a = d = × ( 0.1 ) = 7.854 × 10–3 m2
4 4
Velocity of the jet, v = 20 m/s
Velocity of the plate, u = 8 m/s
Angle of deflection of the jet = 165°
Angle made by the relative velocity at the outlet of the plate,
θ = 180° – 165° = 15°
Fx = 1000 × 7.854 × 10–3 × (20 – 8)2 [1 + cos15°]
Fx = 7.854 × 144 × 1.966
Fx = 2223.5 N Answer (1)
Work done by the jet on the plate per second = Fx × 4
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W = 2223.5 × 8 = 17788 N m/s

17788
Work done by the jet on the plate per second = = 17.8 kW Answer (2)
1000
Work done by jet/sec
Efficiency of the jet =
Kinetic energy of jet/sec
17788 2 × 17788
η = 1 =
−3 3
(ρav ) v 2 1000 × 7.854 × 10 × 20
2
η = 0.5662 or 56.62% Answer (3)
Q.3.(c) Solution:
As per the given data, the velocity triangles at the entry and exit area right angled triangle.
c1 = 387 m/s
w1
u1 = c01
c2= w1
w2 c02 = 0
u2
Velocity triangles at the entry and exit of the impeller
πd1N π× 0.2 × 32000

u1 = = = 335.1 m/s
60 60
πd2 N π× 0.08 × 32000
u2 = = = 134.04 m/s
60 60
The work done in the stage is
waT = u1cθ1 – u2cθ2
As c θ 2 = 0, cθ1 = u 1
2
( 335.1 )2
Therefore, WaT = u1 = = 112.292 kJ/kg
1000
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Power, P = mw
aT
160
=
m = 1.425 kg/s Answer (1)
112.292
The energy transfer due to the change of radius is
(
1 2
2
)
u1 − u22 = 0.5 ( 335.12 − 134.04 2 ) × 10−3 = 47.16 kJ/kg
Therefore, the percentage of this part of the total energy transfer is

47.16
× 100 42% Answer (2)
112.292
Q.4.(a) Solution:
2 πN
ω = = 0.1047 N rad/s
60
L 60
Crank radius, r = = = 30 cm = 0.3 m
2 2
A 2
 40 
=   =4
As  20 
CASE 1 : When there is no air vessel
At θ = 0°, hfs = 0 and Has = Hasm
Ls  A  2
ω r [maximum accelerate in suction pipe]
Hasm = g  As 
6 2
Hasm = × 4 × ( 0.1047 N ) × 0.3
9.81
Hasm = 8.04557 × 10–3 N2
At limiting condition for a suction pipe
Hasm + Hv + Hs = Hatm
Hasm + 2.5 + 3 = 10
Hasm = 4.5 = 8.04557 × 10–3 N 2
N 2 = 559.314
N = 23.64 rpm Answer (1)
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CASE 2 : With air vessel

When an air vessel is fitted in the suction pipe at 2.0 m from the cylinder. Acceleration
pressure head is confined to a 2 m length next to the cylinder. As the flow is steady,
friction loss in remaining 4.0 m of suction pipe is constant over time.
Ls  A  2 2.0 2
Hasm =   ω r= × 4 × (0.1047 N ) × 0.3
g  As  9.81
Hasm = 2.682 N2 × 10–3
Vs = average steady velocity in pipe below air vessel
 A  ωr 4
=   = × 0.1047 N × 0.3 = 0.04 N m/s
 As  π π
fLs 2 0.02 × 4 2
hfs = vs = × ( 0.04 ) N 2
2 gds 2 × 9.81 × 0.2
= 3.262 × 10–5 N2
At limiting condition for a suction pipe
Hasm + Hv + Hs + hfs = Hatm
2.682 × 10–3 N2 + 2.5 + 3.0 + 3.262 × 10–5 N2 = 10
2.71462 × 10–3 N2 = 4.5
N 2 = 1657.69
N = 40.715 rpm Answer (2)
ALN
Discharge, Qt =
60
Q2 N 2 40.715
Ratio of discharge, Q = N = 23.64 = 1.72229
1 1
 Q2 
Percentage change in discharge =  Q − 1  × 100
 1 
= 72.22% increase after fitting the air vessel
Answer (2)

