5158 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 49, NO.

9, SEPTEMBER 2013

Damper Winding Influence on Unbalanced Magnetic Pull in

Salient Pole Generators With Rotor Eccentricity
Mattias Wallin, Johan Bladh, and Urban Lundin
Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden

The influence of three different damper winding configurations on unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP) in salient pole synchronous
machines with rotor eccentricity has been investigated. Continuous and noncontinuous damper windings resulted in different damper
winding currents, but their effect on the UMP was found to be very similar. Measurements of the UMP, damper bar currents, and air
gap flux density were performed on a 12-pole generator with a static eccentricity under no-load conditions. Finite-element simulations
of the different configurations detailing the damper winding induced flux changes are also presented.
Index Terms—Damper winding, eddy currents, hydropower generator, rotor eccentricity, synchronous generator, synchronous ma-
chine, unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP).

I. INTRODUCTION TABLE I
MAIN PROPERTIES OF THE STUDIED GENERATORS. THE 12-POLE GENERATOR
IS REFERRED TO AS THE EXPERIMENTAL GENERATOR. MEASUREMENTS

R
AND SIMULATIONS WERE PERFORMED FOR THIS MACHINE. THE OTHER
OTOR eccentricity causes magnetic unbalance, which
GENERATOR IS A PRODUCTION MACHINE FOR WHICH SIMULATIONS
can cause problems with bearings and rotordynamical ONLY WERE PERFORMED
stability. If the eccentricity is time dependent, detrimental
vibrations can also appear. On asynchronous machines, unbal-
anced magnetic pull (UMP) has been investigated thoroughly,
mainly because of the resulting noise and vibrations [1].
UMP on large synchronous machines has drawn less atten-
tion, mainly due to the larger air gaps. Despite this, there has
been cases where there has been mechanical contact between
the generator rotor and stator, and the subject requires further
study.
The UMP is reduced by saturation [2], parallel stator con-
nections [3], eddy currents in the rotor core [3], [4] and damper
bars [5], [6]. Pole field windings connected in parallel can also
reduce the UMP caused by rotor eccentricity. On induction
machines, [7] showed that the introduction of an additional
simulations that the force reduction is relatively small. The mea-
winding for damping purposes could substantially reduce the
surements have been performed on an experimental generator
UMP caused by dynamic eccentricity under certain loads. In
where the damper bars can be reconfigured for investigation of
addition to a reduction of the radial force, the introduction
the effects of damper winding design.
of damper bars also introduced a tangential component to the
The analysis is aided by finite-element simulations, particu-
UMP.
larly for the description of the forces and for comparisons with
Although the phenomena has been known for a long time,
larger generators, where measurements are difficult to perform.
UMP reduction due to the damper winding currents has not been
extensively studied on synchronous machines. References [8]
II. METHOD
and [9] describe damper winding measurements on stationary-
field rotating-armature synchronous machines, while [10] and A 12-pole vertical-axis synchronous generator was used
[11] used slip rings to transfer damper winding data. Neither to collect the experimental results presented here. The ex-
of these studies performed measurements on machines with a perimental generator has a completely reconfigurable damper
noncentered rotor. winding with three insulated and individually removable
This paper focuses on the analysis of the tangential compo- damper bars per pole and detachable interpole connectors.
nent and the reduction of the radial UMP caused by the damper Approximately the outer third of the pole body is laminated
bars, even though other characteristics of the generator can have with 2 mm steel. The field windings of all poles were connected
a larger impact on the UMP. It is shown via measurements and in series, and the stator winding consisted of one circuit. A
more detailed description of the experimental equipment can be
found in [12]. As a complement to the measurements, finite-el-
Manuscript received November 15, 2012; revised February 28, 2013;
accepted April 15, 2013. Date of publication April 23, 2013; date of current ement (FE) simulations were performed on the experimental
version August 21, 2013. Corresponding author: M. Wallin (e-mail: Mat- generator and on a 28-pole production generator. Details of the
tias.Wallin@angstrom.uu.se).
generators can be found in Table I.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. A static eccentricity on the experimental generator was cre-
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMAG.2013.2259633 ated by moving the axially suspended stator horizontally in the

