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Analytic Goal a. To compare the mean no. of Coke

sakto bottles consumed in a week
 Directed toward finding out from
between the male and female USLS
the data one or more of the
students.
following attributes or
characteristics of the group being b. To determine if there is a
studied: significant difference in the mean
number of text messages sent in a
1. Central Tendency – general
day among the students from the
characteristics of the group.
five different colleges of USLS.
Examples:

a. To determine the mean weekly

4. Relationships within the group
allowance of the USLS College
– if relationship between certain
Freshman for the second semester,
variables covered in the study exist.
AY 2014 – 2015.
Examples:
b. To determine the percentage of
USLS College students who prefer a a. To establish if there is a significant
Samsung over a Nokia cellphone. relationship between choice of
cellphone brand and the college a
USLS student belongs to
2. Variance in the group – how
b. To determine if relationship status
individual members of the group
and final grades in Statistics are
vary from the average
independent.
characteristics of the group.

Examples:
5. Prediction – establishing a
a. To determine the age range of the
mathematical/statistical model to
students in Statistics class.
predict future outcomes.
b. To determine if the Statistics final
Examples:
grades of the students in a particular
class are similar. a. What factors influence the
graduate’s ability to land a job
within one year after graduation?
3. Difference within the
b. What is the estimated sales of a
group/between groups – whether
particular restaurant for next week if
or not subgroups of the group/two
the present conditions hold?
separate groups being studied are
different or similar on certain traits
investigated.

Examples:
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Types of Analysis  Uses the process of measuring to

generate data
1. Descriptive
 Values of attributes may have
 Limited to the description of the fractional or decimal parts
particular group being studied
Example: Age
 A conclusion cannot be applied to
cases outside the study group

2. Inferential Level of Measurement

 Application of the findings or Measurement – The process of

conclusions from a small group assigning numbers to observations
to a large group from which the
smaller group was drawn
Scales of Measurement

1. Nominal Level
Types of Variables
• Consists of numbers which
1. Qualitative/Categorical
indicate categories for purely
 Attributes are in terms of classification purposes
categories • The categories are mutually
exclusive and exhaustive
Example:
Example:
sex – Male / Female
Sex: M = 1
Religious affiliation: Roman Catholic /
INC / Baptist / Islam / etc. F=2

2. Quantitative/Numerical 2. Ordinal Level

 Attributes are in terms of counts • Possesses rank order

or measurements. characteristics
• The categories must still be
Distinctions:
mutually exclusive and
a. Discrete Variable exhaustive, but they also indicate
the order of magnitude of some
 Uses the process of counting to
variable
generate data
• precise differences between ranks
 Values of attributes are in terms
do not exist
of whole numbers only
Example: Likert-type scale
Example: Numbers of t – shirts owned
Strongly agree = 1
b. Continuous Variable
Agree = 2
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Indifferent = 3

Disagree = 4

Strongly disagree = 5

3. Interval Level

• Has all the properties of the

ordinal scale
• A given interval (distance)
between scores has the same
meaning anywhere on the scale
• Intervals provide information
about how much better one value
is compared with another
• Has no absolute zero

Example:

IQ – there is a meaningful
difference between an IQ of 110 and 109
but the test does not measure people
who have no intelligence

4. Ratio Level

• Possesses all the characteristics of

the interval scale
• Has a true or absolute zero point
• The ratio of two values is
meaningful

Example: distance