Dimensionless specific speed KsT is given by the expression
NP1/2
KsT = 5/4 ...(i)
ρ1/2 ( gH )
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πd 2 πd 2
Q = 4 × V1 = × 0.97[ 2 gH ]1/2
4
= 1.08 d 2(gH)1/2
The power developed, P = ηoverall × ρgQH
Hence, P = 0.85 × ρ × [1.08 d 2 (gH)1/2 ]gH
= 0.92 ρd 2(gH)3/2 ...(ii)
The rotational speed, N = U/πd
wheel speed, U = 0.46 × V1 = 0.46 × 0.97(2gH)1/2 = 0.63(gH)1/2
1/2 1/2
0.63 ( gH ) ( gH )
Hence, N = = 0.2 ...(iii)
πD D
Substituting the values of P and N from equation (ii) and (iii) respectively into equation
(i), we have
 ( gH )1/2  1/2 1
KsT = 0.2  0.92ρd 2 ( gH )3/2 
  5/4
D ρ1/2 ( gH )
1/2
( gH ) 1 d
= 0.2 × ( 0.92 )
1/2
× ρ1/2 × d ( gH )3/4 × 5/4
= 0.192 Answer
D ρ1/2 × ( gH ) D

The specific speed of a turbine is defined as the speed of operation of a geometrically
similar model of the turbine which is so proportional that it produces 1 kW power when
operating under 1 m head. It is given by
N P
Ns =
H 5/4
Where, P = Power (kW)
N = Wheel speed (rpm)
H = Head on turbine (m)
It is to be noted that specific speed is not a non-dimensional number.
Importance: Specific speed plays an important role in the selection of turbine. It is always
better to choose turbines of high specific speed as it means compact size of turbine,
generator, power house etc. The basic concept of the turbine specific speed is to identify
the optimum operating conditions for a given turbine design.
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Q.4.(c) Solution:
Turbojet : A compressor pressurizes intake air before mixing it with fuel and igniting it,
causing expansion through a turbine to power the compressor, and expel out to generate
thrust.
Turbofan: A turbojet in which as little direct thrust is produced as possible, and instead
as much energy as possible is extracted by the turbine and used to turn a large fan which
bypasses the engine.
Turboprop: Just like a turbofan, but replace “fan” with propeller and add a transmission
to adjust its speed.
Ramjet : Just like a turbojet, except instead of a mechanical compressor, a scoop is used
to compress “ram air” being scooped up by the engine. Like all other engines so far,
ramjets combust fuel-air mixture at subsonic speed, even if the aircraft is supersonic.
Scramjet: A ramjet that combusts the fuel-air mixture in a supersonic airflow.
Pulsejet : A pulsejet engine (or pulse jet) is a type of jet engine in which combustion
occurs in pulses. A pulsejet engine can be made with few or no moving parts, and is
capable of running statically (i.e. it does not need to have air forced into its inlet typically
by forward motion).
Section B : Thermodynamics-1 + RAC-1, HMT-2 + TOM-2

Q.5.(a) Solution:
P
2
P2
V=C PV = C
P1 = P 3 3
1 P=C
v 1 = v2 v3 v
The following three processes that form the cycle are shown in pV diagram:
(i) Process 1 – 2: heating at constant volume
(ii) Process 2 – 3: expansion at T = C
(iii) Process 3 – 1: cooling at P = C
T2 = 3.5 T1, T1 = 310 K, T2 = 3.5 × 310 = 1085K
P2 T2
for process 1 – 2, P = T = 3.5
1 1
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for isochoric process 1–2, W1–2 = 0
for process 2–3, P2V2 = P 3V 3
V2 P3 P1 1
= = =
V3 P2 P2 3.5
V
Work done per kg of gas: W2–3 = m × RT2 log e 3
V2
= 1 × 0.287 × 1085 loge 3.5 = 390.1 kJ
for process 3–1,
Work done per kg of gas: W3–1 = P3(V1 – V3) = m × R(T1 – T3)
W 3–1 = 1 × 0.287(310 – 1085)
W 3–1 = – 222.425 kJ
Net work done per kg of gas, Wnet = W1–2 + W2–3 + W3–1
= 0 + 390.1 – 222.425 = 167.675 kJ Answer
Q.5.(b) Solution:
Given: m = 22 tonne = 22000 kg, k = 0.62 m, N = 1800 rpm,
2 πN 2 π × 1800
ω = =
60 60
= 60 π = 188.5 rad/s,
6π
φ = 6° = = 0.105 rad, tp = 30 s
180
Mass moment of inertia of the rotor, I = mk 2
I = 22000 × (0.62)2 = 8456.8 kg m2
2π 2π
Angular velocity for SHM, ω1 = = = 0.21 rad/s
t p 30
Angular velocity of precession,

dθ d
= ( φ sin ω1t ) = φω1 cos ω1t
ωp =
dt dt
Maximum angular velocity of precession,
ωp, max = φω1 = 0.105 × 0.21 = 0.022 rad/s
Maximum gyroscopic couple is given as
Cmax = Iω ωp max
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Cmax = 8456.8 × 188.5 × 0.022

