CAPACITY OF OLEOPHILIC PACK OF COCONUT HUSK, HUMAN HAIR,

AND CHICKEN FEATHER TO ADSORB OIL IN WATER

Hayden Mach Lander L. Tendero

Gladine Ashley T. San Juan
Qielle Cassandra T. Co
Ashley B. De Castro
Danilene F. Ramos
Jamelet M. Fronda

A Science Investigatory Project

Presented to Science Department
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in
Research IV

Batangas National High School

Batangas City

June 2021

Rowena C. Delgado
Research Adviser

i
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

TITLE PAGE …………………………….………………………………….. i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………....…... ii

LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………….… iv

LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………...…… v

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………. vi

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction.................................................................... 7

Conceptual Framework................................................. 8

Statement of the Problem............................................. 9

Hypothesis................................................................... 9

Scope and Limitation of the Study................................ 9

Significance of the Study.............................................. 10

Definition of Key Terms................................................ 10

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature …………………………………………. 11

Related Studies ……………………………..…………….. 16

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Method............................................................. 19

Material and Equipment.................................................... 19

General Procedure............................................................ 19

Data Gathering Technique............................................... 20

ii
 Flowchart ……………………………………………… 21

CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA ……………………… 22

CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary……………………………………………………...... 26

Findings……………………………………………………….... 27

Conclusion……………………………………………………... 27

Recommendations…………………………………………….. 27

BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………........ 28

APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………..... 30

iii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page

1 The Change in Weight of the Adsorbent

Packs in the Span of 4 Hours...................................................... 22

2 Effect of Packing Material in the Ability to Adsorb...................... 24

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Conceptual Framework ……………………………………...... 8

2 Flowchart of the Procedure ………………………………...... 21

v
 ABSTRACT

This study titled “CAPACITY OF OLEOPHILIC PACK OF COCONUT HUSK,

HUMAN HAIR AND CHICKEN FEATHER TO ADSORB OIL IN WATER” generally

aimed to lessen contaminated marine products from oil spills and the waste

products of our country. The impact of the homemade adsorbent pack was

displayed using quantitative observations by the apparent decrease of oil left in the

basin. Based from the gathered data the result shows that the coconut husk in

cheesecloth have the mass of 50g with 5 inches by 5 inches size. The mass after

adsorbing oil is 250g and the volume of oil adsorbed is 288ml. In chinese cloth

have mass of 50g with 5 inches by 5 inches size. The mass after adsorbing oil is

223g and the and the volume of oil adsorbed is 290ml. The human hair in cheese

cloth have mass of 50g with 5 inches by 5 inches size. The mass after adsorbing

oil is 223g and the volume of oil adsorbed is 182.68ml. In chinese cloth have mass

50g with 5 inches by 5 inches size. The mass after adsorbing oil spill is 325g and

the volume of oil adsorbed is 290ml. The chicken feather in cheesecloth have mass

of 50g with 5 inches by 5 inches size. The mass after adsorbing is 150g and the

volume of oil adsorbed is 105.60ml. In chinese cloth have mass of 50g with 5

inches by 5 inches size. The mass after adsorbing oil spill is 190g and the volume

of oil adsorbed is 147ml. Based from the results, coconut husk pack was more

effective than human hair pack and chicken feather pack.

vi
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Contamination of seawater due to an oil pour, as a result of an accident or

human error is termed as oil spill. Oil is among the most important energy sources

in the world and because of its uneven distribution, it is transported by ship across

the ocean and by pipelines across the lands. Oil spill include any spill or oil distilled

products that can pollute the surface of the land, air and water environments. In

the last thirty odd years, the issue of oil spills and their effects has taken much

importance. An oil spill happens when liquid petroleum is released into the

environment by vehicle, vessel or pipeline. A marine oil spill is usually degraded

fast since water is an excellent medium for dispersion, emulsifying and microbial

degradation processes.

