8.

4  Trigonometric Substitutions 475

Products of Sines and Cosines tan2 x cot x

Evaluate the integrals in Exercises 51–56. 65. csc x dx 66. 2
dx
L L cos x
51. sin 3x cos 2x dx 52. sin 2x cos 3x dx
L L 67. x sin2 x dx 68. x cos3 x dx
p p>2
L L
53. sin 3x sin 3x dx 54. sin x cos x dx
L-p L0 Applications
p>2
69. Arc length Find the length of the curve
55. cos 3x cos 4x dx 56. cos x cos 7x dx
L L-p>2 y = ln (sec x), 0 … x … p>4.
Exercises 57–62 require the use of various trigonometric identities
before you evaluate the integrals. 70. Center of gravity Find the center of gravity of the region
bounded by the x-axis, the curve y = sec x, and the lines x =
57. sin2 u cos 3u du 58. cos2 2u sin u du - p>4, x = p>4.
L L
71. Volume Find the volume generated by revolving one arch of
59. cos u sin 2u du
3
60. sin u cos 2u du
3 the curve y = sin x about the x-axis.
L L 72. Area Find the area between the x-axis and the curve y =
21 + cos 4x, 0 … x … p.
61. sin u cos u cos 3u du 62. sin u sin 2u sin 3u du
L L 73. Centroid Find the centroid of the region bounded by the graphs
of y = x + cos x and y = 0 for 0 … x … 2p.
Assorted Integrations
Use any method to evaluate the integrals in Exercises 63–68. 74. Volume Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the
region bounded by the graphs of y = sin x + sec x, y = 0, x = 0,
sec3 x sin3 x and x = p>3 about the x@axis.
63. dx 64. dx
L tan x
4
L cos x

8.4 Trigonometric Substitutions

Trigonometric substitutions occur when we replace the variable of integration by a trigo-
nometric function. The most common substitutions are x = a tan u, x = a sin u, and
x = a sec u. These substitutions are effective in transforming integrals involving
2a2 + x2, 2a2 - x2, and 2x2 - a2 into integrals we can evaluate directly since they
come from the reference right triangles in Figure 8.2.

"a 2 + x 2 a x
x x "x 2 − a2
u u u

a "a 2 − x 2 a
x = a tan u x = a sin u x = a sec u
"a 2 + x 2 = a 0 sec u 0 "a 2 − x 2 = a 0 cos u 0 "x 2 − a2 = a 0 tan u 0

FIGURE 8.2 Reference triangles for the three basic substitutions

identifying the sides labeled x and a for each substitution.

With x = a tan u,

a2 + x2 = a2 + a2 tan2 u = a2(1 + tan2 u) = a2 sec2 u.

With x = a sin u,

a2 - x2 = a2 - a2 sin2 u = a2(1 - sin2 u) = a2 cos2 u.

476 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

u With x = a sec u,
p
2 x2 - a2 = a2 sec2 u - a2 = a2 ( sec2 u - 1 ) = a2 tan2 u.

u = tan−1 ax We want any substitution we use in an integration to be reversible so that we can

x
0 a change back to the original variable afterward. For example, if x = a tan u, we want to be
able to set u = tan-1 (x>a) after the integration takes place. If x = a sin u, we want to be
−
p able to set u = sin-1 (x>a) when we’re done, and similarly for x = a sec u.
2
As we know from Section 1.6, the functions in these substitutions have inverses only
for selected values of u (Figure 8.3). For reversibility,
u

p u = sin−1 ax x p p
2 x = a tan u requires u = tan-1 a a b with - 6 u 6 ,
2 2

x p p
x x = a sin u requires u = sin-1 a a b with - … u … ,
−1 0 1 a 2 2

p x
−
p 0 … u 6 if a Ú 1,
2 x 2
x = a sec u requires u = sec-1 aab with d
p x
6 u … p if a … -1.
u 2

p To simplify calculations with the substitution x = a sec u, we will restrict its use to
u = sec−1 ax
integrals in which x>a Ú 1. This will place u in 3 0, p>2) and make tan u Ú 0. We will
p
2 then have 2x2 - a2 = 2a2 tan2 u = 0 a tan u 0 = a tan u, free of absolute values, pro-
x vided a 7 0.
−1 0 1 a

FIGURE 8.3 The arctangent, arcsine,

and arcsecant of x>a, graphed as functions
of x>a.
Procedure for a Trigonometric Substitution
1. Write down the substitution for x, calculate the differential dx, and specify
the selected values of u for the substitution.
2. Substitute the trigonometric expression and the calculated differential into
the integrand, and then simplify the results algebraically.
3. Integrate the trigonometric integral, keeping in mind the restrictions on the
angle u for reversibility.
4. Draw an appropriate reference triangle to reverse the substitution in the inte-
gration result and convert it back to the original variable x.