Cmax = 35070.35 Nm or 35 kNm Answer (1)
Maximum angular acceleration during pitching
= φ (ω1)2 = 0.105 × (0.21)2 = 0.0046 rad/s2
Answer(2)
Direction: When the rotation of the rotor is clockwise when looking from the left (i.e.
rear end or stern) and when the bow is rising (i.e. pitching is upward), then the reactive
gyroscopic couple acts in the clockwise direction which tends to turn the bow towards
right (i.e. towards starboard).
Answer (3)
Q.5.(c) Solution:
(i) Concept of absolute entropy:
• The molecule of a substance in solid phase continuously oscillate, creating an
uncertainty about their position.
• These oscillations however fade as the temperature is decreased and the molecules
supposedly become motionless at absolute zero.
• This represents a state of ultimate molecular order (and minimum energy). Therefore
the entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is zero
since there is no uncertainty about the state of the molecules at that instant.
• This statement is known as the third law of thermodynamics.
• Third law of thermodynamics provides an absolute reference point for the
determination of entropy.
• The entropy determined relative to this point is called absolute entropy.
• It is to be noted that the entropy of a substance that is not pure crystalline is not zero
at the absolute zero temperature.
(ii) (a) The entropy change of the iron block :
∆Siron = m(S2 – S1)
T2 285
= mC avg ln = 50 × 0.45ln = –12.65 kJ/K Answer (1)
T1 500
(b) The temperature of the lake remains constant during the process at 285 K. The
amount of heat transfer from iron block to the lake is :
Qout = mCavg(T1 – T2) = 50 × 0.45 × (500 – 285) = 4838 kJ
∴ Entropy change of the lake :
Qlake 4838
∆Slake = = = 16.97 kJ/K Answer (2)
Tlake 285
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(c) The entropy generated during the process : By taking iron block and
immediate surrounding as system,
Sin – Sout + Sgen = ∆Ssystem
Qout
or − + Sgen = ∆Ssystem
Tb
Qout 4838
or Sgen = + ∆Ssystem = − 12.65 = 4.32 kJ/K Answer(3)
Tb 285
Q.5.(d) Solution :
r sin θdφ
dA = (r sin θdφ)rdθ
rdθ
θ dθ
dφ
φ
The differential solid angle dω is defined by a region between the rays of a sphere
and is measured as the ratio of the element of area dAn on the sphere to the square of
the sphere’s radius i.e.
dAn
dω =
r2
Where, dAn = r2 sin θ dθ dφ (for spherical surface)
∴ dω = sin θ dθ dφ ...(1)
Now, for hemisphere equation (1) is integrated with limits as
φ = 0 to φ = 2π
π
θ = 0 to θ =
2
2 π π /2 π /2
∴ ∫ dω = ∫ ∫ sin θ d θ d φ = 2 π ∫ sin θ d θ = 2π Sr
h 0 0 0
Q.5.(e) Solution :
(i) A single-stage like the single effect absorption system is not suited to utilize a heat
source at a temperature higher than a certain point unlike other heat-operated
refrigerating machines that follow the Carnot trend, viz, the higher temperature of
the heat source, the higher the COP. In fact, the COP decreases as the heat source
temperature increases beyond a point.
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(ii) This is because the absorption system is not a reversible refrigerating machine,
because of the mixing process of refrigerant and absorbent, a degree of irreversibility
is involved. That is why the COP of an absorption system levels with the increase in
generator temperature, and then it starts decreasing.
It is found that the single effect system gives the best results upto a heat source
temperature of 105°C. Above that temperature it is worth while to switch over the
double effect system.
(ii) The drawbacks of:
(a) NH3 and H2O pair is that the difference in their NBPs is not large enough.
(b) H2O and LiBr pair are:
• Suffers from the problem of corrosion.
• Maintenance of high vacuum both on the low pressure side as well as on the
high pressure side.
Q.6 (a) Solution:

Let, heat removed from the system is Q1.
T2
System
Q1 = ∫ CV dT T1 = 200 K
100 K
T1
Q1
100 K
Q1 = ∫ AT 2 dt HE W
200 K
 100 3 − 200 3  3 Q1–W

