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16101ac equences amd Sertes

Seqiuence
An ondened sel of mumbeos as u1,1a- -Un
is called a sequence amo is denoted b y U n
Hee Un is called the h+eam_of the sequence

umit oF a sequen ces

A sequence?un ends to a finite u m b e a s
0 F eves eothereexists am itege
Such that un- <8 for al m>m
o im
000

CoDyeeence Diyerqente amd Osc llaHio af a

sequence oV M
the sequen ce un has a Fmite limit. iee
im un is ffmite then_the sequen ce ssaid to
00
be cONyeaent i
Lim Ccqt)
-00

bsbavo
IP he sequece ? Unj has infinite limit. iee.inm un

is infinite then he Sequence ssaid t o be

diveqent
E 9 m 0 Cdat)
00

1Pthe lmit oF s equenLe un ismot unique then

the sequence fs Said t6 be oscillatoy,
G1
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Monodonic sequence
ASeQuente issaid to be monatonicalimacasin9

A sequence fs seid to be monotonicallu

dlecneasinq ie

AHemaingsequence
Theseguence called alteana inq sequence if the
eoms ane possitve ana neqafive

Bounded sequence -
A sequen ce un s is saldto be a bounded sequente
if+heo exists a mLumbers m and M Such that
m M ¥O.

Baunded above s
An
A sequence i s said tobe bounded above iftheoe
exist a eal umbe k_Such thaF On k yn éN
Kis calied an upper bound for an

Sounded beloco
A_sequencei unj isi said to be bounded beloo
fe thee exists a aeal numbex M such that
Un 2 , n E N. Mis called Q lowe bound fox
unJ.

NOTE Ever Conve rqent_scquente is bounded bu he

ConveaSe IS mot taue.

A sequencels is Saic to be boundleolif itis

bound ed above and belouo
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monofonic increasina sequence iconveqes i I

boundeal_above and divezgec to 0 E isnaE
bounded_ above
3 monotonic decxeacing seguence conveoe
it ic
Downded below_amd diveqe to-01 i
1s not
bounded beloLD 203

4) sequencce u n gmd Vn cOmvezges to amd la

OS pecHvels then
1 sea un t n i_comyenae o ta_
? Un Vn convexgecfo La
3) Sea2 COnyeage To
Vn

SamduO ich theozem 0Rno

Soueeze heooem_8
ur un iVn amo 7 bethoee sequentes
Such that n Vm Oam ¥n
T im Un i m LOn=lthe LimYn= L
00 n00 00

e he
continuOus function theoaem for sequences-
U, 2un be a sequeDce oE rea umbers
Un Landnif Eis a function that is
Continuous_ Lond defined a t all wthen
Pcum) fO.
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EX est the conveTqenceOf the sequee2tan h 'n j

u n =+am hn

Lim Un= m tomhn

00
sin hn
00 COs hm

Lim
n00

Lim
m 00
-e-dn
im
00 e-2
3 hich is Finite.

e
Hm hn} is a Conyerqent sequebce

Test the onYepqence ofthe sequence 3

Un = 3

um un Lim

3 isa diveqent sequen.ce

EX8Test he coDveoqeDCe of the scqnience_d-GS

im 2Un = im d-1D
-00

5-1 3 1 i s odd
a-1
, if n is even
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Since,the limit is mot unique.

The sequente d-2 isOscillafoarty

XShoco that the sequence, unuobe ne un= S

CODyeaqe o zeDo
We krow tha

Now, Lim

Cmd im = o

Du Samduoich theobe m
im

ExsDoec the seauence Lobose n-term_is an= H)

(n-1)
cOveqe LE SO fimd iim an

an (n-+1)
Cm-1) Cn-1

im n dn =Lim in(H)
-00 00 C-1)

'im in an= im 7 Ln(+H)

- 00 C-1) J
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im n gn = Lim Ln7
n-I
00
Vn
Lim -)M -1
/m+1 (-) (-1
-

im
00 (m+12 Cn-12

tim

im

im e cohich fsfinite
The seq an isconyesqent.

EX Show that the sequen Le ?uUn Lohose erm Ps

un fL L e N iSmontonic increosing
d

and bounded Is it conveqent

n= + +

+-
Cm+122

Cm+1 )!

Un+ Un 0
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Un+> Um
Un is a monotonic increasina sequence

NouO Un L
a

bd
at

Un is bound ed above by

Since Un s momotomiC ncegsmg amd bounded

above iori

LE iS cOmYeqenf

XShOw that he sequenLe Uni whose n rmi

ism0notonic nTe asmq amo
3 3 3
bounded. Is i t comverqent
--

3
3

+-+

0
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ny isS monotonic in cxeasing Seg

8 8

1-3

LUny is bdd aboveby la

5ince, ? Uny is onotomic nCreasimq omd bounded
above
Tt fs (onven qet.

EXShoD tha the Sequence

i s monotonfe
decoeqsing amd. bounded Ls
kh, Un = itConyeoqent 2

m+I
C+1+I

Cn+) (n+1) -n3 -an 2m

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m+n+n+J - - an-dn
( manta)
- +1
Cn
) (m+an+a)
?Un 1s monotonic odecreasimq seq
Oecause nH n ko_
UnH <Un

Also o Yn>o2

un is boumded belo by O

Since Unj_s monotonic decreasinq amd bOundled

belo
1t is_conyeTgenT.