Water & Wastewater Sampling CRL EPA

Water & Wastewater
Characteristics, Sampling,
Sample Handling Procedures
CRL Environmental Corporation
Outline of the Presentation

Part I – Water Quality
•Water Characteristics
•Sampling
Part II – Sample Management Protocols
• Sample Handling
• Sample Preservation
• Sample Holding Time
• Sample Transport
2 CRL Environmental Corporation
1
Sources of Pollution
POINT SOURCE POLLUTION
CRL Environmental Corporation 4
2
NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION
Wastewater
3
Wastewater Characteristics
• Physical
Solids
Characteristics
Temperature Odor
Physical
Wastewater
Characteristics
Turbidity Color
Water Quality Parameters
Odor
- caused by gases produced by the decomposition of
organic matter or by substances added to the wastewater.
The most characteristic odor of stale or septic wastewater is
that of hydrogen sulfide
- Effect is related to psychological stress rather than to harm
they do the body
- Offensive odors can cause poor appetite for food, lowered
water consumption, impaired respiration, nausea and
vomiting and mental perturbation
4
Color
-results of dissolved extracts from metals in rocks
and soil
from organic matter in soil and plants
- from industrial by-products
- presence of colored minerals and dyes, humic
breakdown substances and iron.
Usually an aesthetic problem, both in drinking water
and wastewater
• indication of toxicity
• stain textiles and fixtures
9
• Chemical Total
Dissolved
Characteristics Solids
Metals Chlorides
Wastewater’s
Chemical
Characteristics
Organics
& pH
Nutrients
Alkalinity
10
5
Chemical Measures of Water Quality
A. pH
-is a measure of how acidic/basic water is.
pH of Natural Waters
• Surface water pH from 6.5 to 8.5
• Groundwater pH from 6.5 to 8.5
• Acid rain pH as low as 3
•pH must be measured
• Lakes damaged by acid rain can have pH in situ and must be
of 4 or less. accompanied by
temperature
measurement
11

B. Dissolved solids - represents the total amount of salts
in the water
• Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) – solids contained in the
filtrate that passes through a filter with a pore size of
2.0 um
Precipitation and Dissolution
• Dissolution: Minerals enter into water
• Precipitation: Minerals are deposited out of water
12
6
Electrical Conductivity
- Measure of the ability of
water to pass an electrical
current
- Conductivity increases as
the concentration of ion
increases
- Important parameter for
suitability of water for
irrigation
13
- Electrical Conductivity
TDS = k x conductance
k = 0.55 to 0.75
- conductance is measured in
microsiemens/cm
( S/cm)
- Does not apply to raw
wastewater or high strength
industrial wastewater
14
7
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

The DO test measures the amount of oxygen
dissolved in the water.
- inversely proportional to temperature
- Less than 5.0 mg/L, aquatic life gets stress
DO varies with temperature, salinity, elevation,
and turbulence (mixing).
15

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
- the amount of oxygen required by aerobic
microorganisms to decompose the organic matter in a
sample of water.
• The BOD test is used to determine the pollutional

strength of domestic and industrial wastes in terms of
the oxygen that they will require it discharged into
natural watercourses in which aerobic conditions exist.
• Most widely used because of direct relationship

between BOD and oxygen depletion in receiving waters
16
8
Chemical Oxygen Demand
• Determine the oxygen equivalent of the
organic matter that can be oxidized by a strong
chemical oxidizing agent in an acid medium
• Means of measuring the organic strength of

domestic and industrial wastes
• Measurement of waste in terms of total

quantity of oxygen required for oxidation to
CO2 & H2O.