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate

dx
.
L 24 + x2

Solution We set

p p
x = 2 tan u, dx = 2 sec2 u du, - 6 u 6 ,
2 2
4 + x2 = 4 + 4 tan2 u = 4 ( 1 + tan2 u ) = 4 sec2 u.
 8.4  Trigonometric Substitutions 477

Then
"4 + x 2
x
u dx 2 sec2 u du sec2 u du
= = 2sec 2 u = 0 sec u 0
2 L 24 + x2 L 24 sec2 u L 0 sec u 0
FIGURE 8.4 Reference triangle for p p
= sec u du sec u 7 0 for - 6 u 6
x = 2 tan u (Example 1): L 2 2
x
tan u = = ln 0 sec u + tan u 0 + C
2
and
24 + x2 x
24 + x2 = ln ` + ` + C. From Fig. 8.4
sec u = . 2 2
2
Notice how we expressed ln 0 sec u + tan u 0 in terms of x: We drew a reference triangle for
the original substitution x = 2 tan u (Figure 8.4) and read the ratios from the triangle.

EXAMPLE 2 Here we find an expression for the inverse hyperbolic sine function in
terms of the natural logarithm. Following the same procedure as in Example 1, we find
that
dx
= sec u du x = a tan u, dx = a sec 2 u du
L 2a + x2 L
2

= ln 0 sec u + tan u 0 + C

2a2 + x2 x
= ln ` a + a` + C Fig. 8.2

From Table 7.9, sinh-1 (x>a) is also an antiderivative of 1> 2a2 + x2 , so the two anti-
derivatives differ by a constant, giving

x 2a2 + x2 x
sinh - 1 a = ln ` a + a ` + C.

Setting x = 0 in this last equation, we find 0 = ln 0 1 0 + C, so C = 0. Since

2a2 + x2 7 0 x 0 , we conclude that

x 2a2 + x2 x
sinh - 1 a = ln a a + ab

(See also Exercise 76 in Section 7.3.)

EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate

x2 dx
.
L 29 - x2

Solution We set

p p
x = 3 sin u, dx = 3 cos u du, - 6 u 6
2 2
9 - x2 = 9 - 9 sin2 u = 9 ( 1 - sin2 u ) = 9 cos2 u.
478 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

Then
3 x x2 dx 9 sin2 u # 3 cos u du
=
u L 29 - x 2
L 0 3 cos u 0
"9 − x 2 p p
= 9 sin2 u du cos u 7 0 for -
2
6 u 6
2
FIGURE 8.5 Reference triangle for L
x = 3 sin u (Example 3): 1 - cos 2u
x
= 9 du
sin u = L 2
3
9 sin 2u
and = au - b + C
2 2
29 - x2
cos u = .
3 9
= (u - sin u cos u) + C sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u
2

asin-1 - #
9 x x 29 - x2
= b + C From Fig. 8.5
2 3 3 3

9 -1 x x
= sin - 29 - x2 + C.
2 3 2

EXAMPLE 4 Evaluate
dx 2
, x 7 .
L 225x2 - 4 5

Solution We first rewrite the radical as

4
225x2 - 4 = 25ax2 - b
B 25

2 2
= 5 x2 - a b
C 5

to put the radicand in the form x2 - a2. We then substitute

2 2 p
x = sec u, dx = sec u tan u du, 0 6 u 6
5 5 2
2
2 4 4
x2 - a b = sec2 u -
5 25 25
4 4
= (sec2 u - 1) = tan2 u
25 25

2 2 2 2 tan u 7 0 for
x2 - a b = 0 tan u 0 = tan u. 0 6 u 6 p>2
5x
C 5 5 5
"25x 2 − 4
With these substitutions, we have
u dx dx (2>5) sec u tan u du
2 = = #
L 225x - 4 L 5 2x - (4>25) L 5 (2>5) tan u
2 2