0018-9464 © 2013 IEEE

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 WALLIN et al.: DAMPER WINDING INFLUENCE ON UMP IN SALIENT POLE GENERATORS WITH ROTOR ECCENTRICITY
Fig. 1. Definition of the geometry and the position of the two stator flux density
hall sensors. The origin coincides with the stator center. The rotor angle 0 is
defined as when the pole with sensors mounted is at the smallest air gap, i.e., in
the positive -direction.
Fig. 2. Position of the air gap flux sensors and the damper bars seen from above.
negative -direction. The geometry and the mechanical angle
are defined in Fig. 1. In the literature the directions and are
sometimes referred to as the radial and the tangential direction.
A. Damper Winding Configurations
Three damper winding configurations were investigated with
respect to the damper winding currents, the resulting changes in
air gap flux density, and their effect on the UMP.
The UMP at standstill and at rated speed but without any
damper winding was measured for reference purposes. The fol-
lowing measurements were taken:
1) at standstill;
2) without damper winding (WD);
3) with a continuous damper winding with damper bar 2 only
(D2-C);
4) with a noncontinuous damper winding with damper bars 1
and 3 (D13-NC);
5) with a continuous damper winding with damper bars 1 and
3 (D13-C).
The position of the damper bars can be seen in Fig. 2, while
Fig. 3 shows the circuit of item 5) above, D13-C. D13 indicates
that damper bars 1 and 3 are used, and C indicates that it is a
continuous damper winding, i.e., that the interpole connectors,
represented by the impedances in Fig. 3, are mounted. Re-
moval of interpole connectors creates item four, D13-NC, where
NC stands for noncontinuous. Finally, positioning of only one
damper bar in the middle slot shown in Fig. 2 and mounting of
the interpole connectors results in item 3), D2-C.
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5159
Fig. 3. Circuit diagram of a section of the configuration D13-C seen from rotor
shaft. In the noncontinuous winding, D13-NC, the interpole connectors, ,
are not present and no interpole currents, , can flow between the poles. The
direction of rotation is counterclockwise.
Configurations D2-C and D13-NC isolate the flux density
changes caused by inter- and intrapole currents, respectively,
and the former will also show to which extent currents normally
flow between adjacent poles or across a larger section of the
rotor. D13-C is expected to exhibit a combination of the cur-
rents, and resulting flux changes, of D2-C and D13-NC.
Initial measurements indicated that the effect on the UMP
from the damper winding was small on the experimental gener-
ator. Mechanical and magnetic unbalances of the rotor resulting
from manufacturing inaccuracies gave rise to vibrations in the
system, further contributing to a low signal-to-noise ratio. A
large relative eccentricity, , was hence required for the force
measurements but protruding sensors and safety concerns lim-
ited the maximum relative eccentricity to 0.44, a value used in
all measurements. Earlier tests have shown that a field current
of 15 A did not cause any magnetic saturation, and this current
was used in both measurements and simulations. The generator
was operated at no-load and rated speed.
B. Measurements
The UMP was measured with strain gauges mounted on the
bars fixating the stator in the horizontal plane.
Hall sensors placed on the inside of the stator and on a rotor
pole were used to measure the air gap flux density. Two Hall
sensors were placed on stator teeth. Their positions are shown
by S1 and S2 in Fig. 1. The positions of the two rotor sensors
are shown in Fig. 2, together with the numbering of the damper
bar slots. Distances in the figure are shown as a fraction of the
stator slot pitch, .
Current Hall sensors used to measure the damper bar and in-
terpole connector currents were positioned at the current arrows
in Fig. 3. The insulation of the damper bars prevented any un-
wanted intra- and interpole currents. A photograph of the holder
for the damper winding current sensors can be found in Fig. 4.
Data was collected at 10 kHz, which is equivalent to 1200
data points per revolution. Except for the strain gauge signals,
which have been amplified, the measurements have not been
subject to filtering or any other form of manipulation. Data col-
lected on the rotor side were transferred wirelessly to the sta-
tionary logging system and later synchronized with the stator-