Chemical Oxygen Demand
Limitations
• Inability to differentiate between biologically
oxidizable and biologically inert organic
matter
• Does not provide evidence of the rate at
which the biologically active material would
be stabilized
Advantage
• Short period of analysis
18
9
Fats, Oils and Grease
Grease
- includes fats, waxes, mineral oils, calcium &
magnesium soaps, free fatty acids
Fats and Oils
- are compounds of alcohol or glycerol with
fatty acids
- contributed to domestic wastewater in butter,
lard, margarine and vegetable fats & oils
- found in meats, in germinal area of cereals, in
seeds, nuts and certain fruits
19

Two types of FOG pollutants common to
wastewater systems
* Petroleum-based oil and grease (non-

polar concentrations)
* Animal and vegetable-based oil and
grease (polar concentrations)
10
Total Solids, Suspended Solids, Settleable
Solids and Dissolved Solids
Solids in sewage:
- Organic Solids (45%)
- Inorganic Solids (55%)
Solids According to Size:
Suspended > 1 mm (larger than bacteria)
Colloidal between 1 mm and .001 mm
Dissolved < .001 mm
21
11
• Biological
Bacteria
Characteristics
Parasitic
Viruses Worms
Wastewater’s (Helminths)
Biological
Characteristics
Algae Protozoa
23
Total and Fecal Coliform

• Indicator microorganism
– Cultured in standard tests to
indicate contamination (laboratory)
– Membrane filter technique
• Direct count of colonies trapped and cultured
– Multiple tube fermentation method
• Provides an estimate of the MPN per 100 mL
– Measured as colonies/100 mL
12
Waste Characteristics
Effluent
Fats, Oil
& Grease COD
Introduction
Solids
(TSS, VS,
TDS,SS) BOD
Food
Processing Pathogens
Sulfate (Coliform)
pH
Odor

25
Wastes Characteristics
Effluents
Printed Wiring
Semicon PCB
Assemblies
Manufacturing Operations
Manufacturing
•Low pH due to •Metals (Cu, Ni, •Heavy metals

inorganic acids Fe, Cr, Sn,Pb etc) •Spent organic
•spent organic •Cyanides solvents
solvents •Acids
•Sulfates
•Metals •Fluorides & •Alkalis
•Fluorides fluoborates •Fluxes
•Acetates •Ammonia
•Acids
13
Textile Industry
Processing operations
•High BOD & COD
•Solids
•Temperature
Waste •Color (due to dyeing)
Characteristics •pH (alkaline process)
CRL Environmental Corporation 27
Water Quality Monitoring
Documentation and Planning
Sampling SOPs Statistical

Design of the
program Plan Design
14
Water/Wastewater Sampling Plan
Protocols
Objective for Information of
the facility/
Sampling establishment Introduction
Event
Sampling
Team
Discharge
Sampling Location
Plan
Sampling
Lab
Management
Criteria &
& Data Analysis
Sampling
Reporting Program
& Field
QA/QC
CRL Environmental Corporationc

29
Sampling Program & Field QA/QC
Bottle
Labeling Chain of Field Data Sampling
Custody Field QA/QC
Standards Collection
15
Sampling Criteria & Analysis
Parameters Quality
Control Sample Data
& Analytical Retention Reporting
Requirements
Methods
Water Quality Monitoring
Execution of the Sampling Plan
Processes Equipment,
affecting chemicals & Transportation
Filtration
sample cleaning & Storage
quality procedures
16
Types and Methods of Sampling
Types of Sampling
Grab or Catch
Sampling
Composite
Sampling
Integrated
Sampling
17
Types of Sampling
Grab or Catch Sampling

 is a discrete sample which
collected at a specific location
at a certain point in time.
Types of Sampling
Composite Sampling
 is made by thoroughly mixing several
grab samples. It may be made up of
samples taken at different locations, or
at different points in time.
18
Types of Sampling
Integrated Sampling
 A combination or mixtures of grab
samples collected from different
points simultaneously.
Factors for Selection of Sampling Methods
1. Contaminants of Concern
2. Analyses to be performed on samples
3. Type of sample being collected

