C E 3 1 3 5 Hydraulics: Central Philippine University College of Engineering

CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CE3135

Jaro, Iloilo City, Philippines HYDRAULICS
STUB ACT. TITLE: LABORATORY
NAME: RICHARD S. SAROMINES
CODE:1817 NO.:1 APPARATUS
OBJECTIVE:
 To list all apparatus used in fluid mechanics/hydraulics

laboratory and indicate their uses
 To List some general Safety precautions that should be observed
in the laboratory.
APPARATUS:
 Graduated Cylinder
A graduated cylinder, also known as a
measuring cylinder or mixing cylinder is a
common piece of laboratory equipment used to
measure the volume of a liquid. It has a
narrow cylindrical shape. Each marked line
on the graduated cylinder represents the
amount of liquid that has been measured.
Graduated cylinders commonly range in size
from 5 mL to 500 mL. Some can even hold
volumes of more than a liter.
 Spring Balance
A spring balance (or newton meter) is a type
of weighing scale. They are commonly used to
measure the force exerted on an object. This
force is usually measured in Newton’s and is
essentially the weight of an object.
The weight of an object is a measurement of
its mass x gravity (W = mg).
 Weights
Laboratory weights are used for two-pan
balances. The object to be weighed is
placed on one pan, and weights are placed on
the other pan until the scale is balanced.
The weights add up to the weight of the contents of the other pan.
Weights are also used to calibrate and/or check the accuracy of other
weighing instruments.
 Venturi Meter
Venturi meters are flow measurement
instruments which use a converging section of
pipe to give an increase in the flow velocity
and a corresponding pressure drop from which
the flowrate can be deduced. They have been
in common use for many years, especially in
the water supply industry. Also a device in
which pressure energy is converted into
kinetic energy and it is used for measuring
the rate of flow of liquid through pipes.
 Beaker
A beaker is a cylindrical container used to
store, mix and heat liquids in laboratories.
Most are made of glass, but other non-
corrosive materials, such as metal and heat-
resistant plastic, are also used. Beakers
usually have a flat bottoms and a lip around
the top. They range in size from one
millimeter to multi-liter.
 Meter Stick
A meterstick or yardstick is either a
straightedge or foldable ruler used to measure
length, and is especially common in the
construction industry. Metersticks are usually
divided with lines for each millimeter (1000
per meter) and numerical markings per centimeter (100 per meter), with
numbers either in centi- or millimeter.
 Ruler
A ruler, sometimes called a rule or line gauge,
is a device used in geometry and technical
drawing, as well as the engineering and
construction industries, to measure distances or
draw straight lines.
Vernier Caliper
A caliper is a device used to measure the
dimensions of an object. The tips of the
caliper are adjusted to fit across the points
to be measured and the dimension read by
measuring between the tips with another
measuring tool, such as a ruler.
 Stopwatch
A stopwatch counts the time to the millisecond
that passes after you click the "Start" button.
It allows you to add laps. If you close the
stopwatch, the value and laps will be
automatically saved. If the period is
sufficiently large, the number of days passed
will be displayed, too.
 Mercury
Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg
and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as
quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum.
A heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the
only metallic element that is liquid at standard
conditions for temperature and pressure.
 Spherical Ball
A sphere "globe, ball" is a geometrical object in
three-dimensional space that is the surface of a
ball. Like a circle in a two-dimensional space, a
sphere is defined mathematically as the set of
points that are all at the same distance r from a
given point in a three-dimensional space.
 Funnel
A funnel is a tube or pipe that is wide at the
top and narrow at the bottom, used for guiding
liquid or powder into a small opening. It is
designed to catch and direct a downward flow.
 Pitot Tube
pitot tubes are used to measure air flow in
pipes, ducts, and stacks, and liquid flow in
pipes, weirs, and open channels. While accuracy
and range ability are relatively low, pitot
tubes are simple, reliable, inexpensive, and
suited for a variety of environmental
conditions, including extremely high
temperatures and a wide range of pressures.
 U-tube Manometer
A U-tube manometer is the simplest of the
pressure measurement devices. Its name comes
from the U-shape formed when the two ends of a
flexible tube full of liquid are raised to keep
the liquid from coming out the ends. A U-tube
manometer is a ‘liquid’ balance.
 Hydrostatic Gate
The hydrostatic pressure apparatus allows students
to investigate the effect of hydrostatic pressure
on an effective area via a tilting transparent
tank. The volume and thus the weight of the liquid
can be determined from tilt and volume scales. The
balancing lever arm helps determine center of
pressure.
 Weighing Balance
A weighing balance is an instrument that is used
to determine the weight or mass of an object. It
is available in a wide range of sizes with
multiple weighing capacities. These are also known
as mass scales, weight scales, mass balances, and
weight balances.
 Liquids
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that
conforms to the shape of its container but
retains a (nearly) constant volume independent
of pressure. As such, it is one of the four
fundamental states of matter (the others being
solid, gas, and plasma), and is the only state
with a definite volume but no fixed shape.
 Reynolds Number Apparatus