side data through signals from two optical sensors.
 5160
TABLE II
MEASURED UMP CHANGE ON THE EXPERIMENTAL GENERATOR FOR THE STUDIED DAMPER WINDING CONFIGURATIONS. THE FOURTH COLUMN IS THE CHANGE
IN UMP COMPARED WITH STANDSTILL, AND THE LAST COLUMN IS THE CHANGE IN UMP COMPARED WITH THE CONFIGURATION WD
Fig. 4. On one of the poles, the damper bar and connector currents were mea-
sured with Hall effect current transducers placed on the lower side of the rotor.
A sensor is mounted around each damper bar above the flat copper piece. The
interpole connectors, the two black cables, pass through two more current sen-
sors. In the picture, all three damper bars were mounted. This configuration was
not part of the experiments.
C. Finite-Element Analysis
As a complement to the measurements, the generator was
modeled in a 2D finite-element software. One objective was to
isolate the effect of the damper winding from the reduction in
UMP caused by eddy currents in the solid sections of the rotor
core [3], [4].
Static eccentricity is introduced to the simulation by the per-
meability method presented in [13]. A sliding mesh is used in
the air gap. The mesh is finer in regions of interest and where
the field is time varying or the construction contains complex
detail, leading to a mesh with half a million elements. The mesh
has been tested for convergence.
External circuit equations for the damper winding currents
are solved simultaneously with the finite-element problem, di-
rectly introducing the currents to the FE formulation, where they
affect the air gap flux. Forces are calculated using the Maxwell
stress tensor method.
III. RESULTS
In a machine with a nonuniform air gap, the flux density ex-
perienced by a pole will vary, depending on rotor position. The
oscillating magnetic field in the rotor will induce currents in the
damper winding and eddy currents in nonlaminated rotor com-
ponents. These currents give rise to a magnetic field opposing
the variation in flux density, which has an effect on the UMP.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 49, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2013
TABLE III
SIMULATED UMP CHANGE ON THE EXPERIMENTAL GENERATOR FOR THE
STUDIED DAMPER WINDING CONFIGURATIONS. THE LAST COLUMN IS THE
CHANGE IN UMP COMPARED WITH THE CONFIGURATION WD
A. Forces
Eccentricity forces were both measured and simulated.
Table II contains a summary of the results from the measure-
ments. The standstill of 405 N stems from a magnetic
unbalance of the rotor and the direction of displacement not
coinciding exactly with the -axis.
The 30% reduction in UMP seen in the measurements for WD
is caused by the eddy currents mentioned in [3] and [4] in the
unlaminated parts of the rotor core. This reduction in the total
UMP is the result of an even larger reduction in and
a new force in the -direction , which also causes a rotation
of the UMP in the direction of rotation by approximately 15
from the smallest air gap.
A small increase in the damping of the UMP, compared to
that from the eddy currents in the rotor core only, is seen in all
the damper winding configurations, but the eddy current effect
dominates the change in UMP to the extent that it is not possible
to draw any detailed conclusions about without a comparison
to simulated results. One thing that can be said with confidence
is that configurations D13-NC and D13-C produce a larger
compared with WD and D2-C. The cause of this force is dis-
cussed below.
The results of the simulations are summarized in Table III.
Eddy currents are not included in the simulations, and any
change in UMP can be attributed solely to the damper winding.
The finding from the measurements, that the two configurations
with two damper bars produce the largest , is corroborated by
the simulations. Contrary to the measurements, the simulations
show an increase in the UMP for D2-C. A description of the
flux changes causing these forces and the reduction in UMP are
presented in Section III-D.
On the experimental generator, the damper winding was con-
nected with nuts and bolts instead of being soldered, and contact
resistance contributed to the low damper winding currents and
the small effect on the UMP. To get equivalent damper winding
currents in the simulations, the resistances had to be tuned man-
ually. With the initial theoretical resistances in the simulations,
 WALLIN et al.: DAMPER WINDING INFLUENCE ON UMP IN SALIENT POLE GENERATORS WITH ROTOR ECCENTRICITY 5161