(grab, composite or integrated)
4. Sampling depth
19
Water Sampling
 came from different sources such as

ground water, surface water, waste water
(domestic, landfill leachates, mine runoff
etc), industrial process water and drinking
water.
39
Surface Water Sampling

Sampling Locations
 Collect a sample or a set of samples representative
of the particular body of water
 The following Sample locations maybe considered :
- along shore
- center of water body
- calm or turbid water
- near an outfall
- upstream or downstream
- water surface or at a certain depth
20
Surface Water
Data Collection
 Check name of main stream, tributary boundaries,
drainage area, river length (as necessary)
 Check the topography, land use, vegetation cover
 Check the location of major pollution sources,
point of discharge or the receiving bay or coast
and non-point sources
Point sources: factories, solid waste dumpsites or landfill, drain pipes,
poultry, piggery, cattle farms
Non-Point sources: residential clusters, farm lands,
erosion area, grazing areas
Surface Water
Objectives of Sample Collection from Surface
Water
 Determine if contaminants
migrate off-site
 If known contaminants are

identified, additional upstream
& downstream samples
are necessary
21
Surface Water
Water
 If contaminants do not include

volatile organics, composite sampling
is recommended for ponds and lakes
 Most retention ponds are not

watertight, at least one surface
water sample is recommended
Surface Water
Water
 Sampling depth depends on

concentration & specific gravity/
density of the contaminants of concern
22
Equipment and Supplies
 Dipping bucket made of  Masking tape
Teflon or stainless steel  Log sheets, plastic slates
 Telescoping extension or waterproof notebook
rod  Chain-of-custody forms
 Field equipment (in-situ)  Parafilm
 Preservatives  Ice chest/cooler
 Weighted bottle in a  Isco
basket with support cable  PPE
 Sample bottles
 Sample labels
 Water proof marking pens
Surface Water Sampling Methods
Bottle Submersion Method

Simplest and most commonly used method
Use for initial surface water sampling
activities
Utilizes a water sample bottle
and optional telescoping extension
rod with adjustable clamp
23
Dipper Method
Simple & effective method for both chemical
& radiological analysis
Use for grab, composite, or integrated
samples from top few inches of water column
A dipper is used to collect a
water sample, which is then
transferred into a sample
bottle

Subsurface Grab Sampler Method
Effective method for both chemical &
radiological analysis
This sampler is composed of vertical
sampling pole, handle, bottle seal ring,
& sampling head attached to bottle
Effective for characterizing streams &
rivers having stratified zones of
contamination; can collect from various
depth intervals within a water column
24
Direct Sample Collections
 Turn bottle upside down
 Immerse bottle under water
 Turn bottle upright to fill
 Perform field measurement if required
 Preserve and cap samples
Water Collection for

Bacteriological
Testing
CRL ENVIRONMENTAL CORP.
25
Sampling from a watercourse or
reservoir
Open the bottle by the ff. techniques:
Hold the bottle by the lower part, submerge
it to a depth of about 20 cm
The mouth should be facing slightly
upwards, if there is a current, it should face
towards the current.
The bottle should then be stoppered or
capped properly.
Start
Clean the tap

(use clean cloth)
Open the tap

(let flow 2-3 mins.)
Sterilize the tap

(cottonwool swab, gas
Process Flow burner or cigarette li ghter)
Diagram for Open the tap prior to

sampling (let flow 2-3
Bacteriological mins. at a medium rate)
Collection of
Open a sterilized bottle
Drinking Water
Fill the bottle (leave an
air space for shaking)
Stopper or cap the bottle
Place in ice coolers and

transport immediately at
laboratory
End
26
WASTEWATER SAMPLE
COLLECTION
 Grab Sampling
1. A sample collected at a particular time and place can represent

only the composition of the source at that time and place.
2. Identify the sampling point.
3. Rinse the sample container three times with the sample to be

collected.
4. Before sample collection, fill a clean glass jar with sample

water, and measure the in-situ parameters such as pH,
temperature, conductivity etc. Record the readings in field data
sheet forms. 53
WASTEWATER SAMPLE
COLLECTION
5. Collect samples beneath the surface in quiescent area.
Submerge sampling container below surface to avoid collecting
surface scum.
6. Seal sample containers.
7. Label appropriately with the sampling station indicating the date

and time of sampling.
8. Place in cooler containing ice.
9. Fill up the Chain of Custody (COC) Record.
10. Transport to the laboratory. CRL Environmental Corporation