Oil spill is one of the massive problems to the marine life here in the

Philippines even in other countries, this problem had made an idea for us to help

the government to solve this problem. The way that they do take away the oil spill

can affect our environment most fully the ozone layer of the planet. So, we have

come up an idea to have a solution for the problem. A solution that is cheaper and

safer and more ecofriendly for the environment and health of the people. We are

going to use human hair, chicken feathers and coconut husks as a material to get

the oil spill. The purpose of this experiment is an eco-friendly and safer solution

without harming others.

7
Conceptual Framework

The researcher used coconut husks, human hair and chicken feathers to

adsorb oil in water. The coconut husk was peeled into small pieces. The chicken

feathers were washed into a big basin with detergent and the chicken feathers

were dried under the sun. The three waste products were dried under the sun. All

of the waste products were put in a cloth bag. The researchers placed the cloth

bag with waste products into the water with oil.

Input Process Output

Coconut Peeling
Husk

Washing Adsorbent
of Oil in
Human Hair
Water
Drying

Chicken
Feather Weighing

Figure 1

Paradigm of the Study

8
Statement of the Problem

The researchers aimed to produce affordable and eco-friendly adsorbent

materials of oil in water which helped our environment to avoid oil spills and helped

people to have their natural seafoods. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following

questions:

1. What was the possibility of adsorbing oil from water using an adsorbent

pack of coconut husk, chicken feather, and human hair?

2. How did the packaging material (cloth bag) affect the ability of the adsorbent

pack to adsorb oil?

Hypothesis

There is a significant difference between Coconut husk, Human hair and

Chicken feather to adsorb oil in water.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study focused on testing chicken feathers, coconut husks, and human

hair as adsorbents of oil in water and finding the capacity of oleophilic. The

researchers used dried chicken barbs, scrapped coconut husk and left human hair.

This study will be conducted at Batangas City in February 2020 to July 2020.

The recycling of oil that we will get in cleaning oil spills is not included in this

study.

9
Significance of the Study

This research aimed to help the National agencies to lessen and reduce

water pollution such as oil spill. This research helped to clean oil spills with a

cheaper price, safer way and an eco-friendly.

Also, this research helped us to reduce the waste products like chicken

feather, human hair and coconut husk and to the value of the waste product that

humans dispose of for nothing.

Since the problem of oil spill had spread around the world, the health of the

people has been affected because the oil from the oil spill was stuck to the scales

of a fish.

The researchers conducted this research topic to help the government to

solve the oil spill problem and also reduce the waste products of the environment.

Definition of Key Terms

For further understanding, the study provided the conceptual and

operational definitions of the terms used in the conduct of this study.

Oleophilic. Relating to substances that have an affinity for oils and not for water.

Capacity. The maximum amount that something can contain or the amount that

something can produce.

10
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter represented the reviews of conceptual and research literature

significant in conducting the study. The researchers gathered information from a

number of references which provided insights and information related to the study.

Related Literature

Coconut Husk

Coconut husk has high amount of lignin and cellulose, and that is why it has

a high calorific value of 18.62MJ/kg. The chemical composition of coconut husks

consists of cellulose, lignin, pyroligneous acid, gas, charcoal, tar, tannin, and

potassium. The predominant use of coconut husks is in direct combustion in order

to make charcoal, otherwise husks are simply thrown away. Coconut husk can be

transformed into a value-added fuel source which can replace wood and other

traditional fuel sources. In terms of the availability and costs of coconut husks, they

have good potential for use in power plants.

Human Hair

Human hair is a material considered useless in most societies and therefore

is found in the municipal waste streams in almost all cities and towns of the world.

In rural areas or areas with low population density, the hair is thrown away in nature

where it slowly decomposes over several years, eventually returning the

constituent elements, namely, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and so forth, to their

respective natural cycles. In urban areas or areas with high population density, it

11
 often accumulates in large amounts in the solid waste streams and chokes

the drainage systems, posing a multifaceted problem.

Chicken Feathers

Chicken feathers are waste products of the poultry industry. Billions of

kilograms of waste feathers are generated each year by commercial poultry

processing plants creating a serious solid waste problem in many countries.