TABLE IV
SIMULATED UMP CHANGE ON THE 28-POLE GENERATOR FOR THE STUDIED
DAMPER WINDING CONFIGURATIONS. THE LAST COLUMN IS THE CHANGE
IN UMP COMPARED WITH THE CONFIGURATION WD. ALL SEVEN
DAMPER BARS PER POLE WERE USED. THE NOTATION WD,
NC, AND C ARE DESCRIBED IN SECTION II-A

D2-C produced a small reduction in , and the effects both on

and were larger for all damper configurations.
The 28-pole production generator described in Table I was
simulated for comparison. Table IV contains a summary of the
results. For both the continuous and the noncontinuous winding
configurations, the reduction in UMP is approximately 40%. In
the simulations, the damper winding resistances on the 28-pole Fig. 5. Simulated UMP reduction as a function of damper bar separation at
a relative eccentricity of 0.44. To show the effect of the damper bar distance
generator are calculated from the copper resistivity only, i.e., more clearly these simulations were performed with a lower damper winding
they do not contain any contact resistances, resulting in higher resistance than the simulations described in the tables. Distances are given in
damper winding currents and a larger effect on the UMP. On the stator slot pitch . The tick marks on the -axis are the distances simulated.
Zero indicates the absence of a damper winding.
a real production generator, the damper winding joints are sol-
dered, which also results in low connection resistances. Another
cause for the larger effect of the damper winding on the 28-pole
generator is that the damper bars span a large proportion of the
pole shoe width.
In a production generator, the rotor spider is normally lam-
inated so the effect of eddy currents in the iron will be small
compared with their relative size on the experimental generator.
Taken together, the laminated rotor spider, the lower damper
winding resistance, and the larger damper bar distance result
in a higher effect of the damper winding relative to the iron
eddy currents on a production machine compared with on the
experimental generator.
On the experimental generator, the effect on the eccentricity
forces from the damper winding was so small that a compar-
ison between the damper bars positioned in slots 1 and 2 and
slots 1 and 3 would not have produced a significant change in
the UMP. Instead, the effect of damper bar separation was in-
vestigated through simulations. Fig. 5 contains the results. Con-
tact resistances were not included, and material resistivity only Fig. 6. The air gap flux density for D13-NC. See Figs. 1 and 2 for the positions
of the sensors.
was used to calculate the damper winding resistance for these
simulations. The damper winding resistance thus obtained was
less than a fourth of the actual resistance on the experimental
generator. be seen that the small air gap gives rise to larger stator slot
The pole body width is 3.5 , and it can be seen that the pos- harmonics.
itive effect of an increasing damper bar distance starts to taper The two other graphs are from the two sensors attached to
off as this value is approached. The forces at 2.2 in Fig. 5 give the inside of the stator. ’s three small grooves around the
an indication of what the changes in UMP would have been in amplitude 0.5 T are caused by the damper bar slots in the pole
the experiments had the damper winding had a negligible con- shoes. As with the slot ripple in the rotor signal, this effect is
tact resistance. more pronounced where the air gap is small; it can barely be
seen in the signal of . The reduction in flux density in the
center of the poles is discussed in Section III-D.
B. Flux Density
The flux density is a function of the permeance, , which
Three different flux density measurements for the case is inversely proportional to the air gap length , according to
D13-NC are shown in Fig. 6. comes from the first rotor . Since and is constant, this
flux density sensor. The main feature of the graph is that the can after differentiation be solved directly for the ’s which
flux density is higher where the air gap is small, but it can also provide the highest rate of change of . According to Faraday’s

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 5162 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 49, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2013

law, this is, ignoring other effects, where the induced damper
winding voltages will be largest. With , the positions
of the maximum absolute rate of change of the permeance are
47 and 47 . If the relative eccentricity is less than 0.44, the
positions of maximum rate of change will occur at angles larger
than 47 from the smallest air gap.
Measurements place the maxima near 55 . Inspection of the
rising and falling flanks of in Fig. 6 show that the steepest
sections are near these angles as well. Two explanations for the
discrepancy are an error in the true relative eccentricity during
measurements and iron eddy currents.
The variation in introduces a time-varying flux density in
the rotor. In the experimental generator with its solid rotor core,
this will result in large eddy currents, which will cause a flat-
tening of the flux density curve and also move the points of
highest rate of change in the flux away from the smallest air
gap. The eddy currents reduce the UMP present at standstill.
Fig. 7. Measured damper bar currents for D13-NC.
Due to the radial rigidity of the experimental setup and the
large effect of the eddy currents on the UMP, the eddy currents
rather than any inaccuracy in the setting of the eccentricity are
believed to be the main cause of the shift in the positions of
maximum rate of change of flux density.
Another effect seen here, and even more clearly in the case
without damper winding, is the increased flux density towards
the tail end of the poles. Since the measurements are performed
with open terminals, this distortion of the magnetic field is at-
tributed to losses distorting the magnetic field. The fact that the
slanting is more prominent in the small air gap, where the slot
ripple will cause larger eddy currents in the metal near the air
gap, supports this conclusion.