54
27
 Dipping bucket made of  Masking tape
Teflon or stainless steel  Log sheets, plastic slates
 Telescoping extension or waterproof notebook
rod  Chain-of-custody forms
 Field equipment (in-situ)  Parafilm
 Preservatives  Ice chest/cooler
 Weighted bottle in a  Isco
basket with support cable  PPE
 Sample bottles
 Sample labels
 Water proof marking pens
 pH meter
 Conductivity meter
 Bailers and rulers
 Sample bottles
 Distilled water for rinsing
 Coolers
 Ice
28
In-situ Measurements
57
Water Sampling Equipment
Bailer
29
Kemmerer
Bottle
Sampler
Vertical
Polycarbonate
Water Sampler
30
Decontamination Overview
 All non-disposable personal protective equipment

(PPE), monitoring equipment, and sampling
equipment should be cleaned before use at each
sampling location to obtain representative samples by
reducing the possibility of cross-contamination.
Decontamination Equipment
 scrub brushes  plastic bags
 wash tubs and  drums or
buckets containers
 non-phosphate  aluminum foil
soap  plastic
 tap water sheeting
 distilled water  isopropanol (if
necessary)
 steam cleaner
31
Decontamination
For field equipment, the following measures may

be required:
 For metal analysis, rinse in dilute nitric acid then
rinse in high-purity analytical-grade deionised
water.
 For organic contamination, rinse with water and
detergent, acetone, methylene chloride,
(acetone, methylene chloride and hexane
solvents should not be used if sampling for
volatile organics).
PPE Contamination
 Disposable PPE discarded and

containerized after use
 Wash personal gear
32
Sample Handling, Holding
65
Time & Preservation
Requirements
Sample Handling
Sample
Label
Chain of
Custody
Sheets
Sample
Collection
33
Sample Labels
 use labels to prevent sample misidentification.
 Sample ID
 Sample location number
 Sampling date
 Sampling time
 Type of analysis (optional)
 Temperature or pH preservation adjustments
required (optional)
Sample Container Requirements

 Cleanliness of container
 Size of container
 Physical characteristics
 Total number of containers
Things to be observed:
• Organic compounds
• container caps - foil or TFE liners, serum vials with
TFE-lined rubber or plastic septa
34
Sample Container Requirements
Bottle kits
 waterproof, sealable, hard plastic
or metal shipping containers
(such as a sample cooler)
 appropriate sample bottles
 appropriate sample preservatives
 trip blanks for volatile organic
samples
Sampling Documentation
• Ensure the description of custody maintained by

the sampler is included.
• If legal proceedings are expected on site,

include sample tag pictures and information on
how they will be used.
Chain of
Custody • Describe the shipping method if samples are
being shipped; if samples are being hand
delivered, clearly state this.
• Discuss how samples are numbered in the field.
It is recommended that duplicates be blind to the
laboratory
• Discuss briefly field notebooks & what records
are kept within them.
35
 Field notebook and field data sheets
 Sample collection date and time
 Sampling location
 List of Field Personnel
 Weather conditions
 Sample types collected
 Sample Identification Numbers
 Other appropriate observations and
comments
 References such as maps or
photographs of the sampling site
 Signature of the data recorder and
the designated team leader
36
Sample Chain of Custody
 the documentation of the possession and
handling of samples is referred to as the
chain of custody (COC)
 defined as the unbroken trail of
accountability that ensures the physical
security of samples, data and records
37
Preservation Methods
 pH control
 chemical additions
 temperature control
Sample Preservation
Preservatives
• added to sample bottles before
or after sampling
• types and quantities
Blanks
• rinsate or equipment blanks
(pour distilled or deionized water
into a sample container)
38
pH Adjustments (Neutralization)
Check pH, adjust if necessary