Q1 = 0.042  3  = −98 × 10 J
  Reservoir
100 K
100 100
C dT
(∆s)system = ∫ V = ∫ AT dT
200
T 200
0.042(100 2 − 200 2 )
= − 630 J/K
2
Q1 − W 98 × 10 3 − W
(∆s)reservoir = = J/K
Treservoir 100
(∆s)working fluid in H.E = 0
∴ (∆s)univ = (∆s)system + (∆s)reservoir
98 × 10 3 − W
= −630 +
100
since, (∆s)universe ≥ 0
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98 × 10 3 − W
−630 + ≥ 0
100
W
≤ 350
100
Wmax = 35 kJ Answer
Q.6.(b) Solution:
Air Air
W1-2
Let m1 = Initial mass of air in cylinder

m2 = Final mass of air
Amount of air that has entered the cylinder = m2 – m1
Energy equation can be written as
hp (m2 – m1) = m2u2 – m1u1 + W1-2
Since, u = cVT
h = cPT
PV
m = and W = P1 (V2 – V1)
RT
P V PV  PV PV
c PTP  2 2 − 1 1  = 2 2 cV T2 − 1 1 cV T1 + P1 (V2 − V1 )
 RT2 RT1  RT2 RT1
∴ P 1 = P2 = P1
cV c T V V 
(V2 − V1 ) + (V2 − V1 ) − P P  2 − 1  = 0
R R  T2 T1 
 c  c T V V 
(V2 − V1 )  1 + V  − P P  2 − 1  = 0
 R R  T2 T1 
c P c PTP  V2 V1 
(V2 − V1 ) − −
R R  T2 T1  = 0
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cP   V2 V1  
(V2 − V1 ) − TP  −  = 0
R   T2 T1  
2 V
1 V 
∴ (V2 – V1) = TP  T − T 
2 1
SinceV2 V 2 = 2V1
2 1
V 1 = TP  T − T  V1
 2 1
1 1 2
+ =
TP T1 T2
2
or T2 = 1 1
+
TP T1
Given: T 1 = 473 K,
TP = 150 + 273 = 423 K
2
T2 = 1 1
= 446.6 K
+
423 473
1 2 1 1 1 PV 1 1 PV P  2V V 
The mass of air that has entered, mP = m2 – m1 = RT − RT = R  T − T 
2 1  2 1
P1V1  2 1  400 × 1.2  2 1 

=  − = −
R  T2 T1  0.287  446.6 473 

= 3.95 kg Answer
Q.6.(c) Solution:
T2 2
3′
298
3 2′
293
258 1
4
s2′ s1 = s2 s
Entropy at point-2 is given by
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 T2 
s2 = s2′ + 2.3 × cpv2′ log10  
 T2′ 
 T2 
5.5490 = 5.0391 + 2.3 × 2.805 log10  
 298 
T  5.5490 − 5.0391
log10  2  =
 298  2.3 × 2.805
T 
log10  2  = 0.079
 298 
T2
= 100.079 = 1.2
298
T 2 = 1.2 × 298 = 357.6 K or 84.6°C
Enthalpy at point 2, h2 = h2′ + cpv(T2 – T2′)
= 1465.84 + 2.805(357.6 – 298)
h2 = 1633.02 kJ/kg
Enthalpy of liquid refrigerant at point 3,
hf 3 = hf 3′ – cpl × Degree of undercooling
= hf 3′ – cpl (T3′ – T3)
= 298.9 – 4.606(298 – 293) = 275.87 kJ/kg
Refrigerating effect produced per kg of the refrigerant,
QA = RE = h1 – hf 3
= 1426.54 – 275.87 = 1150.67 kJ/kg
Capacity of the ice plant, Q = 20 TR = 20 × 210 = 4200 kJ/min
Q
Mass flow of refrigerant, m R =
RE
4200
= = 3.65 kg/min
1150.67
Work done by compressor per minute = m R (h2 – h1)

= 3.65(1633.02 – 1426.54) = 753.65 kJ/min
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Power extracted per TR

753.65
= = 0.628 kW/TR Answer
60 × 20
3.5
COP = Power required per TR
3.5
= = 5.573 Answer
0.628
Let mw = amount of cooling water in the condenser
Heat given out by the refrigerant in the condenser = mR(h2 – h f 3)
= 3.65(1633.02 – 275.87) = 4953.6 kJ/min
Heat taken up by the water in the condenser is given by
= mwcw ∆T
= mw × 4.187 × 5 = 20.935 mw
Since the heat given by the refrigerant in the condenser is equal to the heat taken by
water in the condenser, so
20.935 mw = 4953.6
mw = 236.62 kg/min Answer
Q.7.(a) Solution:
1 2
Control surface
Boiler Turbine
δQ
= – 8.5 kJ/kg
δm
Writing the steady flow energy equation for the control volume as shown above:
V12 dQ V22 dW
h1 + + z1 g + = h2 + + z2 g +
2 dm 2 dm
Here, there is no change in datum, so change in potential energy will be zero.
A1V1 A2V2
from the continuity equation, ν1 = ν2
A1 v2 0.0845553
V2 = A V1 = × V1 = 1.195 V
2 v1 0.0707564 1
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dW
and = 0
dm
Now SFEE becomes
V12 dQ V22
h1 + + = h2 +
2 dm 2
(V22 − V12 ) × 10−3 = ( h1 − h2 ) +

dQ
2 dm
= (3324.05 – 3223.04) + (– 8.5) = 92.51 kJ/kg

V22 – V12 = 2 × 92.51 × 1000
V12(1.1952 – 1) = 2 × 92.51 × 1000
V 1 = 657.47 m/s
A1V1 π 2 1
=
Mass flow rate, m = × ( 0.2 ) × 657.47 ×
v1 4 0.0707564
= 291.92 kg/s
m Answer
Q.7. (b) (i) Solution:

A refrigerant is a fluid that is used in air conditioners and refrigerators, to take heat from
the contents of a refrigerator or the room (in the case of ACs) and throw the heat out in the
atmosphere. A refrigerant undergoes phase changes from a liquid to gas( on absorbing
heat) and back to liquid (when a compressor compresses it). The choice of ideal refrigerant
is made based on its favorable thermodynamic properties, non-corrosive nature, and
safety (non-toxic and non-flammable). Refrigerants make air conditioning possible.
Contained within the coils of an air conditioner, these liquid agents cool and dehumidify
indoor air. Although many fluids can be used to act as a refrigerant, but in 20th century,
CFCs became the most popular refrigerants.
Old and Modern Refrigerants: The most common refrigerant in the past was a CFC,
most commonly called as freon. Freon was a brand name for a refrigerant “R-12” by
DuPont. In the 1990s and 2000s, the CFCs were replaced with HCFCs (hydro
chlorofluorocarbon) and the most common HCFC is “R-22”. 50-60% of air conditioners in
India still use HCFCs. However, HCFCs are just marginally better than CFCs
Government’s plan, HCFCs will be phased out from India by the year 2030. To remove
chlorine from the refrigerant, manufacturers created another set of refrigerants called
HFCs (or Hydro Fluro Carbons). Although they also have the potential for global warming,
but still they are better than HCFCs. They do not deplete the ozone layer. The most
common HFC used in air conditioners is R-410A.
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This refrigerant is better than R-22 in terms of “Ozone depletion” potential and energy
efficiency, but it still causes global warming. A few more HFCs that are commonly used
are : R-32 in air conditioners and R-134A in refrigerators. About 20-30% of the air
conditioners in India still (in 2017) use HFCs R-32 is better than R-410A in terms of global
warming potential, but then it is still an HFC.
The most environment-friendly refrigerants that are available in Indian market currently
are “R-290” and “R-600A”. They are HC or Hydrocarbons, and their chemical names are
“Propane” for R-290 and “Iso-Butane” for R-600A. They are completely halogen free,
have no ozone depletion potential and are lowest in terms of global warming potential.
They also have high-energy efficiency but are highly flammable as they are hydrocarbons.
But they are the greenest refrigerants in the market. Manufacturers, who use these
refrigerants, claim that they have taken good care in using these refrigerants and the
appliances are absolutely safe. In fact, most refrigerators in the Indian market are now on
R-600A and there are no reported incidents of any accidents due to the same. So we can
comfortably believe that they are safe.
Refrigerant Global warming potential Ozone depletion potential

R-22 1810 Medium
R-410A 2088 Zero
R-32 675 Zero
R-134A 1430 Zero
R-290 3 Zero
R-600A 3 Zero
NH3 vapour
QC
0.2 MPa
Steam
Generator
0.85 dry
Cooling
water
Aqua-pump Reducing Expansion valve
valve
QE
NH3 vapour
QA
Absorber Evaporator
Cooling water
Sketch of the aqua-ammonia absorption refrigeration system
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T 2 = Condenser and absorber temperature
= 30 + 273 = 303K
TR = evaporator temperature
= – 10 + 273 = 263K
( 393.2 − 303 ) 263
(COP)max = ×
( 303 − 263 ) 393.2
90.2 × 263
= = 1.5 Answer (2)
40 × 393.2
Actual COP = 1.5 × 0.45 = 0.675
QE
COP = Q
G
QE 22 × 3.5
QG = = = 114.628 kW
COP 0.675
Heat transferred by 1 kg of steam on condensation
= (hf + xhfg) – hf = xhfg
= 0.85 × 2201.9 = 1871.615 kJ/kg
114.628
Steam flow rate required, =
m = 0.061245 kg/s Answer(3)
1871.615
Q.7.(c) Solution:
Internal gear
Compound G
gear D G
E D
Arm
A C
Sketch of the gear train system
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Revolutions of elements
Step
Conditions of motion Gear C Compound
No. Arm Gear G
(or shaft A) gear D-E
1. Arm fixed, gear C rotates 0 +1 TC TC TE