Traditional disposal strategies of chicken feathers are expensive and difficult. They

are often burned in incineration plants, buried in landfills or recycled into low quality

animal feed. These disposal methods are restricted, generate greenhouse gases

or pose danger to the environment. Several commercial applications have been

explored to utilize fibers from chicken feathers. However, due to the low volume

requirements of these products they had not significantly reduced the volume of

feathers generated each year.

Emulsified oil in waste water constitutes is a severe problem in the different

treatment stages before disposed of in a manner that does not violate

environmental criteria. One commonly used technique for remediation of

petroleum contaminated water is adsorption. The main objective of this study is to

examine the removal of oil from oil–water emulsions by adsorption on bentonite,

powdered activated carbon (PAC) and deposited carbon (DC). The results gave

evidence of the ability of the adsorbents to adsorb oil and that the adsorptive

property of the three adsorbents (bentonite, PAC, and DC) has been influenced by

different factors. The effects of contact time, the weight of adsorbents and the

concentration of adsorbate on the oil adsorption have been studied. Oil removal

12
percentages increase with increasing contact time and the weight of adsorbents,

and decrease with increasing the concentration of adsorbate. Equilibrium studies

show that the Freunlich isotherm was the best fit isotherm for oil removal by

bentonite, PAC, and DC. The data show higher adsorptive capacities by DC and

bentonite compared to the PAC.

Discharging water from oil fields has become one of the major

environmental issues related to the oil industry. This work presents a study on the

adsorption of oil onto nanoparticles of hydrophobic silica and silica nanoparticles

functionalized with a petroleum vacuum residue (VR) at 2 and 4 wt% to reduce the

amount of oil in oil–brine and oil–water emulsions at different pH values (5, 7 and

9). The initial concentration of crude oil in water ranged from 500 to 1500 mg/l. The

change in oil concentration after adsorption was determined using a UV–VIS

spectrophotometer. Experimental data on the adsorption kinetics were fitted to

pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, with better results being

obtained for the latter. Results of the study showed 100% oil removal for all the

systems studied and a better performance was achieved for oil-saltwater

emulsions than the experiments performed using oil-saltwater emulsions. In

addition, the adsorption equilibrium was achieved faster for the oil–water emulsion

using the salty medium. Adsorption velocity was higher for neutral and basic

systems compared with acid ones, and it was improved by increasing the amount

of VR on silica surface.

The threat of oil pollution increases with the development of large-scale off-

shore petroleum industrial activities. Recently, reducing waste materials through

13
reuse has contributed to sustainable manufacturing in many industries. With

development of large-scale poultry farming industries, the disposal of large

amounts of waste chicken feathers has become a huge problem. Thus, sustainable

methods for valorization of this waste are needed. This paper examines

beneficiation of waste chicken feathers via conversion into sorbents for clean-up

of oil spills in water bodies to replace conventionally used synthetic adsorbents

that are costly. Chicken feathers have a very high capacity for adsorption of liquid

oils (up to 16.21 g of oil/g of chicken feather) at fast uptake time (10 min). The

removal efficiency of oils in spills increases with increment in contact time with the

sorbent. Untreated waste chicken feathers exhibited slow sorption rate for oil due

to the presence of grease and other impurities on the surface of feathers. More

than 85% of the oil adsorbed by chicken feathers can be recovered. Thus, waste

chicken feathers show very attractive and promising adsorption/absorption

properties for oil spill clean-up applications to replace polymer-based adsorbents

due to their high oil absorption capacities. Both untreated and treated chicken

feathers show promising potential for use as oil absorbents.