 Use dilute acid or dilute base (H2SO4 or
NaOH)
Acceptable pH: 6.5-8.5, Class C
Maximum Holding Time

• the storage time between sample
collection and sample analysis in
conjunction with designated
preservation & storage techniques
(ASTM 2004)
• Results of samples not analyzed within the

specific holding time are considered
“compromised”.
78
39
Maximum Holding Time
* Holding times dependent on specific
medium
 soil gas and air samples
 water samples
 Soil, sediment, sludge samples
* Holding times dependent on types of
analyses
 Organics
 Inorganics
Sample Handling Requirements

Test Container Minimum Preservation Holding Time
Sample
Size
Total Coliform P (sterilized) 125 ml Cool, <8oC 30 hrs.-drinking water
G (sterilized (add Na2S2O3 if residual 6 hrs. surface/
chlorine is present) recreational
wastewater
(do not freeze)
Fecal Coliform P (sterilized) 125 ml Cool, <8oC 30 hrs.-drinking water
G (sterilized) 6 hrs. surface/
(do not freeze)
recreational
wastewater
E. Coli P (sterilized) 250 ml Cool, <8oC 24 hrs.-drinking
G (sterilized) water/6 hrs.
(do not freeze)
wastewater
Heterotrophic P (sterilized) 250 ml Cool, <8oC 8 hrs –drinking water

Plate Count G (sterilized) 24 hrs.-drinking water
@ 4oC
Fecal Coliform/ P (sterilized) 250 grams Cool, <8oC 24 hrs.-wastewater
Salmonella G (sterilized) sludge
40
Test Container Minimum Preservation Holding
Sample Time
Size
Physical and Chemical Quality: Aesthetic Quality
Solids (TSS,TDS) P,G 200 ml Cool, ≤6oC 7 days
pH (liquid) P,G 50 ml Analyze ASAP, 0.25 hours

cool to 4oC
Color P,G 500 ml Cool, ≤6oC 48 hrs.
Metals (total) P, G 500 ml Add HNO3 to pH 6 mos.

<2.0, Cool, ≤6oC 28 days (Hg)
Metals (dissolved) P, G 500 ml Filter on-site 6 mos.

Add HNO3 to pH 28 days (Hg)
<2.0, Cool, ≤6oC

Sample Time
Size
Chloride P,G 100 None required 28 days
Hardness P,G 100 Add HNO3 to pH 6 mos.

<2
Sulfate P,G 100 Cool, ≤6oC 28 days
Turbidity P, G 100 ml Analyze same day; 48hrs

store in dark up to
24 hr, cool, ≤6oC
82
41
Parameter Container & Preservation Holding
Volume Time
Requirement
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 1 liter Cool, ≤6oC 6 hrs/ 48
Plastic / Glass hrs
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 100 ml Add H2SO4 to 7 days/
Plastic / Glass pH<2.0; 28 days
Cool, ≤6oC
Oil and Grease 1 liter, Glass, Add HCl to 28 days
wide mouth pH<2.0
refrigerate
Oxygen Dissolved 300 ml -Analyze 0.25 hrs
immediately
G, BOD bottle
-Titration maybe
delayed after
8 hrs
acidification
83