×
through +1 revolution TD TD TG
TC TC TE
2. Arm fixed, gear C rotates 0 +x –x× –x× ×
TD TD TG
through + x revolution
+y +y +y +y
3. Add + y revolutions to all
elements
TC TC TE
4. Total motion +y x+y y–x× y–x× ×
TD TD TG
Given: Tc = 60, TD = 24, TE = 42, NA = 121 rpm (Assume clockwise)

Let dc, dD, dE and dG be the PCD of gears C, D, E and G respectively. From the geometry of
the figure,
dG dC dD dE
= + +
2 2 2 2
dG = dC + dD + dE
Let TC, TD, TE and TG be the number of teeth on gears C, D, E and G respectively. Since,
all the gears have the same module, therefore number of teeth are proportional to their
pitch circle diameter.
TG = TC + TD + TE = 60 + 24 + 42 = 126 Answer (2)
Since the gear G is fixed, therefore from the fourth row of the table of motion,
T T 60 42
y − x C × E = 0 or y − x × =0
TD TG 24 126
5x
y− = 0 ...(i)
6
Since the gear C is rigidly mounted on shaft A, therefore speed of gear C and shaft A is
same. We know that speed of shaft A is 120 rpm, therefore from the fourth row of the
table,
x + y = 121 ...(ii)
from equation (i) and (ii),
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5x 11x
x+ = 121 or = 121 or x = 66
6 6
y = 121 – x = 121 – 66 = 55
Speed of shaft B = Speed of arm = + y = 55 rpm (clockwise)
Answer (3)
Q.8.(a) Solution:
CASE-I: th 1 = 80°C, th2 = 40°C, tc1 = 20°C, tc2 = 40°C
CASE-II: th 1 = 80°C, th2 = ?, tc1 = 30°C, tc2 = ?
th1 = 80°C 80°C

Flui Flu
dA id A
(ho (ho
t ) t)
tc2 = 40°C th2 = 40°C tc2
th2
Fluid B(col Fluid B(co
d) ld )
tc1 = 20°C 30°C
Case-I(U1 = U) Case-II(U2 = 1.12 U1)
As outlet temperatures of both fluids are to be calculated, so we have to use NTU method
to find th2 and tc2 for the new inlet condition of the cold fluid after cleaning the heat
exchanger.
It is to note that area of heat exchanger and mass flow rates in both cases remain same.
CASE-1: m hc ph (th 1 − th 2 ) = m c c pc (tc 2 − tc 1 )
m h c ph (tc 2 − tc 1 ) 40 − 20
= = = 0.5 = R(constant)
m c c pc (t h 1 − t h 2 ) 80 − 40
Cmin
R = capacity ratio =
Cmax
from the above expression, it is obvious that Cmin = m h c ph
θ1 − θ2
LMTD, θm =
θ 
log e  1 
 θ2 
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 θ1 − θ2 
for heat transfer, Q = m h c ph (th1 − th 2 ) = U1 A 
 θ 
 ln  1  
  θ2  
U1 A  ( 80 − 40 ) − ( 40 − 20 ) 
th1 – th 2 =
m h c ph   40  
 ln   
  20  
 20 
th1 – th 2 = ( NTU )1   = 28.85 × (NTU)1
 ln 2 
U 2 A U 2 A 1.12U1 A
(NTU)2 = = = = 1.12 × (NTU)1
Cmin Cmin Cmin
(NTU)2 = 1.12 × 1.386 = 1.5523
As U2 = 1.12 U1
(A and Cmin both the variables remain same in both cases)
The effectiveness of the counter-flow heat exchanger for the case-II is given by
1 − exp [− ( NTU )2 ( 1 − R )]
∈ =
1 − R exp [− ( NTU )2 ( 1 − R )]
1 − exp [−1.5523 × (1 − 0.5 )]

∈ =
1 − 0.5 exp [−1.5523× (1 − 0.5 )]
1 − exp [−0.77615] 1 − 0.46 0.54

∈ = = = = 0.7
1 − 0.5 exp [−0.77615] 1 − 0.5 × 0.46 0.77
Effectiveness is also given by
C h (t h 1 − t h 2 ) Cc (tc 2 − tc 1 )
∈ = =
Cmin (th 1 − tc 1 ) C min (th 1 − tc 1 )
As Ch = Cmin
th 1 − th 2
∈ = t −t
h1 c1
80 − th 2
0.7 = , t = 45°C Answer
80 − 30 h2
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Now from energy balance
Ch(Th1 – Th2) = Cc(Tc2 – Tc1)
Ch
(Th1 − Th 2 ) = Tc2 – Tc1
Cc
or 0.5(80 – 45) = Tc2 – 30