The removal of vegetable oil and diesel fuel from seawater using waste

coconut coir was investigated by batch adsorption experiments at varying sorbent

doses and temperatures. Maximum adsorption capacities of 7231 and 6530 mg/g

were achieved for the adsorption of vegetable oil and diesel fuel, respectively. The

water absorbency was relatively high at 6540 mg/g which is a limitation in its

potential field application for oil spill cleanup. The maximum adsorption capacities

improved significantly by up to 22% with a corresponding reduction in water

14
absorbency when coconut husk was impregnated with human hair. The adsorption

kinetics followed a pseudo second order kinetic model and fitted to the Freundlich

adsorption isotherm model. The sorption capacity was found to decrease with

increasing temperatures. This work demonstrated that with adequate modifications

to improve its hydrophobicity, coconut coir can potentially provide a low cost

environmentally friendly adsorbent for oil spill cleanup.

Oil spill is a major environmental disaster that has continued to plague the

petroleum industry. After the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill, there has been an

increase in research on the uses of low cost environmentally sustainable options

for spill clean-up. The use of low-cost sorbents is considered a cost-effective and

environmentally friendly. With over 5 million tons of waste chicken feathers

generated annually around the globe, the management of the solid waste is an

enormous challenge. In this paper, we examine the adsorptive removal of different

oil types from sea water using waste chicken feathers. The adsorption properties

were investigated in batch adsorption experiments using crude oil, vegetable oil

and diesel fuel. The maximum adsorption capacities were 7694 mg/g, 6059 mg/g

and 4097 mg/g for vegetable oil, crude oil, and diesel fuel respectively. The

adsorption kinetics varied inversely with increasing temperatures and was better

described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

15
Related Studies

According to this activity you tested some common household materials for

their ability to act as good sorbents for vegetable oil. The original ratio of water to

vegetable oil in the measuring cup was 3 to 1, as three cups of water and one cup

of vegetable oil were used (and three divided by one equals three). Consequently,

sorbents that absorbed more oil than water (“good” sorbents) would have a ratio

greater than 3 to 1, whereas sorbents that absorbed more water than oil (poorer

oil sorbents) would have a ratio smaller than 3 to 1. If you tested cotton balls and

dog fur, you may have found they were relatively good sorbents, with a ratio of

remaining water to remaining oil being approximately 5 to 1 or above. On the other

hand, if you tested coconut husks and feathers, you may have found that they were

poorer sorbents, with a ratio of 3 to 1 or lower. To selectively absorb oil from oil

spills in the ocean a sorbent would need a relatively high ratio.

Oil exploration has enormous economic benefits; however, these benefits

are associated with environmental issues arising from oil spills. Numerous

methods exist for cleaning up oil spills along with their after-effect as well as huge

financial burden. Hence, the shift to methods that are environmentally friendly and

cost effective is imperative. This paper investigates the efficiency and mechanics

of using human hair to clean up crude oil contaminated water using various

parameters such as contact time, recovery and reuse, adsorbent dosage,

temperature, modification. Human hair has proven to be an efficient material in

removing oil from water with a maximum adsorption capacity of 7470mg/g for

crude oil as well as its recovery and reusability. Investigation reveals that African

16
hair came first, followed by Asian hair and finally, European hair with an adsorption

capacity of 7470, 6176 and 5246mg/g for crude oil respectively. The result

obtained for the kinetics of adsorption revealed a good fit in pseudo-second order

model, indicating that the mode of adsorption is exothermic which is controlled by

a chemisorption process. The isotherm studies also revealed that the experimental

data is better described with Freundlich isotherm model. A comparative analysis

conducted using the maximum adsorption capacity of different adsorbents

revealed that human hair performed better than organoclay, rice husks, reed bed

canary grass, treated sludge, modified oil palm leaves, peat moss and activated

carbon, but less than exfoliated graphytes, kapot and recycled wool based non-

woven material. Hence, human hair can be modified into boom to clean-up oil spills.

This is a promising area that researchers need to focus more on in order to explore

the huge benefits it presents.