Parameter Container & Preservation Holding
Volume Time
Requirement
Cyanide 500 ml Add NaOH to pH>12, 24 hrs if S-2
Cool, ≤6oC, in dark is present;
P,G
14 days
Hexavalent Chromium 250 ml Cool, ≤6oC, pH 9.3-9,7, 24 hrs/
P(A), G(A) ammonium sulfate 28 days
buffer preservative
Nitrogen, Total 500 ml add H2SO4 to pH<2; 28 days
Nitrogen, Ammonia P,G Cool, ≤6oC
Phosphorus, total 100 ml Add H2SO4 to pH<2; 28 days
P,G Cool, ≤6oC
Phosphate 100ml Cool, ≤6oC 48 hrs
G (A)
84
42
Sample Size Time
Physical and Chemical Quality: Health Significance
Metals(Antimony, P, G 500 ml Add HNO3 to pH 6 mos.
Arsenic, Barium, <2.0, Cool, ≤6oC 28 days (Hg)
Boron,Cadmium,
Chromium, Lead,
Mercury, Nickel,
Selenium)
Cyanide P,G 1000 ml Add NaOH to 24 hrs if S-2 is
pH>12, Cool, ≤6oC present;
in dark 14 days
Fluoride P 300 ml None required 28 days

Nitrate, Nitrite P,G 100 ml Analyze 48 hrs.
immediately, Cool,
≤6oC
85

Sample Size Time
Organic Chemical Constituents with Health Significance
VOCs (benzene, VOA vial, 40 40 ml x 2 Cool, ≤6oC 7 days upon
carbon tetrachloride, ml collection/
1,2-dichlorobenzene, Add HCl to 14 days (if
1,4-dichlorobenzene, pH<2.0 sample is pH
1,2-dichloroethane, adjusted)
1,1-dichloroethene, 1,2-
dichloroethene,
ethylbenzene, styrene,
tetrachloroethene,
toluene,
trichloroethene, vinyl
chloride, xylene)
86
43
Sample Size Time
Organic Chemical Constituents with Health Significance
Chlorinated Amber Glass, 1 liter Cool, ≤6oC 7 days upon
Herbicides (2,4-D & teflon-lined collection/
2,4,5-T) cap 40days upon
extraction
Chlorinated Pesticides Amber Glass, 1 liter Cool, ≤6oC 7 days upon
(Aldrin & dieldrin, teflon-lined Adjust pH 5-9 if collection/
chlordane, DDT, cap extraction not to be 40days upon
done within 72 hr
endrin, heptachlor, extraction
of sampling.
heptachlor epoxide,
Add 80 mg
lindane, methoxyclor, Na2S2O3 per liter if
toxaphene) residual chlorine
present & Aldrin is
being determined.

Sample Size Time
Disinfectants and Disinfectant By-products
Chlorine, Residual P,G 500 ml Analyze 0.5 hrs
immediately
Bromate P 100 ml None required 28 days
Chlorite P,G 100 ml 4 deg. C 14 days
Organic Phenol G, TFE-lined 50 ml Refrigerate; add 7 days
(2,4,6 trichlorophenol) cap HCl to pH<2.0;
Formaldehyde G 100 ml 7 days
44
Parameter Matrix Container & Preservation Holding
Volume Time
Requirement
PCBs/OCPs Water 1 liter Cool, ≤6oC 7 days
Amber Glass, Adjust pH 5-9 if upon
teflon-lined cap extraction not to be collection/
done within 72 hr of 40days
sampling. upon
Add 80 mg Na2S2O3 extraction
per liter if residual
chlorine present &
Aldrin is being
determined.
Sources of Error (Field QA/QC)
Measurement Error
Sources of
Error Sample Handling Error
Natural Variability
45
Quality Control Requirements
 Improper storage or transportation of