C. Damper Winding Currents

Fig. 7 contains the measured damper bar currents from the
configuration D13-NC. The jagged shape of the curves are
caused by the stator teeth. Another feature of this configuration
is that one current is a mirror of the other. Without interpole
connectors, it must hold that is equal to in Fig. 3. It
can also be seen that the largest currents are induced at 55
and 80 . These positions are shifted from the point of highest
rate of change in the flux density discussed in Section III-B.
Two possible explanations for this are the eddy currents, which
have the same effect as a reduction in relative eccentricity, i.e.,
increasing the distance between the positions of maximum rate
of change, and the inductance of the damper winding, which
will delay the current relative to the rate of change and the
resulting voltage.
In the next plot, Fig. 8 for D13-C, the sum of the two damper
bar currents is nonzero. Since currents can also flow in the in-
terpole connectors, does not have to equal . The four
currents combined will, according to Kirchhoff’s current law
taken at any point in the circuit, sum to zero. The two interpole
currents have narrow peaks in their absolute values near 50 .
This shows that the main interpole currents flow between two
adjacent poles when these poles are in the region of fastest de-
creasing flux density.
Simulations were used to more clearly separate the damper
currents into intra- and an interpole components. The damper
winding currents are driven by the voltage induced in the
Fig. 8. Measured damper bar and connector currents for D13-C.
damper bars by the flux density changes. Fig. 9 shows the flux
caused by the field current with an open damper circuit. The
dashed line shows the position of one of the damper voltage
measurement circuits. From the damper bars, the return cables
go inside the hollow rotor shaft. Some of the flux lines pass
through the circuits for damper bars 1 and 3, while the circuit
for damper bar 2 is more or less parallel with the field lines.
Fig. 10 contains the simulated damper voltages. The damper
voltages for bar 1 and 3 have their largest amplitude near 50
where the rate of change of flux density is high. For damper bar
2, on the other hand, the peak is at the smallest air gap.
The damper winding currents match the voltages well, given
the slight phase shift caused by the inductance of the damper
winding circuit. In the configurations D2-C and D13-NC, the
currents take different paths. D2-C has one damper bar per pole,
and any current in one bar will be matched by corresponding
currents in the interpole connectors and the damper bars in the
other poles. Current can flow from one side of the machine to the
other, but interpole connector resistance will cause the majority
of the flow to occur between poles in close proximity of each