The removal of oil from waste water using human hairs (gents & ladies hairs)

was investigated in batch process. Column experiments were also done to

evaluate the continuous removal of oil. In batch studies the behavior of the

adsorption was investigated through studying the influences of pH, contact time

and adsorbent doses. The oil removal rate increased with a decrease in pH. The

maximum removal of oil achieved at pH 1.0 at 30oC temperature. The maximum

adsorption obtained from the batch process was 13.88 mg/g for gent’s hair and

9.80 mg/g for ladies hair adsorbent. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used

to fit the equilibrium isotherm. Freundlich model is best suitable. The effect of bed

heights (10 cm), flow rates (1 ml/min) and in let oil concentration 15.2 g/lit on the

17
breakthrough curve were studied using gents & ladies hair. The break through

point has been observed after 60 min. for gents and ladies hair and exhaustion

point observed after 300 min. for gents’ hair and 270 min. for ladies hair.

Activated carbon from coconut shell was prepared to investigate the removal

of zinc from palm oil mill effluent (POME). The reduction of zinc is significant to

protect the ecosystem. The effect of temperature on the adsorbent was observed

from the thermo gravimetric analysis while the decomposition of the lignocellulosic

structure of the adsorbent was observed at 385 ᵒC. A total mass loss of 38.87%

was observed. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy used for the chemical

characterization illustrated that hydroxyl, carbonyl, ether and aromatic compounds

were the major functional groups that contributed on the presence of oxygen at the

available active sites on the adsorbent. This finding supported the result of the

thermo gravimetric analysis of the lignocellulosic structure of the material. The

adsorption equilibrium onto the coconut shell activated carbon was carried out to

investigate the experimental data. The experimental data was fitted into the three

isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin) and from the findings, data

was fitted most to the Temkin isotherm with a correlation coefficient of 0.9705.

Adsorption efficiency of the activated coconut shell was obtained at 98.04%. This

result explained the adsorbate-adsorbent interaction and the effect of heat energy

on the adsorption process. The coconut shell activated carbon showed to be a very

effective adsorbent for the removal of zinc from POME.

18
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the research methods which included the manner on

how the study was conducted. This chapter also provides the materials and

equipment that were used in order to conduct the experiment. It also explains how,

the researchers performed the tests and the data gathering technique.

Research Method

This study “Capacity of Oleophilic Pack of Coconut husk, Human hair and

Chicken feather to Adsorb Oil in Water” used an experimental method in order to

answer the questions stated.

Materials and Equipment

Proper materials should be used to conduct this study. Small bucket as

container, measuring equipment, chinese cloth and cheesecloth as cloth bag,

coconut husk, human hair and chicken feather as an adsorbent material.

General Procedure

The researchers prepared coconut husks, human hair, and chicken feather.

The coconut husk was peeled and only the chicken feather was washed with

detergent and dried under the sun. Each variable weighed 50 grams and a cloth

bag was used as a container for each variable. After the researchers tested it the

researchers performed the experiment.

19
Data Gathering Techniques

In order to gain the result and conclusion of the study, the researchers

gathered data by keeping observations and careful measurement of materials. The

effectiveness of coconut husk, chicken feathers and human hair in packs is tested

based on the measurement of how much oil did the pack adsorbed. The results

were noted and analyzed.

20
Flowchart of the Procedure of the Study

Preparation of Materials

Coconut Husk Human Hair Chicken Feather

Washed with
Peeled detergent

Dried under the

sun

Weigh 50g of each materials

Put the materials in separate cloth bags

Testing

Figure 2

The Process in Using Coconut Husk, Human Hair, and Chicken Feather to
21
Adsorb Oil in Water
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presented the data collected from the experiment we

conducted. It also describes the analysis of the data followed by a discussion of

the research findings.

1.The possibility of adsorbing oil from water an adsorbent pack of coconut

husk, human hair, and chicken feather.

