Module 3: Integral Calculus

3.1 Introduction
In Integral Calculus, we will be discussed about
 Introduction about integration
 Integration by substitution
 Partial fractions
 Integration by parts
 Definite integrals and
 Application of Integration.
 Payroll
Calculus is one more division of Mathematics and it is separated into two parts. One is
differential calculus and another one is integral calculus. In differential calculus, we have
focused on rate of change, such as slope of tangent line and velocity. Integral calculus deals
with total size or value, such as length, area, and volume. The basic concepts and application
of differential calculus were covered in the previous module.
In this module, we will discuss about the ‘reverse of differentiation’ generally called
Integration. So calculus shows an important role in taxes, profit and revenue calculations which
are very important for any business. In Problem point of view, when Marginal revenue is given
using integral operator we can compute total revenue. In Business point of view, Mathematics
plays an important role for commerce and management courses.

3.2 Definition
If a function is defined on an interval I and  (x) is another function of the same
d
variable, such that [ ( x)]  f ( x) for all x in an interval I, then  (x) is called the
dx
indefinite integral or antiderivative of f (x) , then symbolically this is written as
 ( x)   f ( x)dx .

3.2.1 Rules of Integration:

Rule 1: Power rule for integration:

x n 1
 x n dx  c
n 1

Rule 2: The integral of the product of a constant and a function is equal to the product of
the constant and integral of the function.

i.e.,  kf ( x)dx  k  f ( x)dx

Rule 3: The integral of the sum or difference of two functions is equal to the sum or
difference of their integrals. That is, if f (x) and g (x) have derivatives, then
  f ( x)  g ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
3.2.2 Standard form of Integration:
1.  kdx  kx  c ax
10. a x dx 
 log a
x n 1 e mx
2.  x n dx  c 11. e mx dx 
 c
n 1 m
3.  cos xdx  sin x  c dx
12.   sin 1 x  c
1  x2
4.  sin xdx   cos x  c dx
 tan 1 x  c
13. 
1 x 2
dx
5. sec2dx  tan x  c
 14. x  sec 1 x  c
x2 1
6.  sec x tan xdx  sec x  c 1
15.  x dx  log x  c
7. cos ec 2 xdx   cot x  c 16.  tan xdx  log(sec x)  c

8.  cos ecx cot xdx   cos ecx  c 17.  cot xdx  log(sin x)  c

9. e x dx  e x  c


3.3 In chapter 3.3, we will discuss about, how to solve the indefinite integral
problems, using power rule, sum and difference rule, constant multiplication
rule.
3
3.3.1.  (7 x  3 x  4 x 2 ) dx

Using Sum and difference rule

  7 xdx   3x3dx   4 x2dx

Using Constant Multiplication rule

 7 xdx  3 x3dx  4 x 2dx

Using power rule

x2 x4 x3 n x n 1
7
2
3 4 c
4 3
(Using Power rule)  x dx  n  1  c
3.3.2.  5 xdx x n 1
n
Substitute n  1 in Power rule, (Using Power rule)  x dx  n 1
c
5 x2
 c
2
 1
3.3.3  x4 dx
  x  4 dx

x 3
 c
3
1
 3 c
3x
x2
3.3.4.  x
dx

Rewrite before integrate

x 2
 x

x
dx

Simplify
1 1

 (x 2  2x 2 )dx

Power rule

2 x3 / 2
 4 x1 / 2  c
3

3 .3 .5 .  3 sin xdx
 3 sin xdx
U sin g stan dard form of integration
 3(  cos x )  c
 3 cos x  c
3 . 3 .6 .  1  sin 2 x dx
Let I   1  sin 2 x dx

we consider
1  sin 2 x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  2 sin x cos x
 (sin x  cos x) 2

 I   (sin x  cos x) 2 dx

  (sin x  cos x)dx

  cos x  sin x  c
 sin x  cos x  c

3x  4
3.3.7. e dx
1
 e3 x  4  c
3

3 .3 .8 .  [ x( x  2)  6 sec
2
x  2e 6 x 1 ]dx

  [ x 2  2 x  6 sec 2 x  2e6 x 1]dx

  x 2dx  2  xdx  6  sec 2 xdx  2  e 6 x 1dx

x3 x2 e6 x 1
 2  6 tan x  2 c
3 2 6
x3 e 6 x 1
  x 2  6 tan x  c
3 3

 2 2
3 .3 . 9 .   6 x  dx
x
1
 6  x 2 dx  2  dx
x
 x3 
 6   2(log x)  c
 3 
 
 2 x3  2(log x)  c

x
3.3.10.  (sin 4 x  cos 6 x  sin 2 )dx
x
  sin 4 xdx   cos6 xdx   sin dx
2
cos 4 x cos 6 x x
   2 cos  c
4 6 2
3.4 Exercise Problems:
3.4.1.  x dx

3.4.2.  ( x  3) dx
4
3 . 4 .3 .  (5 x  8 x 2  2 x ) dx

x2
3 .4 .4.  [sin( 2 x  1)   5 x ]dx
x

x3 x 8
3.4.5  x
dx

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