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 WALLIN et al.: DAMPER WINDING INFLUENCE ON UMP IN SALIENT POLE GENERATORS WITH ROTOR ECCENTRICITY
Fig. 9. Magnetic field from rotor field current. The positions of maximum rate
of change of flux density are indicated by the two arrows.
Fig. 10. Simulated open circuit damper bar voltages.
other. D13-NC does not have any interpole connectors and the
currents in the two damper bars will have the same amplitude
but the opposite sign, as seen in Fig. 7.
Fig. 11 shows the damper bar currents produced in configu-
rations D2-C and D13-NC fitted to the current from D13-C. For
D13-NC and D13-C, the leading rod was used. Even though the
resulting coefficients are not equal to one, the good fit indicates
that the currents in D13-C has two distinct origins: inter- and
intrapole effects.
D. Damper Winding Current Effect on Air Gap Flux and
Eccentricity Force
The reduced flux density in the centre of the poles in graph
in Fig. 6 is an effect of intrapole damper winding currents.
In this case, the currents create a flux opposing the increase in
flux density as the pole approaches the smallest air gap. Since
the currents lag the induced voltage, the effect remains even at
the smallest air gap, where the difference between the voltages
induced in bars 1 and 3 is zero.
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5163
Fig. 11. Simulated current components.
Fig. 12. Simulated normal air gap flux density induced by the damper winding
currents only, i.e. with the field current set to zero. The rotor position for this
plot can be seen in Figs. 13 and 14.
To isolate the flux caused by the damper winding currents,
stationary simulations were performed where the field current
was set to zero and the damper bar currents were set to the
values given by the simulations of D2-C and D13-NC presented
in Table III. Fig. 12 displays the resulting flux densities.
As a consequence of the changing air gap length, the direc-
tion of the damper induced flux changes relative to the field
flux twice per revolution. For D2-C, this happens at 45 and
65 , while, for D13-NC, it takes place close to the smallest and
largest air gaps near 0 and 180 . Figs. 13 and 14 show the field
lines for these current distributions. In both cases, there is some
damper slot leakage that do not contribute to the reduction in
UMP. In several poles, the configuration D2-C generates a flux
that goes from the pole to the stator and closes in the same pole.
This results in a reduction of the field induced flux in one part of
the pole and an increase of the flux in another part of the pole.
Theoretically, the net effect should be an increase in the UMP
since .
The tangential component of Maxwell’s stress tensor caused
by the damper winding did not significantly alter the UMP and is
 5164
Fig. 13. Flux distribution caused by the current in the damper winding with
one bar per pole and interpole connectors (D2-C).
Fig. 14. Flux distribution caused by the current in the damper winding with
two bars per pole and no interpole connectors (D13-NC).
omitted below. The normal stress for any air gap circumference
increment is calculated as , where
and are the flux densities caused by the field current
and damper winding current respectively. will be small,
but the double product, , reduces the modulation of
the normal stress around the air gap. Measurements and simu-
lations were done at flux densities well below saturation so the
combination of the rotor field and damper induced fluxes should
be linear. Fig. 15 shows the incremental normal force compo-
nents calculated from only. The resulting total force
can be calculated through integration around the air gap.
Both the increasing and decreasing nature of the flux contri-
bution from D2-C makes the analysis of the effect on the UMP
difficult, but Table III shows that there is, in fact, a slight in-
crease in the UMP.
D13-NC gives rise to forces in the opposite direction of the
UMP in the upper and lower right part of the graph, which, taken
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 49, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2013
Fig. 15. Incremental eccentricity force caused by double product of the damper
winding normal flux and the rotor field flux, . The rotor position for
this plot can be seen in Figs. 13 and 14.
together, result in a reduction of the UMP and a tangential force
component.
IV. DISCUSSION
The effect of the damper winding on the UMP was small rel-
ative to that of the eddy currents in the solid parts of the rotor
core. On the experimental generator only the outermost few cen-
timeters on each pole was laminated [12], and this is believed
to be the cause of the large eddy current effects seen in Table II.
Another reason for the large eccentricity required to give any
measurable effect of the damper winding on the UMP is that the
damper bars in the experimental generator only cover a small
part of the pole width and have high contact resistances. The re-
duction of unbalanced magnetic pull from the damper winding
is strongly dependent on the distance between the leading and
trailing damper bars and the damper winding resistance. Given
unfavorable characteristics, the effect on UMP from a damper
winding could be smaller than from saturation, investigated by
[2], parallel connections in the stator [3], [14]–[16], or, in a solid
rotor, eddy currents [3], [4] for a given eccentricity. Other pa-
rameters influencing the effect of a damper winding on UMP is
whether the rotor has unlaminated sections, in which case eddy
currents will contribute to the reduction of UMP, the air gap
length, and the rotational speed of the generator.
V. CONCLUSION
The effect of damper winding configuration on unbalanced
magnetic pull has been measured and simulated. Even though
very large relative eccentricity was used, the effect of the
damper winding on the eccentricity forces was small. One
reason for this was a high damper winding resistance. Mea-
surements revealed that eddy currents in the solid rotor core
contribute significantly more to the reduction of the eccentricity
forces in a machine with a solid rotor spider. Simulations pre-
sented showed a strong dependence, in the relevant range, of
damper bar opening on the reduction in UMP.
 WALLIN et al.: DAMPER WINDING INFLUENCE ON UMP IN SALIENT POLE GENERATORS WITH ROTOR ECCENTRICITY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The research presented was carried out as a part of “Swedish
Hydropower Centre (Svenskt Vattenkraft Centrum)—SVC”.
SVC has been established by the Swedish Energy Agency,
Elforsk, and Svenska Kraftnät, together with the Luleå Uni-
versity of Technology, The Royal Institute of Technology,
Chalmers University of Technology, and Uppsala University
(website: www.svc.nu). The work of J. Bladh and U. Lundin is
supported by SVC. The work of M. Wallin is financed within
Elektra, a research program created by ABB, Elforsk, and the
Swedish Energy Agency. This work was supported in part by
Carl Tryggers Stiftelse. The motor that the generator used in
the experiments was based on was donated by Svante Leonsson
at GE Hydro, Kristinehamn.
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Mattias Wallin received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the
Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, in 2008.
He is currently working towards the Ph.D. degree at the Department of En-
gineering Sciences at Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. His main research
interest is the electromechanical interactions in hydropower generators.
Johan Bladh received the M.Sc. degree in engineering physics from Uppsala
University, Uppsala, Sweden, in 2007.
He is currently working at the Department of Power Technology at Vattenfall
Research & Development AB, Älvkarleby, Sweden, and working towards the
Ph.D. degree at Uppsala University. His main research interest is hydropower
generators and power system dynamics.
Urban Lundin received the Ph.D. degree in condensed matter theory, with a
focus on models of strongly correlated electrons, from Uppsala University, Up-
psala, Sweden, in 2000.
From 2001 to 2004, he worked on transport properties of nanostructures under
the influence of magnetic fields at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Aus-
tralia. In 2004, he took up a position as a Senior Lecturer and Researcher at
Uppsala University, with a focus on energy conversion systems, mainly for hy-
dropower applications.