Tc2 = 47.5°C Answer
Q.8.(b) Solution:
2π
N = 900 rpm, S = 50 mm = 0.05 m, θ0 = 120° = rad = 2.1 rad;
3
π
θR = 90° = rad = 1.571 rad.
2
Since the displacement of the follower takes place with uniform and equal acceleration
and retardation on both outward and return strokes, therefore the displacement diagram
can be drawn accordingly as shown below, here, the angular displacement and stroke of
the follower is divided into eight equal parts.
Return
Out stroke Dwell Dwell
stroke
h J K h′
g g′
f H L f′
e G M e′
E F N d′ 50 mm
D cd P Q
C c′ R
B b b′
a a′ TU
A
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0′ 1′ 2′3′ 4′ 5′ 6′7′ 8′ V
120° 60° 90° 90°
Displacement diagram
Now, the profile of the cam is drawn as shown below according to the following steps:
1. Draw a base circle with centre O and radius equal to the minimum radius of
the cam (i.e. 50 mm).
2. Draw a prime circle with centre O and radius OA
OA = Minimum radius of the cam + radius of roller = 50 + 5 = 55 mm
3. Draw on off-set circle with centre O and radius equal to 20 mm.
4. Divide the angular displacements of the cam during out stroke and return stroke
into eight equal parts as shown by points 0, 1, 2 ..... and 0′, 1′, 2′ .... etc. on the prime
circle in figure shown below.
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5. From these points draw tangents to the off-set circle.

6. Set off 1B, 2C, 3D .... etc. equal to the displacements as measured from the displacement
diagram.
7. By joining the points A, B, C ....... T, U, A with a smooth curve, we get a pitch curve.
8. Now from points A, B, C .... T, U draw circles with radius equal to the radius of the
roller.
9. Join the bottoms of these circles with a smooth curve to obtain the profile of the cam
as shown below.
D C Roller follower
E B
F 2 A
3 0
4
G 5
6
Off-set
circle
120° O
H 7
8 60° 90°
X 8′ U
J Base 7′ T
circle 6′
5′ R
Prime 4′
0′ 1′ 2′ 3′ Q
circle
P
Pitch curve
N
Cam profile
M
K L
Profile of Off-set Roller follower cam

Numerical part:
2 πN
Angular velocity of the cam, ω =
60
2 π× 900
ω = = 94.25 rad/s
60
Maximum velocity of the follower during outstroke,
2 ωS 2 × 94.25 × 0.05
v0 = = = 4.5 m/s Answer
θ0 2.1
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Maximum velocity of the follower during return stroke,
2 ωS 2 × 94.25 × 0.05
vR = = = 5.993 6 m/s Answer
θR 1.571
Maximum acceleration of the follower during out stroke,

2
4ω2S 4 × (94.25 ) × 0.05
a0 = = = 402.9 m/s2 Answer
2
( θ0 ) ( 2.1 )2
Maximum acceleration of the follower during return stroke,
2
4ω2 S 4 × (94.25 ) × 0.05
aR = = = 719.6 m/s2 Answer
2 (1.571 )2
( θR )
Q.8. (c) (i)Solution:
∈2 = 1, T2 = 60°C
Glass cover
Absorber plate
∈1 = 0.9, T1 = 25°C
∈3 = 1, T3 = 70°C
Assumption:
(i) Isothermal surfaces with uniform radiosity.
(ii) Absorber plates behave as black bodies.
(iii) Duct end effects are negligible.
(iv) Cover plate is diffuse and gray.
For the cover plate,
Glass cover ∈1 = 0.9 (gray body)
∈2 = ∈3 = 1.0 (black body)
Radiation network for two black surfaces connected by third gray surface
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Eb1
1 – ∈1 J1
= 0.111
A1∈1
1
=2
A2F21
1 Eb2 = J2
=2
A3F31
1
=2
A2F23
Eb3 = J3
A 1 = A2 = A3 = 1 m × l m (where l is the length of duct)

T 1 = 25°C = 298K
T 2 = 60°C = 333 K
T 3 = 70°C = 343K
F 12 = F21 = 0.5
F 13 = F31 = 0.5
The radiosity J1 can be calculated by setting the sum of heat currents entering node J1 to
zero.
Eb 1 − J1 J 2 − J1 J 3 − J1
+ + = 0
 1− ∈1  1 1
 
 A1 ∈1  A2 F21 A3F31
σT14 − J 1 σT24 − J 1 σT34 − J1

+ + = 0
1 − 0.9 1 1
1 × l × 0.9 1 × l × 0.5 1 × l × 0.5
5.67 × 10 −8 × 2984 − J 1 5.67 × 10−8 × 3334 − J 1 5.67 × 10−8 × 3434 − J 1

