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Per-unit representation and

Gauss-Siedel Iterative method
for Load Flow studies

Electrical Transmission and Distribution – I

ENGD3045
A.H.S. WENITON
STUDENT REGISTRATION: P2623489

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Table of Contents
Part A: 2 Bus transmission systems.............................................................................................................1
1.1 Per unit representation of the power system....................................................................................1
1.2............................................................................................................................................................2
1.3............................................................................................................................................................2
1.4 PSSE Results.......................................................................................................................................4
Part B: 3 bus transmission system..............................................................................................................7
2.1 Calculate the Admittance matrix of the following 3-bus system.......................................................7

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Figure 1............................................................................................................................................1
Figure 2............................................................................................................................................2
Figure 3 Circuit Diagram.................................................................................................................4
Figure 4 Output................................................................................................................................5
Figure 5 Output................................................................................................................................5
Figure 6 PSSE Power system........................................................................................................13
Figure 7 Simulated results 1..........................................................................................................14
Figure 8 Simulated results 2..........................................................................................................14

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Part A: 2 Bus transmission systems
1.1 Per unit representation of the power system.
The S base value selected is = 50MVA

Figure 1

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1.2
Find voltages on Bus-1 and Bus-2.
Bus-1 at the generator is taken as a slack bus

1.3

[ ]
Y 11 Y 12 Y 13
Y-bus = Y 21 Y 22 Y 23
Y 31 Y 32 Y 33

[ ]
−10 j −10 j 00
Y-bus = −10 j 0 12.195 j 0
0 −17.3 j 0−8.33 j

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 Figure 2

P2+jQ2 = 19+2.62j

P2 + jQ 2 19+2.62 j
S2= = =3.8+ 0.524 j
5 MVA 5 MVA

Just by dividing the values.

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1.4 PSSE Results

Figure 3 Circuit Diagram

Figure 4 Output

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 Figure 5 Output

1.5

The power system is simulated in the PSSE software. The readings are verified and the results
are observed.

There is no significant difference in the voltage and angle of buses in the simulations. It is
possible that the small difference is due to calculation errors or not including last decimal
numbers.

The high demand on the system and the higher amount of reactive power taken by the load are
the main factors which influence the system's unbalanced state. Usually a capacitor is added in
the system to produce a reactive power.

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Part B: 3 bus transmission system

Calculation

2.1 Calculate the Admittance matrix of the following 3-bus system.

As

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Solution:

The high demand on the system and the higher amount of reactive power taken by the load are
the main factors which influence the system's unbalanced state. Usually a capacitor is added in
the system to produce a reactive power.

For bus-1 to be a slack bus, it should be equipped with a generation bus. It will choose to use the
active and reactive power in order to perform load flow analysis.

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The acceleration factor in this case is α = 1.6

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The acceleration factor in this case is α = 1.6

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The acceleration factor in this case is α = 1.6

The acceleration factor in this case is α = 1.6

−1.999+0.789 j−(10 j+0.5384+ 7.784 j)

V2(3) =
−18 j

−2.5374−26.995 j
V2(3) =
−18 j

V2(3) = 0.943−0.0673 j

Node 3: i=3; j=1,2

P 3 ( sch )−Q 3( sch)

−[Y 31 V 1 ( 2 ) +Y 32V 2 ( 2 ) ]
V3(3)
= Conj [V 3 ( 2 ) ]
Y 33

−1+0.5 j
−[ ( 20 j )( 1.0+ 0.0 j ) +(8 j)(0.951−0.1255 j )]
V3(3)
= 0.972+0.0673 j
−28 j

−0.988+0.583 j−(20 j+1.004 +7.608 j)

V3(3) =
−28 j

−1.409−12.392 j
V3(3) =
−28 j

V3(3) = 0.964−0.071 j

4th Iteration: K=3

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Node 2: i=2; j=1,3

The acceleration factor in this case is α = 1.6

The acceleration factor in this case is α = 1.6

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 1.

PSSE software is used to simulate the power system of buses and loads. The system is tested and
its correctness is observed.

It has been observed that the difference between the voltage and angle of buses in both
simulations is negligible. This can be explained by the fact that the last decimal numbers are not
included in the calculations.

2.

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 Figure 6 PSSE Power system

Figure 7 Simulated results 1

Figure 8 Simulated results 2

3. Comments on Acceleration Factor

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The guass siedel method has a low convergence rate. To get fast convergence, an acceleration
factor of 1.6 is used.

Gauss siedle’s method

Advantages.
 The calculation is very easy so simple to progress It is very easy to program. It saves a lot
of computational time and doesn't require much hardware.am.

Disadvantages.
It has a slow rate of convergence and it requires a large number of iterations to converge.

Part C: Flow Chart

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