The apparatus consists of a glass tube with one
end having bell mouth entrance connected to a
constant head water tank and at the other end a
valve is provided to vary the flow rate. By varying the rate of flow,
the Reynold's number is changes. This also changes the type of flow.
Visual observation of dye(Thread) will indicate the type of flow,
which can be confirmed from the Reynold's number computed.
 Orifice Apparatus
Orifice Discharge Apparatus Orifice Discharge
Apparatus - Orifice is a simple device used to
measure fluid flow in pipes The Orifice
Discharge Apparatus has been designed to enable
students to determine the co-efficient of
discharge of sharp edged orifice and nozzles.
 Rectangular Scow
Scow a various vessels having a flat-bottomed
rectangular hull with sloping ends, built in various
sizes with or without means of propulsion, as barges,
punts, rowboats, or sailboats. Barges (or scows) are
used to transport material that has been excavated by
mechanical dredgers or to place other equipment at a
dredging site.
 Triangular Weir
The triangular-notch, thin-plate weir is used widely
for measuring the flow of liquids in flumes and open
channels. Simple in design and easily made from
readily available materials, it is inexpensive,
convenient to use, and easy to maintain. In permanent
or portable form, it is frequently used to measure the
flow of water in laboratories and in small, natural
streams
Trapezoidal Weir
This calculates the flow rate over a Cipolletti weir, a
commonly used weir in many irrigation districts. The weir
opening has a flat, level bottom and the sides that have a
particular slope. The water before the weir should be held
in a relatively calm and smooth pool.
 Rectangular Weir
Rectangular weirs are used to extract water in order
to emulate the effect of offtake discharges in real
irrigation canals. It is possible to obtain the flow
rate extracted by measuring the water level upstream
of the weir.
 Tilting Flume
The tilting flume is designed to conduct
various experiments at various bed slopes from
in upstream and downstream. The flume has a
Perspex window to visualize the flow over
models fixed in flume. The flume is provided
with gates on upstream & downstream side to
control the flow.
 Pipe Network
This unit is self-contained with a hydraulics
bench, and measures flows and drops in a wide
range of pipe network configurations including
individual pipes, series pipes, parallel pipes,
ring main. Fittings connected by screwed coupling
with O-rings. Features pressure tapping and quick
connections on five test pipes of various
diameters and connection configurations.
Differential manometers. Mounted on a mobile
hydraulics bench.
 Centrifugal Pump
A Centrifugal pump is a mechanical machine that
pumps the fluids by converting the mechanical
power (rotational energy) into the pressure
energy of the fluid flow. This mechanical power
generally supplies by the electric motor or
engine. A centrifugal pump uses a centrifugal
force to pump the fluids. Therefore, it is known
as a centrifugal pump.
General Safety Precautions
 Be sure to read all fire alarm and safety signs and follow the
instructions in the event of an accident or emergency.
 Ensure you are fully aware of your facility's/building's
evacuation procedures.
 Make sure you know where your lab's safety equipment—including
first aid kit(s), fire extinguishers, eye wash stations, and
safety showers—is located and how to properly use it.
 Know emergency phone numbers to use to call for help in case of
an emergency.
 Lab areas containing carcinogens, radioisotopes, biohazards, and
lasers should be properly marked with the appropriate warning
signs.
 Open flames should never be used in the laboratory unless you
have permission from a qualified supervisor.
 Make sure you are aware of where your lab's exits and fire
alarms are located.
 An area of 36" diameter must be kept clear at all times around
all fire sprinkler heads.
 If there is a fire drill, be sure to turn off all electrical
equipment and close all containers.
 Always work in properly-ventilated areas.
 Do not chew gum, drink, or eat while working in the lab.
 Laboratory glassware should never be utilized as food
or beverage containers.
 Each time you use glassware, be sure to check it for chips and
cracks. Notify your lab supervisor of any damaged glassware so
it can be properly disposed of.
 Never use lab equipment that you are not approved or trained by
your supervisor to operate.
 If an instrument or piece of equipment fails during use, or
isn't operating properly, report the issue to a technician right
away. Never try to repair an equipment problem on your own.
 If you are the last person to leave the lab, make sure to lock
all the doors and turn off all ignition sources.
 Do not work alone in the lab.
 Never leave an ongoing experiment unattended.
 Never lift any glassware, solutions, or other types of apparatus
above eye level.
 Never smell or taste chemicals.
 Do not pipette by mouth.
 Make sure you always follow the proper procedures for disposing
lab waste.
 Report all injuries, accidents, and broken equipment or glass
right away, even if the incident seems small or unimportant.
 If you have been injured, yell out immediately and as loud as
you can to ensure you get help.
 In the event of a chemical splashing into your eye(s) or on your
skin, immediately flush the affected area(s) with running water
for at least 20 minutes.
DIAGRAM/SET UP:
Orifice Apparatus Reynolds Number Apparatus
Tilting Flume Apparatus Hydrostatic Gate