+ + =0
0.111 2 2
J1 = 476.526 W/m2
Net heat transfer rate to surface (1)
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(q1 )total J 1 − Eb 1
=
l 1− ∈1
∈1 A1
476.526 − 5.67 × 10 −8 × 298 4

=
0.111
(q1 )total
= 264.7 W/m Answer
l
Q.8.(c) (ii) Solution:

Let suffixes 1 and 2 refer to steam pipe and brick duct respectively. The net heat
exchange between the steam pipe and the brick duct is given by:
(q12)net = (Fg)12A1 σ (T14 − T24 )
1
where, (Fg)12 =
1− ∈1 1  1− ∈2  A1
+ +
∈1 F12  ∈1  A2
Here, F12 = 1 because the configurations corresponds to a relatively large body
completely enclosed and the inner body cannot see itself.
1
∴ (Fg)12 =
1− ∈1  1− ∈2  A1 1  1− ∈2  A1
+ 1+ +
∈1  ∈1  A2 ∈1  ∈2  A2
1
= = 0.6574
1  1 − 0.85  π × 0.2 × 1
+ 
0.7  0.85  4 × (0.3 × 1)
(q12)net = 0.6574 × (π × 0.2 × 1) × 5.67 × 10–8 × (5004 – 3054)
= 1261 W/m Answer

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ME - FM - Turbo Machinery, Thermo-1 RAC-1, HMT-2 TOM-2 - SOL - 2450

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ESE-2018 Mechanical Engineering

2. Incompressible fluid Constant Non-zero

3. Inviscid fluid Constant or Variable zero

4. Real fluid variable Non-zero

5. Newtonian fluid Constant or Variable Non-zeo, constant

6. Non-Newtonian fluid Constant or Variable Non-zero, variable

7. Compressible fluid Variable Variable or constant

8. Perfect gas Variable zero

Q.1.(a) (ii) Solution:

Resultant velocity = vr2 + vθ2

Direction of resultant velocity:

ΓABC = ∫ (udx + vdy ) + ∫ (udx + vdy ) + ∫ (udx + vdy ) + ∫ (udx + vdy )

0.98 × 1017.876 × 113.1 2 × 981 × 1903.2

Stationary diffuser vanes

Q.1.(e) (ii) Solution:

Types of impellers in a centrifugal pump

Losses in a centrifugal pump:

Leakage and re-circulation in a centrifugal pump

0.005 l 2 − 0.6l − 0.03

Using the criterion for stable equilibrium as MG > 0, we have

Q.2.(b) (i) Solution:

The kinetic energy correction factor α is given by

Q.2.(b) (ii) Solution:

For vertical pipe, hf = loss of piezometric head

∆Hactual = 0.85 × 4.46 = 3.791 m Answer (2)

= ρQg∆H a = 1000 × 100 × 9.81 × 3.791 × 10–6

Loss of head due to losses in the draft tube

Q.3.(a) (i) Solution:

Resultant force, FR = FH2 + FV2

= ( 88.29 )2 + ( 31.98 )2 = 93.9 kN Answer

Q.3.(a) (ii) Solution:

Patm V12 P2 V22 V22

Q.3.(b) (i) Solution:

Q.3.(b) (ii) Solution:

Moving curved plate

W = 2223.5 × 8 = 17788 N m/s

Velocity triangles at the entry and exit of the impeller

πd1N π× 0.2 × 32000

Therefore, the percentage of this part of the total energy transfer is

CASE 2 : With air vessel

Q.4.(b) (i) Solution:

Q.4.(b) (ii) Solution:

Section B : Thermodynamics-1 + RAC-1, HMT-2 + TOM-2

Angular velocity of precession,

Cmax = 8456.8 × 188.5 × 0.022

Q.6 (a) Solution:

 100 3 − 200 3  3 Q1–W

Let m1 = Initial mass of air in cylinder

P1V1  2 1  400 × 1.2  2 1 

Entropy at point-2 is given by

Work done by compressor per minute = m R (h2 – h1)

Power extracted per TR

(V22 − V12 ) × 10−3 = ( h1 − h2 ) +

= (3324.05 – 3223.04) + (– 8.5) = 92.51 kJ/kg

Q.7. (b) (i) Solution:

Refrigerant Global warming potential Ozone depletion potential

Q.7.(b) (ii) Solution:

Sketch of the gear train system

1. Arm fixed, gear C rotates 0 +1 TC TC TE

Given: Tc = 60, TD = 24, TE = 42, NA = 121 rpm (Assume clockwise)

th1 = 80°C 80°C

Case-I(U1 = U) Case-II(U2 = 1.12 U1)