equipment
 Contaminating the equipment or sample
Common bottles on site by setting them on or near
ways to potential contamination sources such as
avoid uncovered ground, a contaminated vehicle,
or vehicle exhaust
 Handling bottles or equipment with dirty
hands or gloves
 Inadequate cleaning of sampling devices
Quality Control Samples
Control Sample Background Sample Duplicate Sample
• a sample (usually
• typically a a grab sample)
discrete grab collected from an
sample collected area, water body, or • two or more
site similar to the samples
to isolate a
one being studied,
source of collected from a
but located in an
contamination. area known or common source
thought to be free
from pollutants of
concern.
.
92
46
Good Sampling Practices
• Mix sample material before sampling
• Store in a container and under conditions
that maintain sample integrity for analytes of
interest
• Sample size must be of sufficient quantity
relative to particle size
• Take small increments and composite them
• Sample frequently enough to identify
heterogeneity of the object
Field Safety
47
Worker Protection
Protective Clothing
A. Body Protection
 Long-sleeve shirt, long pants, socks
 Coveralls
 Chemical-resistant apron
B. Eye Protection
 Safety glasses - with brow protection, with side shields
 Goggles - nonabsorbent strap
 Face shields - not for handling dust
Worker Protection
C. Arm and Hand Protection
 Organic solvent resistant -
nitrile gloves should be unlined, length to mid-
forearm, worn inside sleeves
D. Footwear
 No leather work boots
 Chemical resistant boots
( rubber, plastics)
 - chemical resistant shoe covers
 - coveralls over top of boot
48
Worker Protection
E. Head Protection
 Hardhat (if working around heavy
equipment: forklifts, excavators, etc.)
F. Hearing Protection
 Hearing protection (if working
around heavy equipment)
Work Safety Practices

 No eating or smoking while working
 Avoid touching eyes, mouth while
working with contaminants
 Avoid heat stress:
- shorten work schedule
- rest in cool area
- drink plenty of water
 Wash thoroughly before leaving site
49
Basic PPE Requirements
Sample Transport
 Perform physical inspection of the cooler
prior to submission to the laboratory
 In case of accident while transporting the
samples, initiate the measures to contain
spills by referring to MSDS
 Submit package and documents to the
laboratory
50
Sample Transport
 Put Sufficient ice in cooler while in field and
while in transit
 Samples are properly labeled and packed
 Fill up Chain of Custody, signed and
relinquished by responsible person
 Record any abnormalities/
potential sources of contaminants
Thank you for your kind

attention!
102
51

Water & Wastewater Sampling CRL EPA

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Water & Wastewater

CRL Environmental Corporation

Outline of the Presentation

CRL Environmental Corporation

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

CRL Environmental Corporation 4

Water Quality Parameters

Water Quality Parameters

Water Quality Parameters

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Water Quality Parameters

• The BOD test is used to determine the pollutional

• Most widely used because of direct relationship

• Means of measuring the organic strength of

• Measurement of waste in terms of total

Water Quality Parameters

Water Quality Parameters

* Petroleum-based oil and grease (non-

20 CRL Environmental Corporation

Water Quality Parameters

22 CRL Environmental Corporation

Total and Fecal Coliform

CRL Environmental Corporation

•Low pH due to •Metals (Cu, Ni, •Heavy metals

26 CRL Environmental Corporation

CRL Environmental Corporation 27

Water Quality Monitoring

Documentation and Planning

Sampling SOPs Statistical

28 CRL Environmental Corporation

CRL Environmental Corporationc

Water/Wastewater Sampling Plan

Sampling Program & Field QA/QC

30 CRL Environmental Corporation

Sampling Criteria & Analysis

31 CRL Environmental Corporation

Water Quality Monitoring

Execution of the Sampling Plan

32 CRL Environmental Corporation

CRL Environmental Corporation

34 CRL Environmental Corporation

Grab or Catch Sampling

35 CRL Environmental Corporation

36 CRL Environmental Corporation

37 CRL Environmental Corporation

Factors for Selection of Sampling Methods

2. Analyses to be performed on samples

3. Type of sample being collected

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 came from different sources such as

Surface Water Sampling

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 If known contaminants are

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 If contaminants do not include

 Most retention ponds are not

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 Sampling depth depends on

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Surface Water Sampling Methods

Bottle Submersion Method

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