Table 1

THE CHANGE IN WEIGHT OF THE ADSORBENT PACKS IN THE

SPAN OF 4 HOURS

Adsorbent Size of Mass of Mass after Volume of

Materials cloth bag adsorbent adsorbing oil adsorbed oil
materials spill for 4
hours

COCONUT 5 inches by 50g 250g 221 ml

HUSK 5 inches

HUMAN 5 inches by 50g 223g 182 ml

HAIR 5 inches

CHICKEN 5 inches by 50g 150g 105.60 ml

FEATHER 5 inches

22
 Table 1 shows that the cloth bag of coconut husk is 5 inches in size and has

mass of 50g. After 4 hours of adsorbing oil spill its mass is 250g and the volume

of oil adsorbed is 221ml. Cloth bag of human hair with 5 inches by inches size and

have mass of 50g. After 4 hours of adsorbing oil spill its mass is 223g and the

volume of oil adsorbed oil spill its mass is 182ml. Cloth bags of chicken feathers

with 5 inches by 5 inches size have a mass of 50g. After 4 hours of adsorbing oil

spill its mass is 150g and the volume of oil adsorbed is 105.60ml.

23
2. The packaging material affected the ability of the adsorbent
pack to adsorb oil.

Table 2

EFFECT OF PACKAGING MATERIAL IN THE ABILITY TO ADSORB OIL

TYPE OF PACKAGING MATERIAL

Adsorbent materials

Cheese cloth Chinese cloth

Adsorbing oil spill

adsorbing oil spill
Size of cloth bag

Size of cloth bag

Volume of oil

Volume of oil
Amount of
Amount of

Mass after

Mass after
adsorbed

adsorbed
materials

materials
5 5
COCONUT inches inches
HUSK 50g by 5 250 288 ml 50g by 5 223g 290
inches g inches ml

5 5
HUMAN inches 182.68 inches
HAIR 50g by 5 223g ml 50g by 325g 290
inches inches ml
5 5
CHICKEN 50g inches 150g 105.60 50g inches 190 147
FEATHER by 5 ml by 5 g ml
inches inches

24
 Table 2 shows that coconut husk in cheesecloth has the mass of 50g with

5 inches by 5 inches size. The mass after adsorbing oil spill is 250g and the volume

of oil adsorbed is 288 ml. The coconut husk in chinese cloth have mass of 50g with

5 inches by 5 inches size. The mass after adsorbing oil spill is 223g and the volume

of oil adsorbed is 290 ml. The human hair in cheesecloth has mass of 50g with 5

inches by 5 inches size. The mass of adsorbing oil spill is 223g and the volume of

oil adsorbed is 182.68ml. The human hair in chinese cloth have mass of 50g with

5 inches by 5 inches size. The mass after adsorbing oil spill is 325g and the volume

of oil adsorbed is 290 ml. The chicken feather in cheese cloth have mass of 50g

with 5 inches by 5 inches size. The mass after adsorbing oil spill is 150g and the

volume of oil adsorbed is 105.60 ml. The chicken feather in chinese cloth have

mass of 50g with 5 inches by 5 inches size. The mass after adsorbing oil spill is

190g and the volume of oil adsorbed is 147ml.

25
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter discusses the summary of findings obtained from the

experiment. This also shows the conclusions based on the tables of the results

and recommendations to the next researchers in order to make an improvement

in the study.

Summary

This study titled “CAPACITY OF OLEOPHLIC PACK OF COCONUT HUSK,

HUMAN HAIR, AND CHICKEN FEATHER TO ADSORB OIL IN WATER” aims to

determine if the materials can adsorb oil in water in more eco-friendly and

affordable way, this can be done, easier in addition the study shows, human’s

resourcefulness in using waste materials or environment friendly,

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the possibility of adsorbing oil from water using adsorbent

pack of coconut husk, chicken feather, and human hair?

2. How does the packaging material (cloth bag) affect the ability of

the adsorbent pack to adsorb oil?

26
Findings

Based on the data obtained, the following were the findings of the study.

1. The material used contained properties suitable in the adsorption of oil in water.

2.The materials were made out of coconut husk, human hair and chicken feathers

which can easily adsorb oil using cheese cloth compared to other cloth that were

used in the study.

