Basic models

of
communication
Group 4
i'm tina
Reporter 1
i'm alyssa
Reporter 2
basic models of communication

1. Gerbner's Model
2. Newcomb's ABX Model
3. Kite Co-orientation Model
4. Westley and MacLean's Model
5. Kincaid's Convergence Model
6. Maletzke's Model
Gerbner's model
Developed by George Gerbner in
1956
Composed of two dimensions;
- Perceptual Dimension
- Means and Control Dimension
 PERPETUAL DIMENSION
In this dimension, E is an event and it
is perceived by M (man/machine). The
event, as perceived by M, becomes E1
which is only a portion of E, because M
has filtered out the message according
to his mood, culture, etc.

M selects the needed or relevant

content of E, which therefore becomes
E1; the perceived message of M.

E occurs in a certain context, and

availability is based on M's mood,
personality, attitude, and culture.
MEANS AND CONTROL DIMENSION
In this dimension, E2 is the new event content drawn
by M. Here, M becomes the source of message as M
creates signals or forms (S) for it.

Gerbner terms it as SE2, whereas S (signal or form)

takes E2 (M's content).

M has to choose channels or the means to communicate,

where M has control of. This model of communication can
be extended by adding other receivers (M2, M3...) who
have other perceptions (SE2, SE3....) about the perceived
event E.

Source: Gerbner's Model of Communication. 2015, March 14. Communication Theory as a

Field. https://litedaiblog.wordpress.com/2015/03/14/gerbners-model-of-communication-2/
newcombs' abx
model
Introduced by Theodore M.
Newcomb in 1953.
The Newcomb’s model works in a
triangular format or A-B-X
system:
A – Sender
B – Receiver
X – Matter of Concern

Source: The Newcomb's Model of Communication. 2011, November 14. Communication

Theory. https://www.communicationtheory.org/the-newcomb%E2%80%99s-model/
The main purpose of this theory is to introduce the role of communication in a social
relationship (society) and to maintain social equilibrium within the social system. He does
not include the message as a separate entity in his diagram, implying it only by use of
directional arrows.
 Proposed by Steven H.
Chaffee and Jack M. McLeod
in 1973.

Issues or topics are sought from, or

acquired by the members of the public,
reference to personal experiences or elite
sources, or the mass media, or the
combination of all these.

kITE CO-
ORIENTATION MODEL
Source: Models of Communication. https://prezi.com/zsjtyydq3qgi/models-of-communication/
Westley and maclean's model - 1957
 westley and maclean's model
Westley and Maclean established that
communication begins when a person selectively
responds to his or her physical surroundings,
rather than when one person starts to talk.

This model can be applied to both interpersonal

and mass communication.

It also acknowledges the significance of

feedback in communication.

Source: Westley and MacLean’s Model of Communication. (2011, November 20). Communication
Theory. https://www.communicationtheory.org/westley-and-macleans-model-of-communication/
9 key components Source: Westley and Maclean Model of Communication (9 Key Elements). (2019, December 9).
Helpful Professor. https://helpfulprofessor.com/westley-maclean-model/

1. Environment (X) - communication starts with the environment around the speaker.
2. Sensory Experience (x^1) - the speaker experiences something in the environment
in some way or another, which motivates them to send their message.
3. Source (A) - the person who sends the message.

4. Object of Orientation of the Source (x^2) - the subjective beliefs or experiences of the
person sending the message.
5. Receiver - the one who is receiving the message.
6. Object of Orientation of the Receiver (x^3) - the subjective beliefs or experiences of
the person receiving the message.
7. Feedback - important for influencing how messages are sent.

8. Gatekeepers - they are the editors of the messages.

9. Opinion Leaders - this person may have an oversized influence as an

environmental factor (X) upon the message sender (A).
 Kincaid's
convergence
model - 1979
Kincaid's convergence model

Dr. Lawrence Kincaid proposed this model in his

1979 East-West Communication Monograph

It defines communication as a process rather

than an event. The sender and receiver work
together to interpret and respond in order to
achieve mutual understanding.

Source: D. Lawrence Kincaid. (2017, May 17). Media Ethics.

https://nehakubms.wordpress.com/2017/05/17/d-lawrence-kincaid/
4 key components
1. Encoder/Source/Decoder - The person who originates the
message is the source. The second source serves as both an
encoder and a decoder.
2. Message - The information that is being sent.
3. Feedback - After receiving the initial message, the
decoder creates a second message known as feedback.
4. Field of Experience - The message's construction and
interpretation are influenced by the source's experience
and knowledge.

Source: D. Lawrence Kincaid. (2017, May 17). Media Ethics.

https://nehakubms.wordpress.com/2017/05/17/d-lawrence-kincaid/
Gerhard maletzke's
model - 1963
gerhard maletzke's model
It is heavily influenced by television
and radio because Maletzke worked
for the Southern German Broadcast
and researched mass communication
when he established the Field Model
of Mass Communication in the 1960s.

It is a communication model that

focuses primarily on the mass
component of communication, with a
single producer of information, a
specific medium through which the
message is channeled, and a large
number of recipients.
Source: Allner, C. (n.d.). Talk Digitally: Communication Models Applied to Multimedia Platforms and Networks within the Social Web. Www.academia.edu.
https://www.academia.edu/16330360/Talk_Digitally_Communication_Models_Applied_to_Multimedia_Platforms_and_Networks_within_the_Social_Web
Thank you
for
listening!
- GROUP 4