IM-209

Mechanics of Materials

Course Instructor: Naima Javed

Assistant Professor
B.E IM,MEM QM
NEDUET
Text Book
 Mechanics of Material RC Hibbeler(8th Edition/12th edition)

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CLO,PLO Mapping:

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Grading Policy*
 Mid term Exam=18 Marks
 Assignment =10 Marks
 Attendance Marks=02 Marks
 Final Paper =60 Marks

*Tentative
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 MECHANICS OF MATERIAL
 Mechanics of Solids/Solid Mechanics/Mechanics of
Deformable Bodies
Difference B/w Engg Mechanics & MOM:
Engg Mechanics:
Rigid Solid i.e. F/Load applied no deformation(no shape
in shape & size)
MOM: Body is deformable on application of Force/Load

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Application
 As engineer you should be able to know,
-How much deformation occurs on application of load
-How much load on a particular machine element /structural
member can withstand
 As engineer you will come across designing machine
part/structural member you got to make sure the design is
a. Safe
b. Durable(i.e active life period is high)
c. Economical

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 Types of Loads
 Load : Forces acting on a body

All bunch of
forces collective
Linearly Distributed Point Load: i.e. acting on surface
load on narrower area acting on a particular area is known as
point(area is very surface load
small)

In case of fixed beams(Linearly Distributed load)

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 Axial Load  Eccentric Load

If the load is acting along the axis of

the structure then its is axial loading If the load is not axial and acting
certain distance away from center
then it is eccentric loading
What is Stress:
Stress is the ratio of applied force F to a cross section area - defined as
“resistance force per unit area".
In MOM ,we work within elastic range and hence external load applied will
be equal to resisting force at the cross section
tensile stress - stress that tends to stretch or lengthen the material - acts
normal to the stressed area.
Compressive Stress Definition - Compressive stress is a force that
causes a material to deform to occupy a smaller volume
Strain is defined as the change in dimensions of a material (based on the
original dimensions) as a result of an applied stress. N/m2
Types of Stress

Stress-direct

Shear Stress
Normal Stress (Tangential
Stress)

Compressive
Tensile Stress
Stress
 Stress & Strain:
 Tensile Stress &  Shear Stress
The
Compressive Stress force tending
to cause
deformation
of a material
by slippage
along a plane
V
or planes
(Tangential force) parallel to the
imposed stres
s.
V
 Stress-
Types of Stress indirect

Bending Torsion
Bending stress is the stress that an object
encounters when it is subjected to a large
load at a particular point that causes the
object to bend
Bending moment is a torque applied to
each side of the beam if it was cut in two -
anywhere along its length.
M=PxL(N.m)

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 Stress-
indirect

Bending Torsion
 Torsion:
• Shear stress produced when we apply the twisting moment to
the end of a shaft about its axis is known as Torsional
stress.
• Torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque.

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STRAIN
 Strain is the deformation of
a material from stress.
It is simply a ratio of the change in length
to the original length.
 Lateral Strain:
The ratio of the change in diameter of a
circular bar of a material to its diameter
due to deformation in the lateral
direction (deformation in
perpendicular dimension)
 Longitudinal Strain :
It is defined as the ratio of change in length
of the material due to the applied force
to original length. while deformations
applied parallel to the cross section are
Longitudinal strains.

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Poisson’s Ratio:

Along x axis experience

elongation
Y direction there is
reduction
0.25<u<0.33
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Stress-Strain Diagram
 Gauge length (distance b/w two
points)=50mm
 D=13 mm
 Gripping Area(upper & Lower) fixed in
on UTM jaws
 UTM keep on opening the valve ,it will
increase stress, also there is change in
length,so producing strain
 Load Increase ,Stress Increases,Strain
Increases,linearly until proportional
limit

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Stress-Strain Diagram

2
1 3 4

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1. Proportional Limit:sigma p Low carbon Steel Search Assignment
2. Elastic Limit:In this limit it will regain its shape and size,slighty curved.
3. Without increasing load, the value of strain increases,the process is referred
to as yielding
Now open the valve/increasing load
4.Strain Hardening is when a metal is strained beyond the yield point. An
increasing stress is required to produce additional plastic deformation and
the metal apparently becomes stronger and more difficult to deform.
5.Utimate Stress/max Stress.,that a specimen undergoes
Necking occurs
6. Fracture/Failure Stress

Plastic Region:The material doesn't exibit regain its shape and size after removing
load.
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 Engineering stress is the applied load divided by the
original cross-sectional area of a material. Also known as
nominal stress.
 True stress is the applied load divided by the actual cross-
sectional area (the changing area with respect to time) of the
specimen at that load.

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 Stress –Strain Diagram For Ductile
Material
Mild/Low Carbon Steel(0.020% to 0.25% )

MPa

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Ductility
 Any material that can be subjected to large strains before it
fractures is called a ductile material,
 These two parameter helps to determine ductility of
material.

