CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related studies and

literatures about that provided a background for the

development of the present study and bring the readers up-

to-date. It includes both conceptual and research literature

from the filipino and foreign authors.

Foreign Studies and Literature

Good quality water is essential, whether you are using

water for survival and health or for cooling and production

processes.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about

842,000 people die annually from water-related diseases.

Currently, 884 million people in the world do not have

access to a safe source of drinking water, and 2.6 billion

people are without access to adequate sanitation facilities.

Because these challenges are fundamentally political, the

Project on Global Water Policy explores the governance

challenges and opportunities inherent in ensuring the

sustainable use and stewardship of this critical resource in

diverse world contexts.

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Whether in the confines of the International Space

Station or a tiny hut village in sub-Saharan Africa,

drinkable water is vital for human survival. Unfortunately,

many people around the world lack access to clean water.

Using technology, at-risk areas can now gain access to

advanced water filtration and purification systems, making a

life-saving difference in these communities.

The nonprofit organization Concern for Kids, has

provided aid and disaster relief to countries such as

Malaysia, Iraq and Indonesia since 1992. Among other

services, the group raises funds to install water delivery

systems and water storage tanks in at-risk regions.

Years later, Concern for Kids representatives learned

about a deep-water well failure in the tiny Kurdish village

of Kendala, Iraq, which left its residents without access to

drinkable water. The population quickly dwindled from 1,000

residents to a mere 150. Those remaining were forced to use

a nearby creek that contained water contaminated by

livestock, which they sifted through fabric to remove dirt

and debris according to Joshi, 2015.

Local Studies and Literature

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Some economic studies have already been done that

reviewed or analyzed the potable water situation in the

Philippines.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about

a million Filipinos get sick with water-borne diseases

yearly. And these are diarrhea cases alone. They don’t

include other water-borne disease like amoebiasis,

cryptosporidiosis and cholera. These problems are accredited

to the poor water system in the Philippines. Even in the

capital Manila, only about three fourths of the population

receives piped water from the municipal authority. Outside

Manila far fewer people have access to clean water

distribution. In both locations, these families must find

alternate water sources if they are to avoid cholera

epidemics and other health problems spawned by the foul,

contaminated water available in their neighborhoods. In the

provinces, the scenario is worse.

The World Bank Group (2003) further indicated that up

to 58 percent of the groundwater supply in the country

intended were drinking are contaminated with coliform and

needed treatment. It further asserted that 31 percent of

illnesses monitored during a five-year period were water-

related diseases.
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According to Ebarvia (1994), in a study of water demand

and supply in Metro Manila, he stated that most of surface

water resources in Metro Manila were already contaminated

and does not fit for drinking and tertiary water treatment

was required.

In another study on demand and supply of water in Metro

Manila, David and Inocencio (1996), indicated that 30

percent of the population was not reached by any public

water service. Furthermore, it argued that the quality of

water service was poor, reliability of service was

inadequate and the progressive rate imposed by the service

provider did not really benefit the poor.

On the issue of water pricing, Largo et al. (1998)

asserted that both the price of water and income of

households significantly affected water demand by households

in Metro Cebu. However, price had a greater impact than

income on water demand. This suggested that the high price

paid by the poor for water rather than their low income

largely explains their low levels of water consumption.

Arellano (1994) emphasized the severe strain on water

resources that the growing population of Metro Manila has

brought and explored options for privatization of the

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Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage Sytem (MWSS) which

served the water needs of the area.

In another study on the effects of the privatization of

the Metro Manila Water and Sewerage System (MWSS on the

price of water, the poor and the environment David (2000)

indicated that unless some adjustments were made, the water

shortage problem in Metro Manila will persist even with

privatization. It also asserted that the poor will continue

to pay a much higher price for water. Furthermore, the paper

argued that even though the water pricing is progressive, it

may end up having regressive effects as the poorer

households have to rely on shared water connection or public

faucets and thereby actually pay higher water prices.

In another study, Inocencio et al. (1999) studied the

basic household water requirement to maintain good health

and proper sanitation and computed the lifeline or minimum

consumption block of about 10 cubic meters per month for a

family of 6 members.

Inocencio and David (2001) further indicated that the

provision of water for the poor and poor communities can be

a potent tool for alleviating poverty as it impacts on

health, income and consumption and gender and social

inclusion.
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On alternative potable water sources, Magtibay (2004)

explained that a portion of the population of the

Philippines has shifted their preference to alternative

sources of drinking water and that the demand at the water

refilling stations or water stores that sell purified water

is now increasing. It asserted that the quality of purified

water conforms to national 9 standards for drinking water

and is even better than the quality of water produced by

traditional water supply systems particularly in terms of

removed impurities.

On the issue of accessibility of potable water,

Greenpeace (2007) and World Bank (2005) stated that one out

of five Filipinos did not get water from formal sources.

Furthermore, it explained that only 77 percent of the rural

population and 90 percent of those in urban areas have

access to an improved water source and only 44 percent have

direct house connections.