FIGURE 8.6 If x = (2>5)sec u,

0 6 u 6 p>2, then u = sec-1 (5x>2), 1 1
= sec u du = ln 0 sec u + tan u 0 + C
and we can read the values of the other 5L 5
trigonometric functions of u from this
1 5x 225x2 - 4
right triangle (Example 4). = ln ` + ` + C. From Fig. 8.6
5 2 2
 8.4  Trigonometric Substitutions 479

Exercises 8.4
Using Trigonometric Substitutions 1>4 e
dy
2 dt
Evaluate the integrals in Exercises 1–14. 37. 38.
L1>12 2t + 4t 2t L1 y 21 + (ln y)2
dx 3 dx
1. 2. dx dx
L 29 + x2 L 21 + 9x2 39. 40.
L1 + x
2
2 2 L x 2x2 - 1
dx dx
3. 4. x dx dx
L-2 4 + x L0 8 + 2x
2 2
41. 42.
3>2 1>222 L 2x2 - 1 L 21 - x2
dx 2 dx
5. 6. x dx 21 - (ln x)2
L0 29 - x2 L0 21 - 4x2 43. 44. dx
L 21 + x4 L x ln x
7. 225 - t 2 dt 8. 21 - 9t 2 dt 4 - x x
L L 45. x dx 46. dx
LB L A1 - x
3
dx 7 5 dx 3
9. , x 7 10. , x 7 ( Hint: Let x = u2. ) ( Hint: Let u = x3>2. )
L 24x2 - 49 2 L 225x2 - 9 5
2x - 2
2y2 - 49 2y2 - 25 47. 2x 21 - x dx 48. dx
11. y dy, y 7 7 12. dy, y 7 5 L L 2x - 1
L L y3
dx 2 dx Initial Value Problems
13. , x 7 1 14. , x 7 1
L x2 2x2 - 1 L x3 2x2 - 1 Solve the initial value problems in Exercises 49–52 for y as a function
of x.
Assorted Integrations dy
Use any method to evaluate the integrals in Exercises 15–34. Most 49. x = 2x2 - 4, x Ú 2, y(2) = 0
dx
will require trigonometric substitutions, but some can be evaluated by
dy
other methods. 50. 2x2 - 9 = 1, x 7 3, y(5) = ln 3
dx
x x2
15. dx 16. dx dy
L4 + x 51. (x2 + 4) = 3, y(2) = 0
2
L 29 - x2 dx
x3 dx dx dy
17. 18. 52. (x2 + 1)2 = 2x2 + 1, y(0) = 1
L 2x2 + 4 L x2 2x2 + 1 dx
8 dw 29 - w2
19. 20. dw Applications and Examples
L w 24 - w2
2
L w2
53. Area Find the area of the region in the first quadrant that is
x + 1 enclosed by the coordinate axes and the curve y = 29 - x2 >3.
21. dx 22. x 2x2 - 4 dx
L A1 - x L 54. Area Find the area enclosed by the ellipse
23>2 2 1
4x dx dx x2 y2
23. 24. + = 1.
L0 ( 1 - x2 ) 3>2 L0 ( 4 - x2 ) 3>2 a2 b2
dx x2 dx 55. Consider the region bounded by the graphs of y = sin-1 x, y = 0,
25. , x 7 1 26. , x 7 1
L ( x - 1 ) 3>2
2
L ( x - 1 ) 5>2
2
and x = 1>2.
( 1 - x2 ) 3>2 ( 1 - x2 ) 1>2 a. Find the area of the region.
27. 6
dx 28. dx
L x L x4 b. Find the centroid of the region.
8 dx 6 dt 56. Consider the region bounded by the graphs of y = 2x tan-1 x
29. 30. and y = 0 for 0 … x … 1. Find the volume of the solid formed
L ( 4x2 + 1 ) 2 L ( 9t 2 + 1 ) 2
by revolving this region about the x-axis (see accompanying
x3 dx x dx figure).
31. 32.
Lx - 1 L 25 + 4x
2 2
y
y2 dy ( 1 - r 2 ) 5>2
33. 34. dr
L ( 1 - y2 ) 5>2 L r8 y = "x tan−1 x

In Exercises 35–48, use an appropriate substitution and then a trigono-

metric substitution to evaluate the integrals..
ln 4 ln (4>3)
4>
et dt et dt x
35. 36. >2
L0 2e2t + 9 Lln (3
3>>4)
(3>4) ( 1 + e2t ) 33>
3>2 0 1