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Brittle Material
 Brittle Materials. Materials that exhibit
little or no yielding before failure are
referred to as brittle materials.
 Gray cast iron is an example,having a
stress–strain diagram in tension as
shown by portion AB of the curve.
 Ɛcomp>Ɛtension

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Offset method
 Offset method-predict
yield point ,0.2% strain is
used usually,
 On a scale just mark a point
o.oo2.
 W.r.t the initial line draw a
line parallel to stress –strain
curve whereever it intersect
,we obtain yield point,
 Its used to determine yield
point ,where it is hard to
detect yield point(for e.g.)
aluminum alloy.
Elastic Constants
(Helps to find deformation, linear strain & shear strain)
It can be used As long as material remain elastic

 Hook’s Law
& Young Modulus
 Modulus of rigidity(G)
 Hook’s Law
An increase in stress causes a
proportionate increase in strain. This fact
was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1676
using springs and is known as Hooke’s law
σ = E∈ ,
E=modulus of elasticity or Young’s
modulus
E units ( psi, ksi, or pascals.) As shown in Fig. 3–13, the
proportional limit for a particular type
 the modulus of elasticity represents of steel alloy depends on its carbon
the slope of initial straight lined portion content; however, most grades of
of the stress–strain diagram up to the steel, from the softest rolled steel to
proportional limit the hardest tool steel, have same value
to E is 200 GPa

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  Modulus of Rigidity/Shear Modulus:

Here G is called the

shear modulus of
elasticity or the
modulus of
rigidity. Its value
represents the slope of
the line on the
diagram,help you find
shear strain
that is,

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Q.A tension test was performed on a Elongation
specimen having Load KN mm
an original diameter of 12.5 mm and 0 0
a gauge length of 11.1 0.0175
50 mm.Use a scale of 20mm=0.005. 31.9 0.06
Redraw the linear-elastic region,
37.8 0.102
using the same stress scale
40.9 0.165
but a strain scale 20mm=0.001mm
43.6 0.249
The data are listed in the table.
53.4 1.016
1. Plot the stress–strain diagram,
62.3 3.048
2. the modulus of elasticity(cal,graph)
64.5 6.35
3. the ultimate stress
62.3 8.89
4. the fracture stress
58.8 11.938
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 Solution: 𝜋𝑑 2
Q.A tension test was performed on a specimen having A 0= = 122.734375
4
an original diameter of 12.5 mm and a gauge length of
50 mm.The data are listed in the table. Stress( Strain=change
1. Plot the stress–strain diagram, P/A) in length /Lo
2. the modulus of elasticity(graph)
Mpa mm
3. Proportional Limit Stress(from graph) 0.0 0
4. the ultimate stress 90.4 0.00035
5. the fracture stress 259.9 0.0012
308.0 0.00204
333.3 0.0033
355.3 0.00498
435.1 0.02032
507.6 0.06096
525.5 0.127
507.6 0.1778
479.1 0.23876

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 𝜋𝑑2
Q.A tension test was performed on a specimen having
Solution: A0= 4 = 122.734375

an original diameter of 12.5 mm and a gauge length of

50 mm.The data are listed in the table. Df=10mm Strain=chang
1. Plot the stress–strain diagram,
Stress( e in length
2. the modulus of elasticity(cal,graph)
3. Proportional Limit Stress(from graph)
P/A) /Lo
4. the ultimate stress Mpa mm
5. the fracture stress 0.0 0
90.4 0.00035
the ultimate stress 259.9 0.0012
308.0 0.00204
𝜎𝑢𝑡𝑠 = Pmax/Ao=64.5/122.7=525 MPa
333.3 0.0033
the fracture stress=𝝈𝒇 = 479.1MPa 355.3 0.00498
435.1 0.02032
507.6 0.06096
525.5 0.127
507.6 0.1778
Fracture,0.23
479.1 876

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Assignment
Q.A tension test was performed on a specimen having Elongation
Load lb in
an original diameter of 0.505inch and a gauge length of 0 0
2200 0.0008
2 in was tested to fracture. The data are listed in the table: 4300 0.0016
Fracture dia is 0.425 in 6400 0.0024
8200 0.0032
Determine a)Modulus of Elasticity 8600 0.004
8800 0.0048
b)Proportional Limit 9200 0.0064
c)Ultimate Strength 9500 0.008
9600 0.0096
d)Yield Strength(0.05% offset) 10600 0.02
11800 0.04
e)Yield Strength(0.2% offset) 12600 0.06
f)Fracture stress 13200 0.08
13900 0.12
e)Draw stress and strain diagram 14300 0.16
14500 0.2
N.B:Convert lb to KN ,inch to mm then plot the values on 14600 0.24
graph and determine the above values from graph as well as 14500 0.28
from calculation 14400 0.32
14300 0.36
13800 0.4
0.1420(FR
13000 ACTURE

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