Pipe Network Apparatus Centrifugal Pump
U tube Manometer Rectangular Scow
OBSERVATION/CONCLUSION:
It is important to always use the various laboratory apparatus with

care and precaution. If you aren't used to handling them, you should
seek the advice of an experienced chemist or laboratory handler
because you can seriously injure yourself. If you misuse the
equipment, your experiments will provide you with the incorrect
information and measurements as well.
The wide range of laboratory equipment available is each designed to
serve a specific purpose. They are all important to scientists and
researchers to carry out their work and experiments in the lab which
help produce data that will be beneficial to the public. This is why
we are given introductory courses the laboratory through Hydraulics,
chemistry and physics to introduce us to the basic uses and care of
laboratory apparatus.
References
https://www.labmanager.com/lab-health-and-safety/science-laboratory-
safety-rules-guidelines-5727
http://irrigation.wsu.edu/Content/Calculators/Water-
Measurements/Cipolletti-Weir.php#:~:text=This%20calculates%20the
%20flow%20rate,relatively%20calm%20and%20smooth%20pool.
https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1617b/report.pdf
https://www.iadc-dredging.com/subject/equipment/barges-
scrows/#:~:text=Centre%20%2F%20Equipment%20%2F%20Barges-,Barges%20(or
%20scows)%20are%20used%20to%20transport%20material%20that
%20has,equipment%20at%20a%20dredging%20site.
https://mechanicalboost.com/centrifugal-pump-an-overview/
https://www.michael-smith-engineers.co.uk/resources/useful-
info/centrifugal-pumps#:~:text=A%20centrifugal%20pump%20is%20a,through
%20the%20impeller's%20vane%20tips.
https://sunlabtech.com/pipe-network-apparatus/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduated_cylinder#:~:text=A%20graduated
%20cylinder%2C%20also%20known,liquid%20that%20has%20been%20measured.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/spring-balance
https://learnmechanical.com/venturi-meter/
https://accendoreliability.com/using-manometers-measuring-
pressure/#:~:text=A%20U%2Dtube%20manometer%20is,is%20a
%20'liquid'%20balance.&text=The%20height%20difference%20is%20measured
%20on%20a%20graduated%20scale.
https://www.precisa.co.uk/weighing-balances-uses/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/reynolds-number
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/tilting-flume-8235206130.html

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CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CE3135

 To list all apparatus used in fluid mechanics/hydraulics

 Reynolds Number Apparatus

Orifice Apparatus Reynolds Number Apparatus

Tilting Flume Apparatus Hydrostatic Gate

Pipe Network Apparatus Centrifugal Pump

U tube Manometer Rectangular Scow

It is important to always use the various laboratory apparatus with

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