CYRHYL JOY NUÑEZ I-BSND

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

ACTIVITY 1
 PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE

 LENS

It magnifies the specimen image. The objective lens collects the light and brings to focus to
create an image. The ocular lens is placed near the focal point of this objective lens to magnify
the image.

 BODY TUBE

The microscope body tube separates the objective and the eyepiece and assures continuous
alignment of the optics.

 OBJECTIVE

The objective itself is usually a cylinder containing one or more lenses that are typically made of
glass; its function is to collect light from the sample. Microscope objectives are characterized by
two parameters: magnification and numerical aperture. The magnification typically ranges from
4× to 100×.

 MECHANICAL STAGE

A mechanical stage of a microscope refers to the mechanism that has been mounted on the
stage for holding and moving the microscope slide. It is an important part of the microscope
that enhances the function of the stage. It allows for precise movement of the specimen
through the field of view, which is that area of specimen visible through the microscope

 STAGE

A microscope stage is used to showcase the star of the show. The stage is designed to be fully
illuminated by the microscope's light, or to hold a specimen in place when other types of
imaging technology are used.

 RACK AND PINION SUBSTAGE

Condenser height is controlled by a rack and pinion gear system that allows the condenser
focus to be adjusted for proper illumination of the specimen.

 MIRROR

Mirrors are sometimes used in lieu of a built-in light. If your microscope has a mirror, it is used
to reflect light from an external light source up through the bottom of the stage.
  COURSE FOCUSING MECHANISM

It is achieved by using the knob on the side of the microscope to move the objective closer or
further away from the subject. This is done to get into position before the fine focus knob is
used to improve the resolution of the image.

 FINE FOCUSING MECHANISM

It discloses a movable nosepiece which is connected to a linkage that is in direct engagement

with a rotatable cam. The cam is rotated by a reduction gear system for fine adjustment. Both
the cam and gear system are rotated together in order to accomplish coarse adjustment.

 ARM

It supports the lenses, mirrors, and body tube. The microscope should be carried with one hand
holding the arm and the other is under the base.

 BASE

The bottom of the microscope, used for support. The base supports the microscope and it’s
where illuminator is located. It there literally to be the base of the microscope. The point at
which the microscope rests on a table. It’s weighted in such a way also that it makes it hard to
tip over. The base supports the entire microscope. The arm supports the tube and connects to
the base

 PROPER CARRYING AND HANDLING OF MICROSCOPE

If you are going to be using a microscope frequently you need to know how to carry
one. The proper way to carry a microscope is to grasp the arm of the microscope with your
dominant hand, lift the microscope up slowly, and use your other hand to firmly hold the base
to stabilize the microscope as you transport it from one place to another.
ACTIVITY 2

 The rate of diffusion can increased by the following factors which are the;
1. Concentration Gradient
2. Membrane Permeability
3. Temperature
4. Pressure
 Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to stop the movement of a fluid in a semi
permeable membrane. The fluid moves because of the different levels of concentrations
between the two solutions, a solute and a solvent. Osmotic pressure occurs when the
two solutions are divided by a membrane that allows the solvent to pass through it
while preventing the solute from doing so. The solvent moves from the side with low
concentration to the side with high concentration. Osmotic pressure is that force that
can prevent this movement. In a way, osmotic pressure is referring to a gradient rather
than an actual force.
 Diffusion through membrane channels are dissolved or gaseous substances have to pass
through the cell membrane to get into or out of a cell. Diffusion is one of the processes
that allows this to happen. Diffusion occurs when particles spread. They move from a
region where they are in high concentration to a region where they are in low
concentration. While facilitated diffusion is the passive movement of molecules along
the concentration gradient. It is a selective process, i.e., the membrane allows only
selective molecules and ions to pass through it. It, however, prevents other molecules
from passing through the membrane. The electric charge and pH helps in the diffusion
across the membrane.

ACTIVITY 3

1. Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue type in the body. In general, connective
tissue consists of cells and an extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is made up of
a ground substance and protein fibers. So, in a more detailed way, all connective tissue
apart from blood and lymph consists of three main components: cells, ground substance
and fibers.
2. The following are the types of connective tissues that support and hold body together;
 Cartilage
 Bone
 Collagen Fibers
 Reticular Fibers
 Elastic Fibers
  Blood
 Hemopoietic/Lymphatic
 Adipose tissue
 Bone Marrow
 Lymphoid Tissue
3. Drawings
ACTIVITY 4

1. The ability of a tissue to restore injured structures in order to re-establish its integrity
and continuity is known as tissue repair. It is required for preventing infections, via the
entry of pathogens, as well as for maintaining tissue homeostasis and function.
2. Epithelial tissue becomes thinner. They become larger and are less able to divide and
multiply. Among other changes, there is an increase in pigments and fatty substances
inside the cell (lipids). Many cells lose their ability to function, or they begin to function
abnormally. Connective tissues, as aging continues waste products build up in tissue. A
fatty brown pigment called lipofuscin collects in many tissues, as do other fatty
substances. Connective tissue changes, becoming stiffer. This makes the organs, blood
vessels, and airways more rigid.