Conclusions

Based on the data gathered, the researchers concluded that coconut husk,

human hair and chicken feathers could be effective in adsorbing oil in water. The

researchers also concluded that coconut husk had the most effective use in the

adsorption of oil in water.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusion made, the following are the

suggestions and recommendations to the future researchers for improvement of

the study:

1. Use more hair shafts, coconut husks, and chicken feathers to test the

capacity of adsorbent packs to adsorb oil.

2. Further research on the project must be continued to find more results in

enhancing the adsorption of the adsorbent pack.

27
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. BOOKS

Jull, Morley A. “The Biology of the Chicken “. Poultry Husbandry. New York.
McGraw – Hill Book Company, Inc.1951.p.35

Leyden, Michael B. et al. “Burning fuels for heat”. Introduction to Physical

Science. Mehlo Park. Addison – Wesley Publishing Company.p.237.

Craig, Gerald S. and John Urban. “Using fire, fuels and heat”. Facing tomorrow
with Science. Boston Ginn and Company.pp.285 – 287.
Hurden, Dean et al. “Fossil Fuels and Water Pollution”. Physical Science.
Prentice Hall. 1991.p.617.

Hill, John W. and Doris K. Kolb. “You’re the solution to water pollution”.
Chemistry for changing times. Vol.13.15. Prentice Hall International Inc.Asia.
Simon and Schuster.1995.p.400.

Hogg, John C. et al. “Oil and it’s Origin”. Physical Science for High Schools. D.
Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 250 Fourth Avenue, New York 3. D. Van
Nostrand.1951.pp. 233 – 234.

Brown, G.I. “Fuels”. Introduction to Chemistry. Longmans, Green and Co

London.1952.pp. 218 – 228.

Hogg, John C. et al. “The story of Gas”. Physical Science for High Schools. D.
Van Nostrand Company Inc., 250 Fourth Avenue, New York 3. D. Van
Nostrand.195.pp. 56 – 70.

28
B. INTERNET
Kaushik, Mohit. “What is an Oil Spill at Sea?”. Marine in Sight. 20 July 2016.
<https://www.marineinsight.com/environment/what-is-an-oil-spill-at-sea/>.

Audet, Marye. “Effects of Oil Spill”. Green Living. 20 June 2010.

<https://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Effects_of_Oil_Spills>.

Gupta, Ankush. “Human Hair “Waste” and Its Utilization”. National Institute of
Science. 27 April 2014. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/498018>.

West, Carmela. “Activated Carbon and Coconut Husk as Oil Spill Adsorbent”.21
April 2013.< https://thekateearl.com/activated-carbon-and-coconut-husk-as-oil-
spill-adsorbent-cablao/>.

Ifelebuege, Augustine. “An evaluation of the adsorptive properties of coconut

husk”.Feb.2015.<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272795782_An_evalu
ation_of_the_adsorptive_properties_of_coconut_husk_for_oil_spill_cleanup >.

Alijammal, Noor and Yuzakova Tatiana. “Review on the effectiveness of adsorbent

materials in oil spills cleanup”.12Nov.2016.
<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323111006_REVIEW_ON_THE_EFF
ECTIVENESS_OF_ADSORBENT_MATERIALS_IN_OIL_SPILLS_CLEAN_UP>.

Ifelebuege, Augustine and Chinonyere, Precious. “ Oil Spill Clean-up from Sea
Water using Waste Chicken Feather”. May 2016.
< https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305766633_Oil_Spill_Clean-
up_from_Sea_Water_using_Waste_Chicken_Feathers>.

Frias, Rua Doutor Roberto."Coconut based Biosorbents for Water Treatment". 24

July 2010. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20656282>.

29
 APPENDIX

Coconut Husk Human Hair

Chicken Feather Weighing Scale

Cheese and Chinese Bag Weighing Coconut Husk

30
Weighing Human Hair Weighing Chicken Feather

Putting Water Putting Crude Oil

Soaking the Bag Waiting for 4 hours

31
 Weighing Weighing
Human Hair with Crude Oil Coconut Husk with Crude Oil

Weighing
Chicken Feather with Crude Oil

32