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اداره مكمنيه متكامله 4
اداره مكمنيه متكامله 4
Introduction
Heterogeneity is a very important factor in determining the recovery from
petroleum reservoirs. Thus, heterogeneity calculations can be classified
into static and dynamic techniques. Dykstra Parsons and Lorenz
Coefficient methods provide the most excellent means to determine it.
Heterogeneity is the quality and situation of being heterogeneous. It was
first defined in 1898 as the difference or diversity in kind from other kinds.
Other definition consists of parts or things that are very different from each
other. In petroleum studies it is referred to as the isotropy and anisotropy.
Heterogeneity can be named as; complexity, deviation from norm,
difference, discontinuity, randomness, and variability. Many researchers
noted that the differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous is
relative, and it is based mainly on economic considerations.
1
The reservoir is considered to have a uniform permeability distribution if
𝐿𝐾 ≈ 0. The reservoir is considered to be completely heterogeneous if
𝐿𝐾 ≈ 1.
Calculation Steps:
(1) Tabulate thickness ℎ, permeability 𝑘, and porosity 𝜙
(2) Arrange permeability data in a descending order
(3) Calculate the cumulative permeability capacity ∑(𝑘ℎ)𝑖 and
cumulative capacity volume ∑(𝜙ℎ)𝑖
∑(𝑘ℎ)
(4) Calculate the normalized cumulative capacities 𝐶𝑘 = ∑(𝑘ℎ) 𝑖 and
𝑡
∑(𝜙ℎ)𝑖
𝐶𝜙 = ∑(𝜙ℎ)
𝑡
(5) Plot 𝐶𝑘 versus 𝐶𝜙 on a Cartesian graph and plot a straight diagonal
from the beginning of curve till its end as shown in Figure 4.1
(6) Use Equation below to calculate the Lorenz coefficient
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝐿𝐾 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
2
Example
Taking a known thickness of the reservoir and the well with most clear core
data. Table 1 clarifies the method of calculations if the reservoir was
divided into 10 layers only with porosity value of 0.33 and
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Fraction of Total 𝜙ℎ
Calculating Area under the curve Graphically by dividing the curve into
intervals of regular shapes (Squares and Triangles) and calculate the areas
of them then find the summation.
*This method of calculating area involves some errors its better to calculate
area numerically.
3
Lorenz Coefficient (𝐿𝐾)
1
0.9
Fraction of Total 𝑘ℎ 0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Fraction of Total 𝜙ℎ
1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 = [ × (0.1 − 0) × (0.4 − 0)] + [(0.2 − 0.1) × (0.4 − 0)] + [ × (0.2 − 0.1) × (0.6 − 0.4)] + [(0.3 − 0.2) × (0.6 − 0)]
2 2
1 1
+ [ × (0.3 − 0.2) × (0.78 − 0.6)] + [(0.4 − 0.3) × (0.78 − 0)] + [ × (0.4 − 0.3) × (0.84 − 0.78)]
2 2
1
+ [(0.5 − 0.4) × (0.84 − 0)] + [ × (0.5 − 0.4) × (0.9 − 0.84)] + [(0.6 − 0.5) × (0.9 − 0)]
2
1 1
+ [ × (0.6 − 0.5) × (0.94 − 0.9)] + [(0.7 − 0.6) × (0.94 − 0)] + [ × (0.7 − 0.6) × (0.96 − 0.94)]
2 2
+ [(0.8 − 0.7) × (0.98 − 0)] + [(0.9 − 0.8) × (0.9 − 0)] + [(1 − 0.9) × (1 − 0)]
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Fraction of Total 𝜙ℎ
1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 = [ × (0.1 − 0) × (0.1 − 0)] + [(0.2 − 0.1) × (0.1 − 0)] + [ × (0.2 − 0.1) × (0.2 − 0.1)] + [(0.3 − 0.2) × (0.2 − 0)]
2 2
1 1
+ [ × (0.3 − 0.2) × (0.3 − 0.2)] + [(0.4 − 0.3) × (0.3 − 0)] + [ × (0.4 − 0.3) × (0.4 − 0.3)] + [(0.5 − 0.4) × (0.4 − 0)]
2 2
1 1
+[ × (0.5 − 0.4) × (0.5 − 0.4)] + [(0.6 − 0.5) × (0.5 − 0)] + [ × (0.6 − 0.5) × (0.6 − 0.5)] + [(0.7 − 0.6) × (0.6 − 0)]
2 2
1 1
+ [ × (0.7 − 0.6) × (0.7 − 0.6)] + [(0.8 − 0.7) × (0.7 − 0)] + [ × (0.8 − 0.7) × (0.8 − 0.7)] + [(0.9 − 0.8) × (0.8 − 0)]
2 2
1 1
+ [ × (0.9 − 0.8) × (0.9 − 0.8)] + [(1 − 0.9) × (0.9 − 0)] + [ × (1 − 0.9) × (1 − 0.9)]
2 2
𝑘50 − 𝑘84.1
𝑉𝐾 =
𝑘50
where
k50 = permeability value with 50% probability
k84.1= permeability at 84.1% of the cumulative sample.
5
The procedure for graphically determining the Dykstra-Parsons
coefficient is as follows:
(1) Arrange permeability data in descending order
(2) Determine the frequency of each permeability value
(3) Find the number of sample with larger probability.
(4) Calculate the cumulative probability distribution by dividing values
obtained in step 3 with the total number of permeability points, n
(number of values of permeability)
(5) Plot permeability data versus cumulative frequency data (step 4) on
a log-normal probability graph.
(6) Draw the best straight line through the data, with more weight
placed on points in the central portion where the cumulative
frequency is close to 50%. This straight line reflects a quantitative,
as well as a qualitative, measure of the heterogeneity of the
reservoir rock.
Example:
For the following permeability data, calculate RHI and estimate the
reservoir status.
Interval K, mD
1 120
2 213
3 180
4 200
5 212
6 165
7 145
8 198
9 210
10 143
11 79
12 118
13 212
14 117
6
Solution
Make table like this:
200
Permeability mD
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percent samples with larger permeability